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Morganella morganii is a species of Gram-negative bacteria.^[1] M. morganii has a commensal relationship within the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as normal flora.^[1] Although M. morganii has a wide distribution, it is considered an uncommon cause of community-acquired infection and it is most often encountered in postoperative and other nosocomial infections such as urinary tract infections.^[3]

Historical identification and systematics

Morganella morganii was first described by a British bacteriologist H. de R. Morgan in 1906 as Morgan's bacillus. Morgan isolated the bacteria from stools of infants who were noted to have had "summer diarrhea".^[4] Later in 1919 Winslow et al, named Morgan's bacillus, Bacillus morganii. However in 1936, Rauss renamed B. morganii as P. morganii. Fulton in 1943, showed that B. columbensis and P. morganii were the same and defined the genus Morganella, due to the DNA-DNA hybridization.^[5] Genus Morganella has two species M. morganii and M.columbensis.^[6] However in 1962, a review article by Ewing reported that M. columbensis had been reidentified as Escherichia coli, therefore removing that organism from the genus Morganella.^[6]

Microbiology

Morganella morganii grown on blood agar

Morganella morganii is facultative anaerobic and oxidase-negative. M.morganii are colonies, that appear off-white and opaque in color, when grown on agar plate^[7] M. morganii are straight rods, about 0.6-0.7 um in diameter and 1.0-1.7 um in length. This organism moves by way of peritrichous flagella, but some strains do not form flagella at 30°C.^[8]

M. morganii is catalase-positive (meaning it can produce the enzyme catalase), meaning it is able to convert hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to water and oxygen. This is a common enzyme found in most living organisms. In addition M. morganii, is indole test-positive representing this organism can split tryptophan to indole, pyruvate and ammonium. Methyl red tests positive in M.morganii, indicator dye that turns red in acidic solutions.^[7]Although a rare human pathogen, M morganii has been reported as a cause of urinary tract infections, nosocomial surgical wound infections, peritonitis, CNS infection, endophthalmitis, pneumonia, chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, pyomyositis, necrotizing fasciitis, and arthritis. Numerous cases of nosocomial infection have been described, usually as postsurgical wound infections or urinary tract infections. Patients in whom bacteremia develops are typically immunocompromised, diabetic, or elderly or have at least 1 serious underlying disease.

Role of bacteria

Morganella morganii, is a member of the tribe Proteeae (normal fecal flora that often causes infection in patients whose normal flora have been disturbed by antibiotic therapy^[9]) of the family Enterobacteriaceae, with two subspecies: M. morganii and M. sibonii. Morganella morganii has been regarded as a harmless opportunistic pathogen, however there are strains that carry "antibiotic-resistant plasmids" and have been associated with nosocomial outbreaks of infections.^[10] There have been several reports that M. morganii causes sepsis, ecthyma, endophthalmitis, chorioamnionitis, however more commonly urinary tract infections, soft tissue infections, septic arthritis, meningitis and bacteremia often with fatal consequences.^[11]

In a rare case published in 2003, a patient present with bilateral necrosis of both upper and lower eyelids. Upon microbial analysis the areas were shown to have heavy growth of M. morganii.^[12]

Treatment and antibiotic resistance

Treatment of M. morganii infections may include:

Ticarcillin
Piperacillin
Ciprofloxacin
Third-generation and Fourth-generation cephalosporins

A study conducted at the University Hospital at Heralkion, Crete, Greece showed a 92% success rate in the use of these antibiotics.^[13]

However, there are M. morganii strains are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, oxacillin, first-generation and second-generation cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides, fosfomycin, colistin, and polymyxin B.^[3] The emergence of highly resistant strains of M. morganii have been associated with use of third-generation cephalosporins.^[3]

