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a pass between mountain peaks (同)gap
the 5th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)e
the base of the natural system of logarithms; approximately equal to 2.718282...

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(山脈の)鞍部(あんぶ),山あい
einsteiniumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/11 02:24:45」(JST)

wiki ja

大腸菌（だいちょうきん, Escherichia coli）は、グラム陰性の桿菌で通性嫌気性菌に属し、環境中に存在するバクテリアの主要な種の一つである。この菌は腸内細菌でもあり、温血動物（鳥類、哺乳類）の消化管内、特にヒトなどの場合大腸に生息する。アルファベットで短縮表記でE. coliとすることがある（詳しくは#学名を参照のこと）。大きさは通常短軸0.4-0.7μm、長軸2.0-4.0μmだが、長軸が短くなり球形に近いものもいる^[1]。

バクテリアの代表としてモデル生物の一つとなっており、各種の研究で材料とされるほか、遺伝子を組み込んで化学物質の生産にも利用される（下図）。


大腸菌のコロニー	グラム染色像

大腸菌はそれぞれの特徴によって「株」と呼ばれる群に分類することができる（動物でいう品種のような分類）。それぞれ異なる動物の腸内にはそれぞれの株の大腸菌が生息していることから、環境水を汚染している糞便が人間から出たものか、鳥類から出たものかを判別することも可能である。大腸菌には非常に多数の株があり、その中には病原性を持つものも存在する。

分類

大腸菌は、菌の表面にある抗原（Ｏ抗原とＨ抗原）に基づいて細かく分類されている^[2]。Ｏ抗原は外膜のリポ多糖由来のもので、Ｈ抗原はべん毛由来のものである。Ｏ抗原は現在約180種類ほどに分類されている^[2]。例えば「O157（オーいちごーなな）」という名称は、Ｏ抗原としては157番目に発見されたものを持つ菌ということを意味しており^[2]、「O111（オーいちいちいち）」はＯ抗原としては111番目に発見されたものを持つ、ということを意味する。　H抗原は約70種類に分類されている。なお、さらに細かく分けるとO抗原とH抗原の両方を考慮した分類になる。例えばO157でも、H抗原に関する違いでさらに細かく分類することができ、H7のものとH抗原を持たないものがあるので、「O157:H7」と「O157:H-」という2種類に分けることができる^[2]。

病原性

ほとんどの大腸菌は無害だが、いくつかの場合では疾患の原因となることがある。

ヒトの場合、大腸内ではなく、血液中や尿路系に侵入した場合（異所感染した場合）に病原体となる。内毒素(リポ多糖)を産生するため、大腸菌による敗血症は重篤なエンドトキシンショックを引き起こす。敗血症の原因（明らかになる場合）として最も多いのは尿路感染症であるが、大腸菌は尿路感染症の原因菌として最も多いものである。

大腸菌の株は多数報告されており、一部では動物に害となりうる性質を持つものもある。大部分の健康な成人の持っている株では下痢を起こす程度で何の症状も示さないものがほとんどであるが、幼児や病気などによって衰弱している者、あるいはある種の薬物を服用している者などでは、特殊な株が病気を引き起こすことがあり、時として死亡に至ることもある。

大腸菌の株の中でも特に強い病原性を示すものは病原性大腸菌とよばれる。食品衛生学分野では病原大腸菌ともよぶ。ただし、病原性大腸菌の中でも赤痢を起こす株については特に赤痢菌とよび、衛生管理上の問題から別種扱いされる。

O（オー）111やO157などの腸管出血性大腸菌は牛の腸内に生息しているとされ、保健所は「内臓と他部位の肉は調理器具を使い分けるのが好ましい」としている。

病原性大腸菌

腸管病原性大腸菌（EPEC, enteropathogenic E. coli）小腸に感染して下痢、腹痛等急性胃腸炎をおこす。
腸管侵入性大腸菌（EIEC, enteroinvasive E. coli）大腸に感染して赤痢様の症状をおこす。
毒素原性大腸菌（ETEC, enterotoxigenic E. coli）小腸に感染し下痢をおこす。増殖の際、毒素を産生する。
腸管出血性大腸菌（EHEC, enterohemorrhagic E. coli）腹痛、下痢、血便をおこし、ベロ毒素産生により溶血性尿毒症症候群（HUS）、脳症をおこす。
- 腸管出血性大腸菌には、O157(Escherichia coli O157:H7)の他、O111、O26などが存在する。
腸管付着性大腸菌（EAEC, enteroadhesive E. coli）
腸管凝集性大腸菌（EAggEC, enteroaggrigative E. coli）

