出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/08/26 17:34:35」(JST)
A 1681 painting depicting a person vomiting
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ICD-10 | R11 |
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ICD-9 | 787.0 |
MedlinePlus | 003117 |
Nausea (Latin nausea, from Greek ναυσία - nausia,[1] "ναυτία" - nautia, motion sickness", "feeling sick," "queasy" or "wamble"[2][3]) is a sensation of unease and discomfort in the upper stomach with an involuntary urge to vomit.[4] It often, but not always, precedes vomiting. A person can suffer nausea without vomiting. (Greek ναῦς - naus, "ship"; ναυσία started as meaning "seasickness".)
Nausea is a non-specific symptom, which means that it has many possible causes. Some common causes of nausea are motion sickness, dizziness, migraine, fainting, gastroenteritis (stomach infection) or food poisoning. Side effects of many medications including cancer chemotherapy, nauseants or morning sickness in early pregnancy. Nausea may also be caused by anxiety, disgust and depression.[5][6][7]
Medications taken to prevent and treat nausea are called antiemetics. The most commonly prescribed antiemetics in the US are promethazine, metoclopramide and ondansetron.
There are many causes of nausea. One organization listed 700 in 2009.[8] Gastrointestinal infections (37%) and food poisoning are the two most common causes.[4][9] While side effects from medications (3%) and pregnancy are also relatively frequent.[4][9] In 10% of people the cause remains unknown.[9]
Food poisoning usually causes an abrupt onset of nausea and vomiting one to six hours after ingestion of contaminated food and lasts for one to two days.[10] It is due to toxins produced by bacteria in food.[10]
Many medications can potentially cause nausea.[10] Some of the most frequently associated include cancer and systemic chemotherapy regimens and general anaesthetic agents.
Nausea or "morning sickness" is common during early pregnancy but may occasionally continue into the second and third trimesters. In the first trimester nearly 80% of women have some degree of nausea.[11] Pregnancy should therefore be considered as a possible cause of nausea in any women of child bearing age.[10] While usually it is mild and self-limiting severe cases known as hyperemesis gravidarum may require treatment.[12]
A number of conditions involving balance such as motion sickness and vertigo can lead to nausea and vomiting.
Nausea may be caused by stress and depression.
While most causes of nausea are not serious, some serious causes do occur. These include: diabetic ketoacidosis, brain tumor, surgical problems, heart attack,[13] pancreatitis, small bowel obstruction, meningitis, appendicitis, cholecystitis, Addisonian crisis, Choledocholithiasis (from gallstones) and hepatitis, as a sign of carbon monoxide poison and many others.[4]
Often no investigations are needed, however basic lab tests may be appropriate.[4] If a bowel obstruction is possible, abdominal x-rays may be useful.[4]
If dehydration is present due to loss of fluids from severe vomiting and/or accompanying diarrhea, rehydration with oral electrolyte solutions is preferred.[4] If this is not effective or possible, intravenous rehydration may be required.[4] NIH Medline recommends drinking clear fluids, sitting quietly and eating bland foods. [14] Medline recommends you call a doctor Call your doctor if you:
