ガードネレラ・バギナリス : 27 件
ガードネレラ・バジナリス : 25 件

バギナリス vaginalis : 35 件
バジナリス vaginalis : 48 件

バギナリス : 約 47 件
バジナリス : 約 96 件

グラム陰性桿菌
ガードネレラ属
好気性
細菌性腟炎の原因菌。上行性感染により絨毛膜羊膜炎の原因となる。

WordNet

of or relating to the vagina; "vaginal suppository"

PrepTutorEJDIC

膣の(に関する)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/27 20:51:34」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Gardnerella is a genus of Gram-variable-staining facultative anaerobic bacteria of which G. vaginalis is the only species. The organisms are small (1-1.5 µm diameter) non-spore forming, non-motile coccobacilli.

Once classified as Haemophilus vaginalis and afterwards as Corynebacterium vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis grows as small, circular, convex, gray colonies on chocolate agar; it also grows on HBT agar. A selective medium for G. vaginalis is colistin-oxolinic acid blood agar.

Clinical significance

Gardnerella vaginalis is a facultatively anaerobic Gram-variable rod that is involved, together with many other bacteria mostly anaerobic, in bacterial vaginosis in some women as a result of a disruption in the normal vaginal microflora. The resident facultative anaerobic Lactobacillus population in the vagina are responsible for the acidic environment. Once the anaerobes have supplanted the normal vaginal bacteria, prescription antibiotics with anaerobic coverage may have to be given to re-establish the equilibrium of the ecosystem and allow the balance to be restored. G vaginalis is not considered the cause of the bacterial vaginosis, but a signal organism of the altered microbial ecology associated with overgrowth of many bacterial species.^[3]

While typically isolated in genital cultures, it may also be detected in other samples from blood, urine, and pharynx. Although G. vaginalis is a major species present in bacterial vaginosis, it can also be isolated from women without any signs or symptoms of infection.

It has a Gram-positive cell wall,^[4] but because the cell wall is so thin it can appear either Gram-positive or Gram-negative under the microscope. It is associated microscopically with clue cells, which are epithelial cells covered in bacteria.

G. vaginalis produces a pore-forming toxin, vaginolysin, which affects only human cells.^[5]

Protease and sialidase enzyme activities frequently accompany G. vaginalis.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Treatment

Methods of antibiotic treatment include metronidazole^[10] and clindamycin,^[11]^[12] in both oral and vaginal gel/cream forms.

The effectiveness of treating bacterial vaginosis with antibiotics is well-documented.

Symptoms

Gardnerella vaginalis is the predominant cause of bacterial vaginosis,^[13] whose symptoms may be asymptomatic,^[14] but can include vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation, and a "fish like" odor. In the "amine whiff test" 10% KOH is added to the discharge, a positive result is indicated if a fishy smell is produced. This and other tests can be used to distinguish between vaginal symptoms related to G. vaginalis from those caused by other organisms, such as Trichomonas and Candida albicans, which are similar and may require different treatment. Trichomonas vaginalis and Gardnerella vaginalis have similar clinical presentations and can cause a frothy gray or yellow-green vaginal discharge, pruritus, and produce a positive "whiff-test." The two can be distinguished using a wet mount slide, where a swab of the vaginal epithelium is diluted and then placed onto a slide for observation under a microscope. Gardnerella reveals a classic "clue cell" under the microscope, showing bacteria adhering to the surface of squamous epithelial cells. Both conditions are treated with metronidazole or clindamycin.

Eponym

It is named after Hermann L. Gardner (1918 – 2005), an American Bacteriologist who discovered it in 1955.

References

^ Gardner HL, Dukes CD (1955). "Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis. A newly defined specific infection previously classified 'Non-specific vaginitis'.". Am J Obstet Gynecol 69: 962–976.
^ J. R. Greenwood; M. J. Pickett (January 1980). "Transfer of Haemophilus vaginalis Gardner and Dukes to a New Genus, Gardnerella: G. vaginalis (Gardner and Dukes) comb. nov.". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 30 (1): 170–178. doi:10.1099/00207713-30-1-170.
^ http://www.emedicinehealth.com/bacterial_vaginosis/article_em.htm
^ J Harper and G Davis. Cell Wall Analysis of Gardnerella vaginalis" Int J Syst Bacteriol 32 (1982), 48-50.
^ Gelber, S. E.; Aguilar, J. L.; Lewis, K. L. T.; Ratner, A. J. (2008). "Functional and Phylogenetic Characterization of Vaginolysin, the Human-Specific Cytolysin from Gardnerella vaginalis". Journal of Bacteriology 190 (11): 3896–3903. doi:10.1128/JB.01965-07. PMC 2395025. PMID 18390664. edit
^ Lopes dos Santos Santiago, G., P. Deschaght, N. El Aila, T. N. Kiama, H. Verstraelen, K. K. Jefferson, M. Temmerman, and M. Vaneechoutte. 2011. Gardnerella vaginalis comprises three distinct genotypes of which only two produce sialidase. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 204:450.e1-450.e7.
^ Harwich, M. D., Jr., J. M. Alves, G. A. Buck, J. F. Strauss, 3rd, J. L. Patterson, A. T. Oki, P. H. Girerd, and K. K. Jefferson. 2010. Drawing the line between commensal and pathogenic Gardnerella vaginalis through genome analysis and virulence studies. BMC Genomics 11:375.
^ von Nicolai, H., R. Hammann, S. Salehnia, and F. Zilliken. 1984. A newly discovered sialidase from Gardnerella vaginalis. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A. 258:20-26.
^ Yeoman, C. J., S. Yildirim, S. M. Thomas, A. S. Durkin, M. Torralba, G. Sutton, C. J. Buhay, Y. Ding, S. P. Dugan-Rocha, D. M. Muzny, X. Qin, R. A. Gibbs, S. R. Leigh, R. Stumpf, B. A. White, S. K. Highlander, K. E. Nelson, and B. A. Wilson. 2010. Comparative genomics of Gardnerella vaginalis strains reveals substantial differences in metabolic and virulence potential. PLOS ONE 5:e12411.
^ Jones BM, Geary I, Alawattegama AB, Kinghorn GR, Duerden BI (August 1985). "In-vitro and in-vivo activity of metronidazole against Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides spp. and Mobiluncus spp. in bacterial vaginosis". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 16 (2): 189–97. doi:10.1093/jac/16.2.189. PMID 3905748.
^ Khan, F. Z. (2011). "Microbial Infections in females of childbearing age and therapeutic interventions". Rawal Medical Journal 36 (3): 178–181. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Ferris, D.G., Litaker, M.S., Woodward, L., Mathis, D., Hendrich, J. (1995). "Treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a comparison of oral metronidazole, metronidazole vaginal gel, and clindamycin vaginal cream". The Journal of Family Practice 41 (5): 443–449. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/12/301/abstract
^ Schwebke, Jane R. (2000). "Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 183 (6): 1434–1439. doi:10.1067/mob.2000.107735. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)

