出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/12/15 18:57:57」(JST)
「C#」はMediaWiki上の制約から、この項目が表示されます。プログラミング言語については「C Sharp」をご覧ください。 |
「C」のその他の用法については「C (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 |
Cc Cc | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ラテン文字 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cは、ラテン文字(アルファベット)の3番目の文字。小文字は c 。
大文字、小文字とも半円形である。同形のキリル文字のС сは別字で、ラテン文字のSに相当する文字である。
フラクトゥールではのようである。
C は、ギリシア文字のガンマ(Γ)が「く」の字の角度で書かれたものを丸めた形に由来する[1]。キリル文字のГは同系である。なおGを参照。
日本では「シー」と呼ぶことが多い。
現代では多くの言語の正書法や音標記号などにおいて用いられるが、その流儀は大きく2つに分類できる。
元々のラテン語の c は常に [k] で発音されるものだった[2]が、俗ラテン語時代になると転訛しはじめ、c の直後に“前舌母音”( e · i · y · æ )が来る場合に限り、その影響を受けて、c を [c] (「ティ」と「キ」の間のような子音)や [ʧ] (「チャチュチョ」のような子音)で発音するようになった。これを軟音化と呼ぶ。
時代が下りロマンス諸語が分化するにつれ、この音はさらに多様な音へと分化した。現在のロマンス諸語の正書法は、こうした自然の音変化を受け継いだものである。また、フランス語の影響を大きく受けた英語でも、同様の読み方をする[3]。
どの言語においても、a · o · u · l · r などの前の c はラテン語時代と変わらない [k] 音を保っている[5]。 また、フランス語やルーマニア語などでは語末に c を置く単語がいくらかあり、これらも [k] で発音する[6]。
上記以外のヨーロッパ圏の言語では c をこのように使い分けることはないが、ラテン語やフランス語、英語などから c を含む単語を借用する場合、e · i · y ( · ä [7] ) の前の c を z, c, s などに、a · o · u · l · r の前の c は k に、それぞれ置き換えて用いるのが伝統的であった。一例を挙げれば:
いずれも英語やフランス語の concert 「コンサート、演奏会」の借用で、各言語の規則にしたがって字を置き換えたものである。
ベトナム語の正書法「クオック・グー」では c はつねに [k] を表すが、その位置は a, o, u などの前[8]や音節末[9]に限られる。 その他の場所では [k] 音に k や q を用いる。 わかりやすく言うと、ka, kê, ki, kô, ku, kwôk などと書けば済みそうなところ、わざわざ c や q を持ち込んで、ca, kê, ky, cô, cu, quôc などと表記するルールだが、もともとクオック・グーはフランス人宣教師によって考案されたものであり、考案の際にロマンス諸語的な表記法を大いに参考にしたことがこうした部分にもよく表れているといえる。
大文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 小文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | U+0043 |
1-3-35 | C C |
c | U+0063 |
1-3-67 | c c |
半角 |
C | U+FF23 |
1-3-35 | C C |
c | U+FF43 |
1-3-67 | c c |
全角 |
Ⓒ | U+24B8 |
‐ | Ⓒ Ⓒ |
ⓒ | U+24D2 |
1-12-35 | ⓒ ⓒ |
丸囲み |
🄒 | U+1F112 |
‐ | 🄒 🄒 |
⒞ | U+249E |
‐ | ⒞ ⒞ |
括弧付き |
𝐂 | U+1D402 |
‐ | 𝐂 𝐂 |
𝐜 | U+1D41C |
‐ | 𝐜 𝐜 |
太字 |
𝐶 | U+1D436 |
‐ | 𝐶 𝐶 |
𝑐 | U+1D450 |
‐ | 𝑐 𝑐 |
イタリック体 |
𝑪 | U+1D46A |
‐ | 𝑪 𝑪 |
𝒄 | U+1D484 |
‐ | 𝒄 𝒄 |
イタリック体太字 |
𝒞 | U+1D49E |
‐ | 𝒞 𝒞 |
𝒸 | U+1D4B8 |
‐ | 𝒸 𝒸 |
筆記体 |
𝓒 | U+1D4D2 |
‐ | 𝓒 𝓒 |
𝓬 | U+1D4EC |
‐ | 𝓬 𝓬 |
筆記体太字 |
ℭ | U+212D |
‐ | ℭ ℭ |
𝔠 | U+1D520 |
‐ | 𝔠 𝔠 |
フラクトゥール |
ℂ | U+2102 |
‐ | ℂ ℂ |
𝕔 | U+1D554 |
‐ | 𝕔 𝕔 |
黒板太字 |
𝕮 | U+1D56E |
‐ | 𝕮 𝕮 |
𝖈 | U+1D588 |
‐ | 𝖈 𝖈 |
フラクトゥール太字 |
𝖢 | U+1D5A2 |
‐ | 𝖢 𝖢 |
𝖼 | U+1D5BC |
‐ | 𝖼 𝖼 |
サンセリフ |
𝗖 | U+1D5D6 |
‐ | 𝗖 𝗖 |
𝗰 | U+1D5F0 |
‐ | 𝗰 𝗰 |
サンセリフ太字 |
𝘊 | U+1D60A |
‐ | 𝘊 𝘊 |
𝘤 | U+1D624 |
‐ | 𝘤 𝘤 |
サンセリフイタリック |
𝘾 | U+1D63E |
‐ | 𝘾 𝘾 |
𝙘 | U+1D658 |
‐ | 𝙘 𝙘 |
サンセリフイタリック太字 |
𝙲 | U+1D672 |
‐ | 𝙲 𝙲 |
𝚌 | U+1D68C |
‐ | 𝚌 𝚌 |
等幅フォント |
Ⅽ | U+216D |
1-3-35 | Ⅽ Ⅽ |
ⅽ | U+217D |
1-3-67 | ⅽ ⅽ |
ローマ数字100 |
記号 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 名称 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ᴄ | U+1D04 |
‐ | ᴄ ᴄ |
LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL C |
ᶜ | U+1D9C |
‐ | ᶜ ᶜ |
MODIFIER LETTER SMALL C |
🄲 | U+1F132 |
‐ | 🄲 🄲 |
SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C |
🅒 | U+1F152 |
‐ | 🅒 🅒 |
NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C |
🅲 | U+1F172 |
‐ | 🅲 🅲 |
NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C |
🄫 | U+1F12B |
‐ | 🄫 🄫 |
CIRCLED ITALIC LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C |
ウィクショナリーにc、Cの項目があります。 |
[ヘルプ] |
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Cursive script 'c' and capital 'C'
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C is the third letter in the English alphabet, and a letter of the alphabets of many other writing systems, which inherited it from the Latin alphabet. It is also the third letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is named cee (pronounced /ˈsiː/) in English.[1]
Phoenician gaml |
Arabic ǧīm |
Hebrew gimel |
Greek Gamma |
Etruscan C |
Old Latin C (G) |
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'C' comes from the same letter as 'G'. The Semites named it gimel. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)".[2]
