WordNet

of or relating to the mental faculties
able to exist under more than one set of conditions; "a facultative parasite can exist as a parasite or a saprophyte"
granting a privilege or permission or power to do or not do something; "a facultative enactment"
not compulsory; "facultative courses in the sciences"
an organism (especially a bacterium) that does not require air or free oxygen to live

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嫌(けん)気性生物(空気・遊離酸素を必要としない細菌類)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/03 19:39:36」(JST)

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Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in test tubes of thioglycollate broth:
1: Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.
2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.
3: Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
4: Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.

5: Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.

A facultative anaerobe is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.^[1] An obligate aerobe, by contrast, cannot make ATP in the absence of oxygen, and obligate anaerobes die in the presence of oxygen.^[2]

Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp.,^[3] Escherichia coli, Listeria spp.^[4] and Shewanella oneidensis. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae^[5] and many aquatic invertebrates such as Nereid (worm) polychaetes.^[6]

References

^ Hogg, S. (2005). Essential Microbiology (1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 99–100. ISBN 0-471-49754-1.
^ Prescott LM, Harley JP, Klein DA (1996). Microbiology (3rd ed.). Wm. C. Brown Publishers. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0-697-29390-4.
^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 261–271, 273–296. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Singleton P (1999). Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 444–454. ISBN 0-471-98880-4.
^ Carlile MJ, Watkinson SC, Gooday GW (2001). The Fungi (2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 85-105. ISBN 0-12-738446-4.
^ Schöttler, U. (November 30, 1979). "On the Anaerobic Metabolism of Three Species of Nereis (Annelida)" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series 1: 249–54. doi:10.3354/meps001249. ISSN 1616-1599. Retrieved February 14, 2010.

External links

Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria
Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria
Anaerobic Bacteria and Anaerobic Bacteria in the decomposition (stabilization) of organic matter.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 嫌気性細菌感染 anaerobic bacterial infections
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5. 深頸部の感染症 deep neck space infections

English Journal

Characterization of the biochemical-pathway of uranium (VI) reduction in facultative anaerobic bacteria.

Mtimunye PJ1, Chirwa EM2.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2014 Oct;113:22-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.105. Epub 2014 May 8.
Cultures of U(VI) reducing bacteria sourced from abandoned uranium mine tailing dam were evaluated for their ability to reduce U(VI) to U(IV). The species in the cultures reduced U(VI) in solutions with initial U(VI) concentration up to 400mgL(-)(1) under a near neutral pH of 6.5. The electron flow
PMID 25065785

Discovering new indicators of fecal pollution.

McLellan SL1, Eren AM2.
Trends in microbiology.Trends Microbiol.2014 Sep 5. pii: S0966-842X(14)00158-9. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.08.002. [Epub ahead of print]
Fecal pollution indicators are essential to identify and remediate contamination sources and protect public health. Historically, easily cultured facultative anaerobes such as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, or enterococci have been used but these indicators generally provide no information as to
PMID 25199597

Japanese Journal

Enhanced biohydrogen production from beverage industrial wastewater using external nitrogen sources and bioaugmentation with facultative anaerobic strains(ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 120(2), 155-160, 2015-08
NAID 110009978126

第80回東京女子医科大学学会総会シンポジウム「東京女子医大小児医療の最前線!-"なおらない"から"なおる"へ-」Part 1 (6)腸内細菌とこどもの病気

東京女子医科大学雑誌 85(2), 55-62, 2015-04-25
NAID 110009900093

The Biosynthesis of the Thiazole Moiety of Thiamin in the Archaeon Halobacterium salinarum

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 61(3), 270-274, 2015
NAID 130005089921

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