問題になることのある大腸菌の例

O抗原に基づいた分類でいくつか挙げる。

O1（オーいち）
O6（オーろく）
O18（オーいちはち）
O25（オーにいごー）
O104（オーいちれいよん）
O111（オーいちいちいち）
O157(オーいちごーなな）

これらの大腸菌は75度で1分間以上の加熱で死滅する。加熱した焼肉などが原因となる食中毒の感染経路として、「（加熱前の生肉をつまみ）大腸菌の付着した箸から、舐めることで、生肉に付着する菌を飲食してしまうことがある」と、注意喚起されている。

学名

テオドール・エシェリヒ

学名（ラテン語名）は Escherichia coli で、属名は発見者のオーストリア人医学者テオドール・エシェリヒ Theodor Escherich にちなみ、これに屈折語尾を加えてラテン語化したもの。種形容語はラテン語で大腸を意味する「colon」の属格「coli」である。学名の正式な読みというものは存在しないが、語源を重視するとエシェリヒア・コリー、語源を無視して属名もラテン語読みするとエスケリキア・コリーとなる。英語ではエシェリキア・コーライと読む。全体として「大腸のエシェリヒ菌」の意を表す。

属名を省略してE. coli（イー・コライ、イー・コリー）と略す表記もある。ただし正式には、これは Escherichia 属が既出の場合に認められる略記である。最初からE. coli と略すのは、文脈から Escherichia 属のことを言っているのが明らかでも、不適切である。

大腸菌属は腸内細菌科のタイプ属として指定されているが、腸内細菌科の学名はEscherichiaceaeではなく、Enterobacteriaceaeとなっている。

利用

ヒトに対して、大腸菌の死骸を含んだ液体（大腸菌死菌浮遊液）が、直腸部に塗布されると、白血球が呼び寄せられるため、感染防御の役に立つことが知られており、これを利用した薬剤が実用化されている ^[3] 。また、遺伝子組み換え技術を用いて、大腸菌にヒト型インスリンを作らせる遺伝子を導入して、インスリンを生産することに利用されている。他にも、顆粒球コロニー刺激因子（G-CSF）や組織プラスミノーゲン活性化因子（t-PA）などの生産も、同様の方法で行われている。

指標生物として

腸内に生息する菌であることから、この菌の存在は糞便による水の汚染を示唆し、河川、湖、海水浴場などの環境水の汚れの程度の指標として用いられる。

ヒト成人が一日に排泄する糞便中に含まれる菌体数は、平均で10¹¹から10¹³個である。ただしヒトの消化管において、大腸菌が全体の微生物に占める割合は極めて少なく、ヒト腸内常在細菌の0.01%以下にすぎない（残りの大部分は、バクテロイデス Bacteroides 属やユーバクテリウム Eubacterium 属などの偏性嫌気性菌である）

水の浄化や汚水処理技術の分野では、培養可能な E. coli の量は人間の糞便の混入の程度を示唆するものとして、水の汚染レベルの指標としてかなり早い時期から用いられてきた。研究に使われている E. coli それ自体は無害であり、E. coli がこれらの指標に用いられるのは、他の病原性のある菌（サルモネラなど）よりもこれらの糞便由来の大腸菌の方が遥かに多く含まれるとされるためである。

また、日本の水道法により上水道の浄水からは「検出されてはならない」とされている。

大腸菌群

詳細は「大腸菌群」を参照

大腸菌群とは細菌学用語ではなく衛生上の用語である。ラクトース発酵（乳糖分解し、酸とガスを発生）するグラム陰性、好気性・通性嫌気性で芽胞を形成しない桿菌の全てである。E. coliであってもこれに該当しないものが多く存在する。

その多くは汚水菌（クレブジエラ属菌、サイトロバクター属菌、エンテロバクター属菌）や土壌中の非常によく似た性質のバクテリア（よく知られたものとしてはAerobacter aerogenes）が大腸菌群として分類される。なお、病原性大腸菌はこの検査法での検出は非常に困難である。

また、水中に含まれる大腸菌群を数値化したものを大腸菌群数といい、水質汚濁の指標に用いられる。

日本の食品衛生法

食品衛生法では大腸菌群陰性とは加熱済み食品の加熱ができているか、加熱後の二次汚染がないかを確認するために食品の規格に規定されている。

また、食品衛生法の規格基準にある検査法（EC培地において44.5℃で増殖し、乳糖を分解してガスを産生するグラム染色陰性、無芽胞の桿菌）で検出する菌を E. coli と記述しているが E. coli であってもこれにあてはまらない菌も多く食品衛生上の行政用語である。これは検査法では大腸菌群の培養温度が異なるだけの糞便性大腸菌群とほぼ同一の内容である。