In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek 'Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent /k/. Already in the Western Greek alphabet, Gamma first took a '' form in Early Etruscan, then '' in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the 'c' form in Classical Latin. In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters 'c k q' were used to represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/ (which were not differentiated in writing). Of these, 'q' was used to represent /k/ or /ɡ/ before a rounded vowel, 'k' before 'a', and 'c' elsewhere.[3] During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for /ɡ/, and 'c' itself was retained for /k/. The use of 'c' (and its variant 'g') replaced most usages of 'k' and 'q'. Hence, in the classical period and after, 'g' was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and 'c' as the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in 'KAΔMOΣ', 'KYPOΣ', and 'ΦΩKIΣ' came into Latin as 'cadmvs', 'cyrvs' and 'phocis', respectively.
Other alphabets have letters homoglyphic to 'c' but not in use and derivation, like the Cyrillic letter Es (С, с) which derives from the lunate sigma, named due to its resemblance to the crescent moon.
When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, 'c' represented only /k/ and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic languages: in Welsh, Irish, Gaelic, 'c' represents only /k/. The Old English or "Anglo-Saxon" writing was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence 'c' in Old English also originally represented /k/; the Modern English words kin, break, broken, thick, and seek, all come from Old English words written with 'c': cyn, brecan, brocen, þicc, and séoc. But during the course of the Old English period, /k/ before front vowels (/e/ and /i/) were palatalized, having changed by the tenth century to [tʃ], though 'c' was still used, as in cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change had also been going on (for example, in Italian).
In Vulgar Latin, /k/ became palatalized to [tʃ] in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it became [ts]. Yet for these new sounds ⟨c⟩ was still used before front vowels ⟨e⟩,⟨ i⟩. The letter thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme /kʷ/ (spelled ⟨qv⟩) de-labialized to /k/ meaning that the various Romance languages had /k/ before front vowels. In addition, Norman used the Greek letter 'k' so that the sound /k/ could be represented by either 'k' or 'c' the latter of which could represent either /k/ or /ts/ depending on whether it preceded a front vowel or not. The convention of using both c' and 'k' was applied to the writing of English after the Norman Conquest, causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English candel, clif, corn, crop, cú, remained unchanged, Cent, cæ´ᵹ (cé´ᵹ), cyng, brece, séoce, were now (without any change of sound) spelled 'Kent', 'keȝ', 'kyng', 'breke', and 'seoke'; even cniht ('knight') was subsequently changed to 'kniht' and þic ('thick') changed to 'thik' or 'thikk'. The Old English 'cw' was also at length displaced by the French 'qu' so that the Old English cwén ('queen') and cwic ('quick') became Middle English 'quen' 'quik', respectively. [tʃ] to which Old English palatalized /k/ had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly from Latin /k/ before 'a'. In French it was represented by 'ch', as in champ (from Latin camp-um) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written about 1160, have in Matt. i-iii, child, chyld, riche, mychel, for the cild, rice, mycel, of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English 'c' gave place to 'k qu ch' but, on the other hand, 'c' in its new value of /ts/ came in largely in French words like processiun, emperice, grace, and was also substituted for 'ts' in a few Old English words, as miltse, bletsien, in early Middle English milce, blecien. By the end of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound /ts/ de-affricated to /s/; and from that time 'c' has represented /s/ before front vowels either for etymological reasons, as in lance, cent, or (in defiance of etymology)[citation needed] to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of 's' for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.
