WordNet
- the 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)c
- (music) the keynote of the scale of C major
- a general-purpose programing language closely associated with the UNIX operating system
PrepTutorEJDIC
- carbonの化学記号
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/02 17:01:15」(JST)
wiki ja
wiki en
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
- 1. 緩和ケアにおける症状の評価へのアプローチ approach to symptom assessment in palliative care
English Journal
- Bioavailability of the imidazole antifungal agent clotrimazole and its effects on key biotransformation genes in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
- Corcoran J1, Lange A2, Cumming RI3, Owen SF3, Ball JS3, Tyler CR2, Winter MJ3.Author information 1University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK. Electronic address: j.f.corcoran@exeter.ac.uk.2University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK.3AstraZeneca Safety, Health and Environment, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, UK.AbstractClotrimazole (CTZ) is a persistent imidazole antifungal agent which is frequently detected in the aquatic environment and predicted to bio-concentrate in fish. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to mean measured concentrations of either 1.02 or 14.63μgl-1 CTZ for 4 and 10 days, followed by a depuration period of 4 days in a further group of animals. Following each exposure regimen, plasma and liver CTZ concentrations were measured. Mean measured plasma concentrations of CTZ in animals exposed to the lower concentration of CTZ were 30 and 44μgl-1 on days 4 and 10, respectively, and in the higher concentration were 318 and 336μgl-1. Mean measured liver levels in the same animals were 514, 1725, 2111 and 7017μgl-1 suggesting progressive hepatic accumulation. Measurement of CTZ in plasma after depuration suggested efficient elimination within 4 days, but appreciable levels of CTZ remained in the liver after depuration suggesting a degree of persistence in this tissue. In addition we measured responses of a number of key hepatic detoxification gene targets in the liver associated with the transcription factor pregnane X receptor (PXR); namely cyp450s 2k and 3a, glutathione-S-transferases a and p (gsta and p), and drug transporters multidrug resistance protein1 (mdr1), and MDR-related protein2 (mrp2). CTZ is a potent ligand of the PXR in humans and there is some evidence of PXR activation following exposure to CTZ in fish. The highest concentration of CTZ was adopted to explore the potential for alterations to detoxification gene expression in fish at a pharmacologically relevant dose level, and the lower concentration is within the range reported in effluents from waste water treatment works (WWTW). The genes for all biotransformation enzymes were up-regulated after exposure to the higher concentration of CTZ for 10 days, and alterations in expression occurred for the drug transporter genes mdr1 and mrp2 following exposure to the lower concentration of 1.02μgl-1 CTZ (mean measured concentration). These data support the potential for CTZ to induce alterations in biotransformation and drug transporter genes associated with PXR in fish at concentrations measured in some WWTW effluents.
- Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands).Aquat Toxicol.2014 Mar 29;152C:57-65. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.03.016. [Epub ahead of print]
- Clotrimazole (CTZ) is a persistent imidazole antifungal agent which is frequently detected in the aquatic environment and predicted to bio-concentrate in fish. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to mean measured concentrations of either 1.02 or 14.63μgl-1 CTZ for 4 and 10 days, followed by
- PMID 24727216
- Analysis of the cytotoxic effects of ruthenium-ketoconazole and ruthenium-clotrimazole complexes on cancer cells.
- Robles-Escajeda E1, Martínez A, Varela-Ramirez A, Sánchez-Delgado RA, Aguilera RJ.Author information 1Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.AbstractRuthenium-based compounds have intriguing anti-cancer properties, and some of these novel compounds are currently in clinical trials. To continue the development of new metal-based drug combinations, we coupled ruthenium (Ru) with the azole compounds ketoconazole (KTZ) and clotrimazole (CTZ), which are well-known antifungal agents that also display anticancer properties. We report the activity of a series of 12 Ru-KTZ and Ru-CTZ compounds against three prostate tumor cell lines with different androgen sensitivity, as well as cervical cancer and lymphoblastic lymphoma cell lines. In addition, human cell lines were used to evaluate the toxicity against non-transformed cells and to establish selectivity indexes. Our results indicate that the combination of ruthenium and KTZ/CTZ in a single molecule results in complexes that are more cytotoxic than the individual components alone, displaying in some cases low micromolar CC50 values and high selectivity indexes. Additionally, all compounds are more cytotoxic against prostate cell lines with lower cytotoxicity against non-transformed epidermal cell lines. Some of the compounds were found to primarily induce cell death via apoptosis yet weakly interact with DNA. Our studies also demonstrate that the cytotoxicity induced by our Ru-based compounds is not directly related to their ability to interact with DNA.
