- 日
- 関
WordNet
- (zoology) the cavity (in birds, reptiles, amphibians, most fish, and monotremes but not mammals) at the end of the digestive tract into which the intestinal, genital, and urinary tracts open
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (鳥類,爬(は)虫類,両生類などの) 排出腔{はいしゅつ くう}、下水道{げすいどう}
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/03/14 13:58:42」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Enterobacter cloacae |
|
Enterobacter cloacae on tryptic soy agar. |
Scientific classification |
Kingdom: |
Bacteria |
Phylum: |
Proteobacteria |
Class: |
Gamma Proteobacteria |
Order: |
Enterobacteriales |
Family: |
Enterobacteriaceae |
Genus: |
Enterobacter |
Binomial name |
Enterobacter cloacae
(Jordan 1890)
Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 |
Subspecies |
E. c. subsp. cloacae
E. c. subsp. dissolvens
|
Synonyms |
Bacillus cloacae Jordan 1890
Bacterium cloacae (Jordan 1890) Lehmann and Neumann 1896
Cloaca cloacae (Jordan 1890) Castellani and Chalmers 1919
Aerobacter cloacae (Jordan 1890) Bergey et al. 1923
Aerobacter cloacae (Jordan 1890) Hormaeche and Edwards 1958
Erwinia dissolvens (Rosen 1922) Burkholder 1948
Pseudomonas dissolvens Rosen 1922
Bacterium dissolvens Rosen 1922
Phytomonas dissolvens (Rosen 1922) Rosen 1926
Aplanobacter dissolvens (Rosen 1922) Rosen 1926
Aerobacter dissolvens (Rosen 1922) Waldee 1945
Enterobacter dissolvens (Rosen 1922) Brenner et al. 1988
|
Enterobacter cloacae is a clinically significant Gram-negative, facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.
Contents
- 1 Microbiology
- 2 Industrial use
- 3 Safety
- 4 Genomics
- 5 Clinical significance
- 6 See also
- 7 References
|
Microbiology
In microbiology labs, E. cloacae is frequently grown at 30°C on nutrient agar or broth or at 35°C in tryptic soy broth.[1] It is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium, is facultatively anaerobic, and bears peritrichous flagella. It is oxidase-negative and catalase-positive.[citation needed]
Industrial use
Enterobacter cloacae has been used in a bioreactor-based method for the biodegradation of explosives and in the biological control of plant diseases.[citation needed]
Safety
E. cloacae is considered a biosafety level 1 organism in the United States and level 2 in Canada.[citation needed]
Genomics
A draft genome sequence of Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae was announced in 2012. The bacteria used in the study were isolated from giant panda feces.[2]
Clinical significance
Enterobacter cloacae is a member of the normal gut flora of many humans and is not usually a primary pathogen.[3] It is sometimes associated with urinary tract and respiratory tract infections. Treatment with cefepime and gentamicin has been reported.[4]
See also
References
- ^ Dalben, M; Varkulja, G; Basso, M; Krebs, VL; Gibelli, MA; van der Heijden, I; Rossi, F; Duboc, G; Levin, AS; Costa, SF (2008 Sep). "Investigation of an outbreak of Enterobacter cloacae in a neonatal unit and review of the literature.". The Journal of hospital infection 70 (1): 7–14. PMID 18632183.
- ^ Yan, Y; Zhao, CW; Zhang, YZ; Zhang, ZH; Pan, GL; Liu, WW; Ma, QY; Hou, R; Tan, XM (2012 Dec). "Draft Genome Sequence of Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae Strain 08XA1, a Fecal Bacterium of Giant Pandas.". Journal of bacteriology 194 (24): 6928–9. doi:10.1128/JB.01790-12. PMID 23209197.
- ^ Keller, R; Pedroso, MZ; Ritchmann, R; Silva, RM (1998 Feb). "Occurrence of virulence-associated properties in Enterobacter cloacae.". Infection and immunity 66 (2): 645–9. PMID 9453621.