検査器材

大腸菌及び大腸菌群の検査には用途に応じて多くの培地が使用される。以下に主な物を列挙する。

EMB（エオシン･メチレンブルー）寒天培地
BGLB培地
デソキシコレート寒天培地
VRB寒天培地
VRBG寒天培地
乳糖ブイヨン培地

脚注

^ 巌佐庸・倉谷滋・斎藤成也・塚谷裕一『岩波生物学辞典第5版』岩波書店、2013年2月26日、p.858b「大腸菌」。ISBN 9784000803144。
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d 腸管出血性大腸菌Ｑ＆Ａ
^ ポステリザン

外部リンク

曽根田正己『大腸菌』^{[リンク切れ]} - Yahoo!百科事典

この項目は、真正細菌（バクテリア）に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:生き物と自然／ウィキプロジェクト生物）。

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Escherichia coli (/ˌɛʃɨˈrɪkiə ˈkoʊlaɪ/;^[1] also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).^[2] Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination.^[3]^[4] The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K₂,^[5] and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria.^[6]^[7]

E. coli and other facultative anaerobes constitute about 0.1% of gut flora,^[8] and fecal–oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease. Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time, which makes them potential indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination.^[9]^[10] A growing body of research, though, has examined environmentally persistent E. coli which can survive for extended periods outside of a host.^[11]

The bacterium can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting, and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years. E. coli is the most widely studied prokaryotic model organism, and an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology, where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA. Under favourable conditions, it takes only 20 minutes to reproduce.^[12]

1 Biology and biochemistry
2 Diversity
- 2.1 Serotypes
- 2.2 Genome plasticity and evolution
- 2.3 Neotype strain
- 2.4 Phylogeny of E. coli strains
3 Genomics
4 Gene nomenclature
5 Proteomics
- 5.1 Proteome
- 5.2 Interactome
6 Normal microbiota
- 6.1 Therapeutic use
7 Role in disease
- 7.1 Treatment
- 7.2 Prevention
- 7.3 Causes and Risk Factors
- 7.4 Prevention Methods
8 Model organism in life science research
- 8.1 Role in biotechnology
- 8.2 Model organism
9 History
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
- 13.1 E. coli databases
- 13.2 General databases with E. coli-related information

Biology and biochemistry

Model of successive binary fission in E. coli

E. coli is a Gram-negative (bacteria which do not retain crystal violet dye), facultative anaerobic (that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent) and nonsporulating bacteria.^[13] Cells are typically rod-shaped, and are about 2.0 micrometers (μm) long and 0.25–1.0 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6–0.7 μm³.^[14]^[15] It can live on a wide variety of substrates. E. coli uses mixed-acid fermentation in anaerobic conditions, producing lactate, succinate, ethanol, acetate, and carbon dioxide. Since many pathways in mixed-acid fermentation produce hydrogen gas, these pathways require the levels of hydrogen to be low, as is the case when E. coli lives together with hydrogen-consuming organisms, such as methanogens or sulphate-reducing bacteria.^[16]

Optimal growth of E. coli occurs at 37 °C (98.6 °F), but some laboratory strains can multiply at temperatures of up to 49 °C.^[17] Growth can be driven by aerobic or anaerobic respiration, using a large variety of redox pairs, including the oxidation of pyruvic acid, formic acid, hydrogen, and amino acids, and the reduction of substrates such as oxygen, nitrate, fumarate, dimethyl sulfoxide, and trimethylamine N-oxide.^[18]

Strains that possess flagella are motile. The flagella have a peritrichous arrangement.^[19]

E. coli and related bacteria possess the ability to transfer DNA via bacterial conjugation, transduction or transformation, which allows genetic material to spread horizontally through an existing population. This process led to the spread of the gene encoding Shiga toxin from Shigella to E. coli O157:H7, carried by a bacteriophage.^[20]

Diversity

Escherichia coli encompasses an enormous population of bacteria that exhibit a very high degree of both genetic and phenotypic diversity. Genome sequencing of a large number of isolates of E. coli and related bacteria shows that a taxonomic reclassification would be desirable. However, this has not been done, largely due to its medical importance,^[21] and E. coli remains one of the most diverse bacterial species: only 20% of the genome is common to all strains.^[22]

In fact, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus Shigella (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei) should be classified as E. coli strains, a phenomenon termed taxa in disguise.^[23] Similarly, other strains of E. coli (e.g. the K-12 strain commonly used in recombinant DNA work) are sufficiently different that they would merit reclassification.