- Cell biology and toxicology.Cell Biol Toxicol.2013 Dec;29(6):431-43. doi: 10.1007/s10565-013-9264-z. Epub 2013 Nov 24.
- Ruthenium-based compounds have intriguing anti-cancer properties, and some of these novel compounds are currently in clinical trials. To continue the development of new metal-based drug combinations, we coupled ruthenium (Ru) with the azole compounds ketoconazole (KTZ) and clotrimazole (CTZ), which
- PMID 24272524
- Evaluation of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in the stereoselective determination of cetirizine following the fungal biotransformation of hydroxyzine and analysis by capillary electrophoresis.
- Fortes SS1, Barth T, Furtado NA, Pupo MT, de Gaitani CM, de Oliveira AR.Author information 1Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto,-SP, Brazil.AbstractWe developed a capillary electrophoresis (CE) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method to stereoselectively analyze hydroxyzine (HZ) and cetirizine (CTZ) in liquid culture media. The CE analyses were performed on an uncoated fused-silica capillary; 50mmolL(-1) sodium borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 0.8% (w/v) S-β-CD was used as the background electrolyte. The applied voltage and temperature were +6 kV and 15 °C, respectively, and the UV detector was set to 214 nm. Chloroform (300 µL) and ethanol (400 µL) were used as the extraction and disperser solvents, respectively, for the DLLME. Following the formation of a cloudy solution, the samples were subjected to vortex agitation at 2000 rpm for 30s and to centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 min. The recoveries ranged from 87.4 to 91.7%. The method was linear over a concentration range of 250-12,500 ng mL(-1) for each HZ enantiomer (r>0.998) and 125-6250 ng mL(-1) for each CTZ enantiomer (r>0.998). The limits of quantification were 125 and 250 ng mL(-1) for CTZ and HZ, respectively. Among the six fungi studied, three species were able to convert HZ to CTZ enantioselectively, particularly the fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 10028B, which converted 19% of (S)-HZ to (S)-CTZ with 65% enantiomeric excess.