- ^ Barnes BJ, Wiederhold NP, Micek ST, Polish LB, Ritchie DJ (April 2003). "Enterobacter cloacae ventriculitis successfully treated with cefepime and gentamicin: case report and review of the literature". Pharmacotherapy 23 (4): 537–42. doi:10.1592/phco.23.4.537.32126. PMID 12680484.
Infectious diseases · Bacterial diseases: Proteobacterial G− (primarily A00–A79, 001–041, 080–109)
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α |
Rickettsiales
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Rickettsiaceae/
(Rickettsioses)
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Typhus
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Rickettsia typhi (Murine typhus) · Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic typhus, Brill–Zinsser disease, Flying squirrel typhus)
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|
Spotted
fever
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Tick-borne
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Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) · Rickettsia conorii (Boutonneuse fever) · Rickettsia japonica (Japanese spotted fever) · Rickettsia sibirica (North Asian tick typhus) · Rickettsia australis (Queensland tick typhus) · Rickettsia honei (Flinders Island spotted fever) · Rickettsia africae (African tick bite fever) · Rickettsia parkeri (American tick bite fever) · Rickettsia aeschlimannii (Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection)
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Mite-borne
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Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox) · Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub typhus)
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Flea-borne
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Rickettsia felis (Flea-borne spotted fever)
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|
|
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Anaplasmataceae
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Ehrlichiosis: Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Anaplasmosis) · Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human monocytic ehrlichiosis) · Ehrlichia ewingii (Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection)
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|
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Rhizobiales
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Brucellaceae
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Brucella abortus (Brucellosis)
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Bartonellaceae
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Bartonellosis: Bartonella henselae (Cat scratch disease) · Bartonella quintana (Trench fever) · either henselae or quintana (Bacillary angiomatosis) · Bartonella bacilliformis (Carrion's disease, Verruga peruana)
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|
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β |
Neisseriales
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M+ Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus (Meningococcal disease, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, Meningococcal septicaemia)
M- Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus (Gonorrhea)
ungrouped: Eikenella corrodens/Kingella kingae (HACEK) · Chromobacterium violaceum (Chromobacteriosis infection)
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|
Burkholderiales
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Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis) · Burkholderia mallei (Glanders) · Burkholderia cepacia complex · Bordetella pertussis/Bordetella parapertussis (Pertussis)
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|
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γ |
Enterobacteriales
(OX-)
|
Lac+
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Klebsiella pneumoniae (Rhinoscleroma, Klebsiella pneumonia) · Klebsiella granulomatis (Granuloma inguinale) · Klebsiella oxytoca
Escherichia coli: Enterotoxigenic · Enteroinvasive · Enterohemorrhagic · O157:H7 · O104:H4 (Hemolytic-uremic syndrome)
Enterobacter aerogenes/Enterobacter cloacae
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Slow/weak
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Serratia marcescens (Serratia infection) · Citrobacter koseri/Citrobacter freundii
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Lac-
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H2S+
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Salmonella enterica (Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Salmonellosis)
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H2S-
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Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii (Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery) · Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris · Yersinia pestis (Plague/Bubonic plague) · Yersinia enterocolitica · Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
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|
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Pasteurellales
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Haemophilus: H. influenzae (Haemophilus meningitis, Brazilian purpuric fever) · H. ducreyi (Chancroid) H. parainfluenzae (HACEK)
Pasteurella multocida (Pasteurellosis) · Actinobacillus (Actinobacillosis)
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (HACEK)
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Legionellales
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Legionella pneumophila/Legionella longbeachae (Legionellosis) · Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
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Thiotrichales
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Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
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Vibrionales
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Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) · Vibrio vulnificus · Vibrio parahaemolyticus · Vibrio alginolyticus · Plesiomonas shigelloides
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Pseudomonadales
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas infection) · Moraxella catarrhalis · Acinetobacter baumannii
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Xanthomonadales
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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
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Cardiobacteriales
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Cardiobacterium hominis (HACEK)
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Aeromonadales
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Aeromonas hydrophila/Aeromonas veronii (Aeromonas infection)
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ε |
Campylobacterales
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Campylobacter jejuni (Campylobacteriosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome) · Helicobacter pylori (Peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma) · Helicobacter cinaedi (Helicobacter cellulitis)
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|
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gr+f/gr+a (t)/gr-p (c)/gr-o
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drug (J1p, w, n, m, vacc)
|
|
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UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- Determination for Enterobacter cloacae based on a europium ternary complex labeled DNA probe.