Dimenhydrinate (Gravol) is an inexpensive and effective medication for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting.[16] Meclozine is another antihistamine antiemetic. In certain people, cannabinoids may be effective in reducing chemotherapy associated nausea and vomiting.[17][18] Ondansetron (Zofran) is effective for nausea and vomiting.[10] Pyridoxine or metoclopramide are the first line treatments for pregnancy related nausea and vomiting.[12] Many consider Medical marijuana to be an effective herbal remedy for nausea, where legal.[19]
While short-term nausea and vomiting are generally harmless, they may sometimes indicate a more serious condition. When associated with prolonged vomiting, it may lead to dehydration and/or dangerous electrolyte imbalances. Repeated intentional vomiting, characteristic of bulimia, can cause stomach acid to wear away at the enamel in teeth.[20]
Nausea and or vomiting is the main complaint in 1.6% of visits to family physicians in Australia.[9] However only 25% of people with nausea visit their family physician.[4] It is most common in those 15–24 years old and less common in other ages.[9]
Look up nausea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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リンク元 | 「100Cases 60」「嘔吐」「急性虫垂炎」「悪心」「bloating」 |
拡張検索 | 「postoperative nausea and vomiting」「postoperative nausea」 |
・BUN
中枢性刺激 | 化学受容器引金帯刺激 | 薬物 | アポモルヒネ、モルヒネ、ジギタリス、抗菌薬、抗癌薬、降圧薬、アミノフイリン、コルヒチン、アルコール |
毒物 | 重金属、ガス | ||
放射線 | 各種癌治療後 | ||
感染症 | 細菌毒素 | ||
内分泌疾患 | 肝性脳症、糖尿病性ケトアシドーシス/高血糖高浸透圧症候群、尿毒症、妊娠悪阻、妊娠高血圧症候群 | ||
代謝疾患 | 甲状腺クリーゼ、副腎不全、Addison病 | ||
直接刺激 | 脳圧亢進 | 頭部外傷、脳腫瘍、脳出血、くも膜下出血、髄膜炎、脳への放射線療法後 | |
脳循環障害 | ショック、低酸素脳症、脳梗塞、片頭痛、脳炎、髄膜炎 | ||
上位中枢刺激 | 神経性食思不振症、不快感、てんかん、ヒステリー、抑うつ状態、うつ病、過度の嫌悪感、不快感、拘禁反応による恐怖、ストレス、視覚・嗅覚・味覚的刺激 | ||
末梢性刺激 | 消化管疾患 | 舌咽頭疾患 | アデノイド、咽頭炎 |
食道疾患 | 胃食道逆流症、食道裂孔ヘルニア、食道癌 | ||
胃腸疾患 | 急性胃炎、急性胃十二指腸粘膜病変、急性腸炎、急性虫垂炎、消化性潰瘍、食中毒、消化管腫瘍、寄生虫、食中毒、Mallory-Weiss症候群 | ||
消化管通過障害 | 腸閉塞、胃幽門部狭窄、輸入脚症候群 | ||
腹膜疾患 | 腹膜炎 | ||
胆膵疾患 | 急性胆嚢炎、急性胆管炎、急性膵炎、膵癌、胆管癌 | ||
肝疾患 | 急性肝炎 | ||
循環器疾患 | うっ血性心不全、狭心症、急性心筋梗塞 | ||
泌尿器科疾患 | 尿路結石、腎結石、急性腎炎、腎盂腎炎、腎不全 | ||
耳鼻咽喉科疾患 | 中耳炎、Meniere病、乗り物酔い | ||
眼科疾患 | 緑内障 | ||
呼吸器科疾患 | 肺結核、胸膜炎、肺癌、咳嗽発作 | ||
婦人科疾患 | 子宮付属器炎、月経前症候群、更年期障害 | ||
脊髄疾患 | 脊髄癆、多発性硬化症 | ||
膠原病 | 結節性多発動脈炎、強皮症、側頭動脈炎 |
新生児 | 乳児 | 幼児~学童 | |
消化器疾患以外で見・落とさないよう注意する疾患 | 敗血症・髄膜炎・水頭症・脳奇形・尿路感染症 | 髄膜炎・脳炎・脳症・虐待児・尿路感染症・呼吸器感染症・心疾患・薬物中毒・誤嚥 | 脳炎・脳症・脳腫瘍・肺炎・中耳炎・頭部外傷・薬物中毒・心筋炎・不整脈 |
よくある消化器疾患 | 溢乳・空気嚥下・哺乳過誤・初期嘔吐・胃食道逆流現象・胃腸軸捻転・腸管感染症・壊死性腸炎 | 食事過誤・空気嚥下・便秘・腸管感染症・幽門狭窄症・腸重積症・胃食道逆流現象・胃長軸捻転・食事アレルギー | 腸管感染症・急性虫垂炎・肝・腹部外傷・肝炎・胆嚢炎・膵炎・腹部外傷・食事アレルギー・好酸球性胃腸症 |
主な代謝性疾患 | 先天性副腎過形成・ガラク卜ース血症 | 先天性副腎過形成・Reye症候群 | アセトン血性嘔吐症・ケトン性低血糖症・糖尿病性ケトアシドーシス・Reye症候群 |
その他 | 起立性調節障害・神経性食思不振症 | ||
外科的疾患 | 食道閉鎖・狭窄症・胃軸捻転・十二指腸閉鎖・狭窄症・腸回転異常・捻転・小腸閉鎖症・Hirschsprung病・胎便性イレウス・稀に腸重積・肥厚性幽門狭窄・特発性腸管偽性閉鎖症 | 肥厚性幽門狭窄症・腸重積・腸回転異常・捻転・Hirschsprung病・虫垂炎 | 虫垂炎・腸重積・腸回転異常・捻転・上腸間膜動脈症候群・腫瘍・嚢胞 |
M | migration of pain | 心窩部・臍傍部から右下腹部への痛みの移動 | 1 |
A | anorexia | 食欲不振 | 1 |
N | nausea | 嘔気嘔吐 | 1 |
T | tenderness in RLQ | 右下腹部圧痛 | 1 |
R | rebound tenderness | 反跳痛 | 2 |
E | elevated temperature | 37.3℃以上の発熱 | 1 |
L | leukocytosis | WBC>1万/μl, 白血球増多 | 2 |
S | shift of WBC | 白血球の左方移動 | 1 |
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