- Talanta.Talanta.2013 Nov 15;116:743-52. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.062. Epub 2013 Aug 1.
- We developed a capillary electrophoresis (CE) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method to stereoselectively analyze hydroxyzine (HZ) and cetirizine (CTZ) in liquid culture media. The CE analyses were performed on an uncoated fused-silica capillary; 50mmolL(-1) sodium borate buffer
- PMID 24148469
Japanese Journal
- Functional roles of YPT31 and YPT32 in clotrimazole resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae through effects on vacuoles and ATP-binding cassette transporter(s)(GENETICS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, AND GENE ENGINEERING)
- Tsujimoto Yoshiyuki,Takase Daisuke,Okano Hajime [他],Tomari Naohiro,Watanabe Kunihiko,Matsui Hiroshi
- Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 115(1), 4-11, 2013-01
- … We identified YPT31, which is involved in Golgi traffic, as a clotrimazole (CTZ)-resistance gene in a multicopy library screen. … Multicopies of the YPT31 homolog YPT32 also conferred resistance to CTZ, and single disruption of YPT31 or YPT32 resulted in sensitivity to CTZ. …
- NAID 110009578180
- 意識障害を伴う嘔吐 (特集 気道確保法の選択とその実際) -- (気道確保を要する徴候への対応)
- 安藤 大樹,山中 克郎
- 救急医学 33(1), 13-18, 2009-01
- NAID 40016432384
- 吐き気・嘔吐 (特集 症状緩和のための治療とケア)
- 後明 郁男
- 緩和医療学 7(3), 229-234, 2005-07
- NAID 40006831276
Related Links
- Copyright(C) ARAI HELMET LTD., 2012
- キャスター付きフラッピングテーブル CTZ｜愛知株式会社/axona AICHIは講義室・教室・会議室などのイス・テーブルを製造・販売する家具メーカーです。 ... クールモダンデザイン 直線的な美しさを持つ、キャスター付フラッピング ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「嘔吐」「化学受容器引金帯」「セフテゾール」「化学受容器誘発帯」「chemoreceptor trigger zone」 |
| 関連記事 | 「C」「CT」 |
「嘔吐」
概念
- 胃の内容物をはき出す現象。
- 胃または腸内容が食道を経て口腔より吐出される現象。
嘔吐中枢
- 延髄網様体中の迷走神経背側核付近
- 第4脳室底の化学受容体誘発帯 chemoreceptor trigger zone CTZ
嘔吐中枢の近傍に存在するもの
- 呼吸中枢、血管運動中枢、消化管運動中枢、唾液分泌中枢、前庭神経核
随伴症状
- 発汗、唾液分泌、顔面蒼白、脈拍微弱、徐脈、頻脈、血圧の動揺、めまいなど
- 生理的変化：バソプレシン分泌刺激
症状の出現形式と原因の所在
- 突然の嘔吐：中枢性
- 消化器症状を伴う：末梢性
噴水状、噴射状嘔吐
- projectile vomiting is where stomach contents 'shoot out' (like a fountain) to a distance sometimes many feet away.