- He H, Niu CG, Zeng GM, Ruan M, Qin PZ, Liu J.SourceEngineering department, Rainbow Department Store CO., LTD., Shenzhen 518026, PR China.
- Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2011 Nov;82(1):493-7. Epub 2011 Aug 4.
- The fast detection and accurate diagnosis of the prevalent pathogenic bacteria is very important for the treatment of disease. Nowadays, fluorescence techniques are important tools for diagnosis. A two-probe tandem DNA hybridization assay was designed for the detection of Enterobacter cloacae based
- PMID 21880541
- Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from the Philippines.
- Kanamori H, Navarro RB, Yano H, Sombrero LT, Capeding MR, Lupisan SP, Olveda RM, Arai K, Kunishima H, Hirakata Y, Kaku M.SourceDepartment of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnostics, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
- Acta tropica.Acta Trop.2011 Oct-Nov;120(1-2):140-5. Epub 2011 Jul 28.
- β-Lactamases, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases, are major resistance mechanisms of Enterobacteriaceae. Emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in ESBL-producing isolates poses a global threat. The molecular characterisitcs of ES
- PMID 21820398
Japanese Journal
- TOLEDO Andreia de,北田 勝浩,山口 泰平,於保 孝彦
- 口腔衛生学会雑誌 61(1), 57-64, 2011-01-30
- … 付着能を調べた.またK.pneumoniaeの付着機序を調べるため,付着抑制実験と菌体凝集実験を行った.調べた菌のうちStreptococcus pyogenesとK.pneumoniaeは唾液被覆チューブに,Pseudomonas aeruginsa,K.pneumoniaeおよびEnterobacter cloacaeは唾液被覆カフに強い付着を示した.K.pneumoniaeの唾液被覆カフへの付着はスペルミジンで抑制された.またスペルミジンと唾液はK.pneumoniaeの菌体凝集を誘発した.これらの結果から口腔日和見細菌 …
- NAID 110008440562
- 昭和大学病院で分離された多剤耐性 Enterobacter cloacae の耐性遺伝子解析
- 高橋 奈々子,山口 史博,陳 戈林,安原 努,伊藤 里歩,和久田 梨香,福地 邦彦
- 臨床病理 58(5), 442-447, 2010-05-25
- NAID 10026444878
Related Links
- Enterobacter. エンテロバクター属. Enterobacter spp.エンテロバクター ... Enterobacter aerogenesエンテロバクター・アエロゲネス. グラム陰性桿菌で,土壌,水 ,乳製品,ヒト腸管内に存在する. 侵襲性は弱いが,尿路感染症,心内膜炎,肺炎, 敗血症などを ...
- 2005年1月11日 ... Enterobacter cloacae、Enterobacter aerogenesなどのエンテロバクターはヒトの腸管 常在菌で通常は無害ですが、 ... Enterobacter cloacaeとEnterobacter aerogenesは 染色体性のAmpCβ-ラクタマーゼ産生によりアンピシリン、第一、第 ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [097H070]←[国試_097]→[097H072]
[★]
- 英
- meningitis
- 同
- 脳脊髄膜炎、
- 関
- 蛋白細胞解離
病因
- 感染症(細菌、ウイルス、真菌など)、悪性腫瘍の浸潤 → 髄膜の炎症
分類
病原体
- 菌血症→脳脈絡叢→髄腔
- 菌体成分(LPSなど)→BBB, 上衣細胞、脳細胞の障害。神経膠細胞による炎症サイトカインの分泌
- 血行性、あるいは神経軸索によりウイルスが髄腔に波及。
臨床経過
宿主要因と髄膜炎に関わる病原体
- 頻度・年齢階層が資料によって異なるため混乱しないように注意。
YN.J-137改変
first aid step1 2006 p.161
- incidence of H. influenzae meningitis has ↓ greatly with introduction of H. influenzae vaccine in last 10–15 years.