A strain is a subgroup within the species that has unique characteristics that distinguish it from other strains. These differences are often detectable only at the molecular level; however, they may result in changes to the physiology or lifecycle of the bacterium. For example, a strain may gain pathogenic capacity, the ability to use a unique carbon source, the ability to take upon a particular ecological niche, or the ability to resist antimicrobial agents. Different strains of E. coli are often host-specific, making it possible to determine the source of fecal contamination in environmental samples.^[9]^[10] For example, knowing which E. coli strains are present in a water sample allows researchers to make assumptions about whether the contamination originated from a human, another mammal, or a bird.

Serotypes

A common subdivision system of E. coli, but not based on evolutionary relatedness, is by serotype, which is based on major surface antigens (O antigen: part of lipopolysaccharide layer; H: flagellin; K antigen: capsule), e.g. O157:H7).^[24] It is, however, common to cite only the serogroup, i.e. the O-antigen. At present, about 190 serogroups are known.^[25] The common laboratory strain has a mutation that prevents the formation of an O-antigen and is thus not typeable.

Genome plasticity and evolution

Like all lifeforms, new strains of E. coli evolve through the natural biological processes of mutation, gene duplication, and horizontal gene transfer; in particular, 18% of the genome of the laboratory strain MG1655 was horizontally acquired since the divergence from Salmonella.^[26] E. coli K-12 and E. coli B strains are the most frequently used varieties for laboratory purposes. Some strains develop traits that can be harmful to a host animal. These virulent strains typically cause a bout of diarrhea that is unpleasant in healthy adults and is often lethal to children in the developing world.^[27] More virulent strains, such as O157:H7, cause serious illness or death in the elderly, the very young, or the immunocompromised.^[6]^[27]

The genera Escherichia and Salmonella diverged around 102 million years ago (credibility interval: 57–176 mya) which coincides with the divergence of their hosts: the former being found in mammals and the latter in birds and reptiles.^[28] This was followed by a split of the escherichian ancestor into five species (E. albertii, E. coli, E. fergusonii, E. hermannii, and E. vulneris). The last E. coli ancestor split between 20 and 30 million years ago.^[29]

The long-term evolution experiments using E. coli, begun by Richard Lenski in 1988, have allowed direct observation of major evolutionary shifts in the laboratory.^[30] In this experiment, one population of E. coli unexpectedly evolved the ability to aerobically metabolize citrate, which is extremely rare in E. coli. As the inability to grow aerobically is normally used as a diagnostic criterion with which to differentiate E. coli from other, closely related bacteria, such as Salmonella, this innovation may mark a speciation event observed in the laboratory.

Neotype strain

E. coli is the type species of the genus (Escherichia) and in turn Escherichia is the type genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae, where the family name does not stem from the genus Enterobacter + "i" (sic.) + "aceae", but from "enterobacterium" + "aceae" (enterobacterium being not a genus, but an alternative trivial name to enteric bacterium).^[31]^[32]^[33]

The original strain described by Escherich is believed to be lost, consequently a new type strain (neotype) was chosen as a representative: the neotype strain is U5/41^T,^[34] also known under the deposit names DSM 30083,^[35] ATCC 11775,^[36] and NCTC 9001,^[37] which is pathogenic to chickens and has an O1:K1:H7 serotype.^[38] However, in most studies, either O157:H7, K-12 MG1655, or K-12 W3110 were used as a representative E. coli. The genome of the type strain has only lately been sequenced.^[34]

Phylogeny of E. coli strains

A large number of strains belonging to this species have been isolated and characterised. In addition to serotype (vide supra), they can be classified according to their phylogeny, i.e. the inferred evolutionary history, as shown below where the species is divided into six groups.^[22]^[39] Particularly the use of whole genome sequences yields highly supported phylogenies. Based on such data, five subspecies of E. coli were distinguished.^[34]

The link between phylogenetic distance ("relatedness") and pathology is small,^[34] e.g. the O157:H7 serotype strains, which form a clade ("an exclusive group")—group E below—are all enterohaemorragic strains (EHEC), but not all EHEC strains are closely related. In fact, four different species of Shigella are nested among E. coli strains (vide supra), while E. albertii and E. fergusonii are outside of this group. Indeed, all Shigella species were placed within a single subspecies of E. coli in a phylogenomic study that included the type strain,^[34] and for this reason an according reclassification is difficult. All commonly used research strains of E. coli belong to group A and are derived mainly from Clifton's K-12 strain (λ⁺ F⁺; O16) and to a lesser degree from d'Herelle's Bacillus coli strain (B strain)(O7).