Thus, to show the etymology, English spelling has advise, devise, instead of advize, devize, which while advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc., where there is no etymological necessity for 'c'. Former generations also wrote sence for sense. Hence, today the Romance languages and English have a common feature inherited from Vulgar Latin where 'c' takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the following vowel.
In English orthography, 'c' generally represents a "soft" value of /s/ before the vowel letters 'e' (including the Latin-derived digraphs ae and oe), 'i' and 'y' and a "hard" value of /k/ before the vowel letters 'a', 'o' and 'u'. However, there are a number of exceptions in English: "soccer" and "Celt" are words that have /k/ where /s/ would be expected.
The soft c may represent the /ʃ/ sound in the digraph 'ci' when this precedes a vowel, as in the words 'delicious' and 'appreciate'.
The digraph 'ch' most commonly represents /tʃ/, but can take the value /k/ (mainly in words of Greek origin) or /ʃ/ (mainly in words of French origin); some dialects of English also have /x/ in words like loch where other speakers pronounce the final sound as /k/. The trigraph 'tch' always represents /tʃ/.
The digraph 'ck' is often used to represent the sound /k/ after short vowels.
In the Romance languages French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian and Portuguese, 'c' generally has a "hard" value of /k/ and a "soft" value, the pronunciation of which varies by language. In French, Portuguese, and Spanish from Latin America and southern Spain, the soft 'c' value is /s/ as it is in English. In the Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain, the soft 'c' is a voiceless dental fricative /θ/. In Italian and Romanian, the soft 'c' is [t͡ʃ].
All Balto-Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, as well as Albanian, Hungarian, Pashto, several Sami languages, Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Americanist phonetic notation (and those aboriginal languages of North America whose practical orthography derives from it) use 'c' to represent /t͡s/, the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant affricate. In romanized Mandarin Chinese, the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound, /t͡sʰ/.
Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, 'c' represents a variety of sounds. Yup'ik, Indonesian, Malay, and a number of African languages such as Hausa, Fula, and Manding share the soft Italian value of /t͡ʃ/. In Azeri, Kurdish, Tatar, and Turkish 'c' stands for the voiced counterpart of this sound, the voiced postalveolar affricate /d͡ʒ/. In Yabem and similar languages, such as Bukawa, 'c' stands for a glottal stop /ʔ/. Xhosa and Zulu use this letter to represent the click /ǀ/. in some other African languages, such as Beninese Yoruba, 'c' is used for /ʃ/. In Fijian, 'c' stands for a voiced dental fricative /ð/, while in Somali it has the value of /ʕ/.
The letter 'c' is also used as a transliteration of the Cyrillic 'ц' in the Latinic forms of Serbian, Macedonian, and sometimes Ukrainian (along with the digraph 'ts').
There are several common digraphs with 'c', the most common being 'ch', which in some languages such as German is far more common than 'c' alone. 'Ch' takes various values in other languages, such as:
As in English, 'Ck', with the value /k/, is often used after short vowels in other Germanic languages such as German and Swedish (but some other Germanic languages use 'kk' instead, such as Dutch and Norwegian). The digraph 'cz' is found in Polish and 'cs' in Hungarian, both representing /t͡ʃ/. The digraph 'sc' represents /ʃ/ in Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian, (however in Italian and related languages this only happens before front vowels, otherwise it represents /sk/). The trigraph 'sch' represents /ʃ/ in German.
As a phonetic symbol, lowercase 'c' is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive, and capital 'C' is the X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative.
It is used to represent one hundred in Roman numerals.
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Character | C | c | ||
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Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C | LATIN SMALL LETTER C | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 67 | U+0043 | 99 | U+0063 |
UTF-8 | 67 | 43 | 99 | 63 |
Numeric character reference | C | C | c | c |
EBCDIC family | 195 | C3 | 131 | 83 |
ASCII 1 | 67 | 43 | 99 | 63 |
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Charlie | –·–· |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | Braille dots-14 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article C. |
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国試過去問 | 「095A083」 |
リンク元 | 「光速」 |
関連記事 | 「C」 |
C
※国試ナビ4※ [095A082]←[国試_095]→[095A084]
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