External links

Gardnerella at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 細菌性膣炎 bacterial vaginosis
2. 思春期前の小児における外陰膣に関する愁訴 vulvovaginal complaints in the prepubertal child
3. 成人における亀頭炎および亀頭包皮炎 balanitis and balanoposthitis in adults
4. メトロニダゾール：概要 metronidazole an overview
5. 骨盤内炎症性疾患の治療 treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease

English Journal

Artemisia princeps Pamp. Essential Oil and Its Constituents Eucalyptol and α-terpineol Ameliorate Bacterial Vaginosis and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Mice by Inhibiting Bacterial Growth and NF-κB Activation.

Trinh HT, Lee IA, Hyun YJ, Kim DH.SourceDepartment of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
Planta medica.Planta Med.2011 Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print]
To investigate the inhibitory effects of ARTEMISIA PRINCEPS Pamp. (family Asteraceae) essential oil (APEO) and its main constituents against bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis, their antimicrobial activities against GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS and CANDIDA ALBICANS IN VITRO and their anti-inf
PMID 21830186

The genital econiche: focus on microbiota and bacterial vaginosis.

Danielsson D, Teigen PK, Moi H.SourceDepartment of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden. Olafia Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic, Oslo University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.Ann N Y Acad Sci.2011 Aug;1230(1):48-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06041.x.
Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping the normal and abnormal microflora of the genital econiche are discussed, in particular those related to bacterial vaginosis, which worldwide is the most common vaginal infection, with numerous obstetrical and gynecological complications, including acquisit
PMID 21824165

Japanese Journal

妊娠35週未満の前期破水症例における膣内細菌の検討

高丸永子,熊澤一真,杉生良奈 [他]
現代産婦人科 57(1), 37-40, 2008
NAID 40016857714

有用細菌(乳酸菌等)の全ゲノム塩基配列決定,比較ゲノム解析および有用遺伝子の機能解明-第5報-(III.学術フロンティア経費,平成18年度麻布大学公的研究助成金事業研究成果報告)

森田英利,大島健志朗,藤英博,政岡俊夫,茅根士郎,和田恭則,有嶋和義,木内明男,坂田亮一,紫野正雄,内藤博之,斉藤康秀,西田利穂,印牧信行,滝沢達也,加藤行男,村上賢,福山正文,岸川正剛,久松伸,吉村哲彦,柴忠義,服部正平
麻布大学雑誌 15/16, 305-308, 2007
… vaginalisの3菌種は,コンティグが15前後になっており,B. …
NAID 110006977970

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

国試過去問	「101B087」
リンク元	「メトロニダゾール」「ガードネレラ属」
関連記事	「Gardnerella」「vaginalis」「vaginal」

「101B087」

Gardnerella
	Microscopic picture of vaginal epithelial clue cells coated with Gardnerella vaginalis, magnified 400 times.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Actinobacteria
Class:	Actinobacteria
Order:	Bifidobacteriales
Family:	Bifidobacteriaceae
Genus:	Gardnerella
Species:	G. vaginalis
Binomial name
	Gardnerella vaginalis; (Gardner and Dukes 1955) Greenwood and Pickett 1980

　　[★]

妊婦の膣分泌物培養検査結果で望ましいのはどれか。

a. 培養陰性
b. Candida属陽性
c. Lactobacillus属陽性
d. Gardnerella vaginalis陽性
e. group B Streptococcus(GBS)陽性

[正答]

※国試ナビ4※　［101B086］←［国試_101］→［101B088］

「メトロニダゾール」

　　[★]

英: metronidazole, MTZ
商: フラジール Flagyl, Metro-IV、アスゾール。ランピオンパック(ランソプラゾール、アモキシシリン、メトロニダゾール)
関: トリコモナス

first aid step1 2006 p.139,142,148,165,172,178,208,276,282

特徴

原虫(トリコモナスなど)による感染症に対して用いる

構造

作用機序 PPC. 641, 647

メトロニダゾールの活性化には嫌気性生物の発酵に関与する酵素 pyruvate-derredocin oxidoreductase,PFORが必要
pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductaseはferredoxinをreduced ferredoxinに変換するが、これに共役してメトロニダゾールがreduced metronidazole(活性型)に変換される。

PFORは宿主細胞(好気性生物)には存在しないので、原虫や嫌気性生物が特異的に障害を受ける