Salmonella enterica

E. albertii

E. fergusonii

Group B2

	E. coli SE15 (O150:H5. Commensal)

	E. coli E2348/69 (O127:H6. Enteropathogenic)

E. coli ED1a O81 (Commensal)

E. coliCFT083 (O6:K2:H1. UPEC)

	E. coli APEC O1 (O1:K12:H7. APEC

	E. coli UTI89 O18:K1:H7. UPEC)

	E. coli S88 (O45:K1. Extracellular pathogenic)

	E. coli F11

	E. coli 536

Group D

E. coli UMN026 (O17:K52:H18. Extracellular pathogenic)

	E. coli (O19:H34. Extracellular pathogenic)

	E. coli (O7:K1. Extracellular pathogenic)

group E

	E. coli EDL933 (O157:H7 EHEC)

	E. coli Sakai (O157:H7 EHEC)

	E. coli EC4115 (O157:H7 EHEC)

	E. coli TW14359 (O157:H7 EHEC)

Shigella

Shigella dysenteriae

Shigella sonnei

	Shigella boydii

	Shigella flexneri

Group B1

E. coli E24377A (O139:H28. Enterotoxigenic)

E. coli E110019

	E. coli 11368 (O26:H11. EHEC)

	E. coli 11128 (O111:H-. EHEC)

	E. coli IAI1 O8 (Commensal)

	E. coli 53638 (EIEC)

	E. coli SE11 (O152:H28. Commensal)

	E. coli B7A

	E. coli 12009 (O103:H2. EHEC)

	E. coli GOS1 (O104:H4 EAHEC) German 2011 outbreak

E. coli E22

	E. coli Olso O103

	E. coli 55989 (O128:H2. Enteroaggressive)

Group A

	E. coli HS (O9:H4. Commensal)

	E. coli ATCC8739 (O146. Crook's E.coli used in phage work in the 1950s)

K-12 strain derivatives

	E. coli K-12 W3110 (O16. λ⁻ F⁻ "wild type" molecular biology strain)

	E. coli K-12 DH10b (O16. high electrocompetency molecular biology strain)

	E. coli K-12 DH1 (O16. high chemical competency molecular biology strain)

	E. coli K-12 MG1655 (O16. λ⁻ F⁻ "wild type" molecular biology strain)

	E. coli BW2952 (O16. competent molecular biology strain)

E. coli 101-1 (O? H?. EAEC)

B strain derivatives

	E. coli B REL606 (O7. high competency molecular biology strain)

	E. coli BL21-DE3 (O7. expression molecular biology strain with T7 polymerase for pET system)

Genomics

The first complete DNA sequence of an E. coli genome (laboratory strain K-12 derivative MG1655) was published in 1997. It was found to be a circular DNA molecule 4.6 million base pairs in length, containing 4288 annotated protein-coding genes (organized into 2584 operons), seven ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons, and 86 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Despite having been the subject of intensive genetic analysis for about 40 years, a large number of these genes were previously unknown. The coding density was found to be very high, with a mean distance between genes of only 118 base pairs. The genome was observed to contain a significant number of transposable genetic elements, repeat elements, cryptic prophages, and bacteriophage remnants.^[40]

Today, several hundred complete genomic sequences of Escherichia and Shigella species are available. The genome sequence of the type strain of E. coli has been added to this collection not before 2014.^[34] Comparison of these sequences shows a remarkable amount of diversity; only about 20% of each genome represents sequences present in every one of the isolates, while around 80% of each genome can vary among isolates.^[22] Each individual genome contains between 4,000 and 5,500 genes, but the total number of different genes among all of the sequenced E. coli strains (the pangenome) exceeds 16,000. This very large variety of component genes has been interpreted to mean that two-thirds of the E. coli pangenome originated in other species and arrived through the process of horizontal gene transfer.^[41]