Polymicrobial infections are most abundantly caused by this microbe which additionally damages the skin, soft tissues, and urogenital tract can be cured through use of the aforementioned antibiotics.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c eMedicine. Morganella infections
^ ^a ^b UniProt. Morganella morganii (Proteus morganii)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Morganella infections". Medscape. Retrieved 12.5.2012.
^ Pulaski, M.D., E.J.; G. W. Deitz, M.D. (September 14, 1940). JAMA. 11 115: 922–923.
^ Chen, Yu-Tin; Hwei-Ling Peng2, Wei-Chung Shia3, Fang-Rong Hsu4,5, Chuian-Fu Ken6, Yu-Ming Tsao7, Chang-Hua Chen8, Chun-Eng Liu8, Ming-Feng Hsieh1, Huang-Chi Chen9, Chuan-Yi Tang1,10*, Tien-Hsiung Ku7 (3-5 Oct 2012). "Whole-genome sequencing and identification of Morganella morganii KT pathogenicity-related genes". BMC Genomics 13: 1471–2164.
^ ^a ^b O'Hara, Caroline Mohr; Frances W. Brenner,2 and J. Michael Miller (O 13ctober 2000). Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 4 13: 534–546 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88947/Missing or empty |title= (help).
^ ^a ^b Herrara, Jose. "Morganella morganii". Truman State University Biology. Truman State University. Retrieved 12.06.2012.
^ "Morganella morganii". University of Windsor. Retrieved 12.6.12.
^ Cunha MD, Burke. "Proteeae Infections". Merck Manual. Retrieved 12.08.12.
^ Senior, W; S. Voros (1990). J. Med. Microbiology 33: 259–264 http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/content/33/4/259.full.pdfMissing or empty |title= (help).
^ Singla, Nidhi; Neelam Kaistha, Neelam Gulati, Jagdish Chander (Jul-Sep 2010). Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 14: 154–155 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021833/Missing or empty |title= (help). Retrieved 12.05.12.
^ Shenoy MD; AU Shenoy, AM Rajay, ZH al Mahrooqui (2003). "Necrotic Periorbital Ulceration due to Morganella morganii". Asian Journal of Opthalmology. 1 5.
^ ^a ^b Falagas, M.E.; P.K. Kavvadia, E. Mantadakis, D.P. Kofteridis, I.A. Bliziotis, E. Saloustros, S. Maraki, G. Samonis (2006). "Morganella morganii infections in General Tertiary Hospital". Clinical and Epidemiology Study 6: 315–321. doi:10.1007/s15010-006-6682-3. Retrieved 12.08.12.

UpToDate Contents

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1. グラム陰性桿菌性髄膜炎の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of gram negative bacillary meningitis
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3. コリスチン：概要 colistin an overview

English Journal

First reported fatal Morganella morganii infections in chickens.

Zhao C, Tang N, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Li W, Qin X, Zhao J, Zhang G.SourceKey Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
Veterinary microbiology.Vet Microbiol.2012 May 4;156(3-4):452-5. Epub 2011 Nov 28.
Morganella morganii, a Gram-negative rod commonly found in the intestines of humans and other animals, is here confirmed to cause a fatal infection in chickens by isolation and identification of the bacteria, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and experimental infection. This is the first case of M. morganii
PMID 22176761

Identification of bla (KPC-2) on different plasmids of three Morganella morganii isolates.

Shi DS, Wang WP, Kuai SG, Shao HF, Huang M.SourceLaboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing, China, 210002.
European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.2012 May;31(5):797-803. Epub 2011 Aug 28.
Three Morganella morganii strains resistant to carbapenems were recovered from the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) in our hospital. Carbapenemases and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were respectively detected by the modified Hodge test and the modified Clinical and Laboratory Standards
PMID 21874606

Japanese Journal

ヒスタミン

里見正隆
日本食品科学工学会誌 : Nippon shokuhin kagaku kogaku kaishi = Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology 57(8), 366, 2010-08-15
… 知られており，補酵素にピリドキサル五リン酸（PLP）を要求するPLP依存型酵素と，活性中心がピルボイル基であるピルボイル酵素に分けられる．PLP依存型HDCはグラム陰性菌の他，哺乳類の肝臓等に存在し，ピルボイル型HDCはグラム陽性細菌にのみ存在する．（1）　PLP依存型HDC分子量約170kDa，四量体で，補酵素としてPLPを要求する．Morganella morganiiを含む腸内細菌群や海洋性のPhotobacterium damselaeおよびP. …
NAID 10026526056

Separation of Viable Histamine-Producing Bacteria from Yellowtail Meat Components by Density Gradient Centrifugation

ARAKI EMIKO,TAKAYAMA KODAI,SAITO MIKAKO,MATSUOKA HIDEAKI
Biocontrol science 14(1), 31-34, 2009-03-10
… In this viewpoint, the feasibility of density gradient centrifugation (DGC) was demonstrated for the first time using samples of yellowtail meat to which Morganella morganii, a histamine producing bacterium had been added. … morganii cells were collected in 20-50 w/v % layers. …
NAID 10025217516

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「腸内細菌科」「耐性菌」「モルガン菌」「モルガネラ・モルガニー」

「腸内細菌科」

Morganella morganii
	Morganella morganii
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Tribe:	Proteeae
Genus:	Morganella
Species:	M. morganii
Subspecies:	M. m. morganii; M. m. sibonii
Binomial name
	Morganella morganii; Winslow et al., 1919; Fulton, 1943; Brenner et al., 1978
Synonyms
	Proteus morganii; Winslow et al., 1919; Yale, 1939;

　　[★]

英: Enterobacteriaceae
関: 細菌

代表的なもの８つを覚ておく！

エンテロバクター属 Enterobacter
エシェリキア属  Escherichia
クレブシエラ属 Klebsiella
プロテウス属 Proteus
サルモネラ属 Salmonella
セラチア属 Serratia
シゲラ属 Shigella
エルシニア属 Yersinia