嘔吐に関わる経路
- IMD.351
- 1. 嘔吐中枢(延髄網様体背側神経背側核近傍)への直接刺激(脳圧亢進、循環障害)
- 2. 化学受容体誘発帯(CTZ; 第四脳室底)への刺激(代謝異常や中毒による化学物質の作用) → 1.
- 3. 大脳皮質(中枢神経など高位中枢)からの入力 → 1.
- 4. 求心性迷走神経や交感神経を介する入力 → 1.
原因
| 中枢性刺激 | 化学受容器引金帯刺激 | 薬物 | アポモルヒネ、モルヒネ、ジギタリス、抗菌薬、抗癌薬、降圧薬、アミノフイリン、コルヒチン、アルコール |
| 毒物 | 重金属、ガス | ||
| 放射線 | 各種癌治療後 | ||
| 感染症 | 細菌毒素 | ||
| 内分泌疾患 | 肝性脳症、糖尿病性ケトアシドーシス/高血糖高浸透圧症候群、尿毒症、妊娠悪阻、妊娠高血圧症候群 | ||
| 代謝疾患 | 甲状腺クリーゼ、副腎不全、Addison病 | ||
| 直接刺激 | 脳圧亢進 | 頭部外傷、脳腫瘍、脳出血、くも膜下出血、髄膜炎、脳への放射線療法後 | |
| 脳循環障害 | ショック、低酸素脳症、脳梗塞、片頭痛、脳炎、髄膜炎 | ||
| 上位中枢刺激 | 神経性食思不振症、不快感、てんかん、ヒステリー、抑うつ状態、うつ病、過度の嫌悪感、不快感、拘禁反応による恐怖、ストレス、視覚・嗅覚・味覚的刺激 | ||
| 末梢性刺激 | 消化管疾患 | 舌咽頭疾患 | アデノイド、咽頭炎 |
| 食道疾患 | 胃食道逆流症、食道裂孔ヘルニア、食道癌 | ||
| 胃腸疾患 | 急性胃炎、急性胃十二指腸粘膜病変、急性腸炎、急性虫垂炎、消化性潰瘍、食中毒、消化管腫瘍、寄生虫、食中毒、Mallory-Weiss症候群 | ||
| 消化管通過障害 | 腸閉塞、胃幽門部狭窄、輸入脚症候群 | ||
| 腹膜疾患 | 腹膜炎 | ||
| 胆膵疾患 | 急性胆嚢炎、急性胆管炎、急性膵炎、膵癌、胆管癌 | ||
| 肝疾患 | 急性肝炎 | ||
| 循環器疾患 | うっ血性心不全、狭心症、急性心筋梗塞 | ||
| 泌尿器科疾患 | 尿路結石、腎結石、急性腎炎、腎盂腎炎、腎不全 | ||
| 耳鼻咽喉科疾患 | 中耳炎、Meniere病、乗り物酔い | ||
| 眼科疾患 | 緑内障 | ||
| 呼吸器科疾患 | 肺結核、胸膜炎、肺癌、咳嗽発作 | ||
| 婦人科疾患 | 子宮付属器炎、月経前症候群、更年期障害 | ||
| 脊髄疾患 | 脊髄癆、多発性硬化症 | ||
| 膠原病 | 結節性多発動脈炎、強皮症、側頭動脈炎 | ||
小児科で遭遇する嘔吐の原因
| 新生児 | 乳児 | 幼児～学童 | |
| 消化器疾患以外で見・落とさないよう注意する疾患 | 敗血症・髄膜炎・水頭症・脳奇形・尿路感染症 | 髄膜炎・脳炎・脳症・虐待児・尿路感染症・呼吸器感染症・心疾患・薬物中毒・誤嚥 | 脳炎・脳症・脳腫瘍・肺炎・中耳炎・頭部外傷・薬物中毒・心筋炎・不整脈 |
| よくある消化器疾患 | 溢乳・空気嚥下・哺乳過誤・初期嘔吐・胃食道逆流現象・胃腸軸捻転・腸管感染症・壊死性腸炎 | 食事過誤・空気嚥下・便秘・腸管感染症・幽門狭窄症・腸重積症・胃食道逆流現象・胃長軸捻転・食事アレルギー | 腸管感染症・急性虫垂炎・肝・腹部外傷・肝炎・胆嚢炎・膵炎・腹部外傷・食事アレルギー・好酸球性胃腸症 |
| 主な代謝性疾患 | 先天性副腎過形成・ガラク卜ース血症 | 先天性副腎過形成・Reye症候群 | アセトン血性嘔吐症・ケトン性低血糖症・糖尿病性ケトアシドーシス・Reye症候群 |
| その他 | 起立性調節障害・神経性食思不振症 | ||
| 外科的疾患 | 食道閉鎖・狭窄症・胃軸捻転・十二指腸閉鎖・狭窄症・腸回転異常・捻転・小腸閉鎖症・Hirschsprung病・胎便性イレウス・稀に腸重積・肥厚性幽門狭窄・特発性腸管偽性閉鎖症 | 肥厚性幽門狭窄症・腸重積・腸回転異常・捻転・Hirschsprung病・虫垂炎 | 虫垂炎・腸重積・腸回転異常・捻転・上腸間膜動脈症候群・腫瘍・嚢胞 |
「化学受容器引金帯」
概念
- 化学物質による刺激の入力を受け、延髄の外側網様体に存在する嘔吐中枢を興奮させる
- 血液脳関門が存在しないので、血液中の化学物質(薬物、重金属、代謝産物)をモニターして化学受容器引金帯が興奮する。
- ドパミン受容体を持ち、受容体刺激により嘔吐が引き起こされる。
- apomorphine, ergotalkaloide, morphine
- 中枢性鎮吐薬はドパミン受容体を遮断する。
解剖
「セフテゾール」
「化学受容器誘発帯」
「chemoreceptor trigger zone」
「C」
- 炭素 carbon
- シトシン cytosine
- システイン cysteine
- シチジン
- セルシウス度 摂氏 degrees Celsius degree C
- 産婦人科領域で「子宮外頚 子宮外頚部 exocervix」を表現するための略語