CBT QB vol2 p.562
IMD.1042
小児細菌性髄膜炎起炎菌(PED.606)
新生児
- Streptococcus agalactiaeは産道感染
- Escherichia coliもおそらく産道感染
新生児と老人
- Listeria monocytogenesは産道感染するので新生児に多い。新生児と老人に多いのは通性細胞内寄生菌で細胞性免疫の弱い宿主に感染やすいため?
乳児~幼児
- Haemophilus influenzae type B
乳児~大人
- Enteroviruses
- Neisseria meningitidis
小児~大人
乳児~老人
老人
髄膜炎の鑑別
|
細菌性髄膜炎
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ウイルス性髄膜炎
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結核性髄膜炎
|
真菌性髄膜炎
|
癌性髄膜炎
|
外観
|
混濁
|
clear
|
水様~ キサントクロミー 日光微塵
|
clear~ 日光微塵
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clear~ キサントクロミー
|
圧 70-180 (mmH2O)
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↑↑ 200~800以上
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↑ 200~300
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↑ 200~800
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↑ 200~800
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↑ 200~300
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細胞 0-5 (/mm3)
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500~数百万
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10~1,000
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25~1,000
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25~1,000
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25~500
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好中球
|
リンパ球
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リンパ球
|
リンパ球
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好中球
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タンパク 15-45 mg/dl
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↑↑ 50~1,500
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↑ 正常~100
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↑ 50~500
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↑ 100~500
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↑ 50~500
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糖 50-80 mg/dl
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↓↓ 0~40
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→ 正常
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↓↓ ~40
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↓↓ ~40
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↓ ~40
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予後不良因子
- 入院時の状態に依存する:痙攣、意識レベルの変化、低血圧 (IRE.407)
国試
[★]
- 英
- Enterobacteriaceae
- 関
- 細菌
エンテロバクター属 Enterobacter
エシェリキア属 Escherichia
クレブシエラ属 Klebsiella
プロテウス属 Proteus
サルモネラ属 Salmonella
セラチア属 Serratia
シゲラ属 Shigella
エルシニア属 Yersinia
腸内細菌科 (SMB.163)
[★]
- 英
- urinary tract infection, UTI, urinary tract infections, UTIs
- 関
- 尿路感染
定義
- 尿路(腎、尿管、膀胱、尿道など)の感染症。尿道炎は別に取り扱われるらしい
疫学
- 尿路感染症は特に女性に多く、30歳になるまでに4人に1人が罹患。
- 入院患者の1/3は尿路感染症であり、さらにその3/4以上は膀胱カテーテルを留置されいる患者で起こる。
分類
背景
- 一般細菌の上行性感染によって起こることがほとんどであり、
- 単純性尿路感染症:尿路に明らかな基礎疾患がない。
部位
病因
病原体
- SMB.607
外来患者
院内感染患者
first aid p.162
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10-30%) is the 2nd most common cause of UTI in young ambulatory women.
感染経路
病因
- 冷え、過度の排尿自制、尿流の停滞、経尿道的操作など
症状
小児科 SPE.615
- 乳幼児:発熱、嘔吐、下痢、食欲不振など非特異的な全身症状
- 新生児:乳幼児の症状 + 脱水、体重減少、黄疸など。
検査
尿検査
- 尿:混濁
- 尿沈渣:1視野(400倍)5個以上の白血球(膿尿)
- 尿培養:1ml中10^5個以上の細菌 ← 中間尿の定量培養
- 症状(頻尿、排泄痛、残尿感)ががあれば、これ以下の菌数でも病因的意義がある。
治療
[★]
- 関
- 日和見感染、日和見感染症
[★]
- ラ
- Enterobacter cloacae
[★]
総排出腔、総排泄腔
- 関
- cloaca、cloacal
[★]
エンテロバクター属