Gene nomenclature

Genes in E. coli are usually named by 4-letter acronyms that derive from their function (when known). For instance, recA is named after its role in homologous recombination plus the letter A. Functionally related genes are named recB, recC, recD etc. The proteins are named by uppercase acronyms, e.g. RecA, RecB, etc. When the genome of E. coli was sequenced, all genes were numbered (more or less) in their order on the genome and abbreviated by b numbers, such as b2819 (=recD) etc. The "b" names were created after Fred Blattner who led the genome sequence effort.^[42] Another numbering system was introduced with the sequence of another E. coli strain, W3110, which was sequenced in Japan and hence uses numbers starting by JW... (Japanese W3110), e.g. JW2787 (= recD).^[43] Hence, recD = b2819 = JW2787. Note, however, that most databases have their own numbering system, e.g. the EcoGene database^[44] uses EG10826 for recD. Finally, ECK numbers are specifically used for alleles in the MG1655 strain of E. coli K-12.^[44] Complete lists of genes and their synonyms can be obtained from databases such as EcoGene or Uniprot.

Proteomics

Proteome

Several studies have investigated the proteome of E. coli. By 2006, 1,627 (38%) of the 4,237 open reading frames (ORFs) had been identified experimentally.^[45]

Interactome

The interactome of E. coli has been studied by affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP/MS) and by analyzing the binary interactions among its proteins.

Protein complexes. A 2006 study purified 4,339 proteins from cultures of strain K-12 and found interacting partners for 2,667 proteins, many of which had unknown functions at the time.^[46] A 2009 study found 5,993 interactions between proteins of the same E. coli strain, though these data showed little overlap with those of the 2006 publication.^[47]

Binary interactions. Rajagopala et al. (2014) have carried out systematic yeast two-hybrid screens with most E. coli proteins, and found a total of 2,234 protein-protein interactions.^[48] This study also integrated genetic interactions and protein structures and mapped 458 interactions within 227 protein complexes.

Normal microbiota

E. coli belongs to a group of bacteria informally known as "coliforms" that are found in the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals.^[31] E. coli normally colonizes an infant's gastrointestinal tract within 40 hours of birth, arriving with food or water or from the individuals handling the child. In the bowel, E. coli adheres to the mucus of the large intestine. It is the primary facultative anaerobe of the human gastrointestinal tract.^[49] (Facultative anaerobes are organisms that can grow in either the presence or absence of oxygen.) As long as these bacteria do not acquire genetic elements encoding for virulence factors, they remain benign commensals.^[50] E.coli also feacal contaminants. ^{[clarification needed]}

Therapeutic use

Nonpathogenic E. coli strain Nissle 1917, also known as Mutaflor, and E. coli O83:K24:H31 (known as Colinfant^[51]) are used as probiotic agents in medicine, mainly for the treatment of various gastroenterological diseases,^[52] including inflammatory bowel disease.^[53]

Role in disease

Most E. coli strains do not cause disease,^[54] but virulent strains can cause gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, and neonatal meningitis. It can also be characterized by severe abdominal cramps, diarrhea that typically turns bloody within 24 hours, and sometimes fever. In rarer cases, virulent strains are also responsible for bowel necrosis (tissue death) and perforation without progressing to hemolytic-uremic syndrome, peritonitis, mastitis, septicemia, and Gram-negative pneumonia.^[49]

There is one strain, E.coli #0157:H7, that produces a toxin called the Shiga toxin (classified as a bioterrorist agent). This toxin causes premature destruction of the red blood cells which then clog the body’s filtering system, the kidneys, causing hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). This in turn causes strokes due to small clots of blood which lodge in capillaries in the brain. This causes the body parts controlled by this region of the brain to not work properly. In addition, this strain causes the buildup of fluid (since the kidneys do not work) leading to edema around the lungs and legs and arms. This increase in fluid buildup especially around the lungs impedes the functioning of the heart, causing an increase in blood pressure.^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is one of the main causes of urinary tract infections.^[59] It is part of the normal flora in the gut and can be introduced in many ways. In particular for females, the direction of wiping after defecation (wiping back to front) can lead to fecal contamination of the urogenital orifices. Anal intercourse can also introduce this bacterium into the male urethra, and in switching from anal to vaginal intercourse, the male can also introduce UPEC to the female urogenital system.^[59] For more information, see the databases at the end of the article or UPEC pathogenicity.

In May 2011, one E. coli strain, O104:H4, was the subject of a bacterial outbreak that began in Germany. Certain strains of E. coli are a major cause of foodborne illness. The outbreak started when several people in Germany were infected with enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) bacteria, leading to hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a medical emergency that requires urgent treatment. The outbreak did not only concern Germany, but also 11 other countries, including regions in North America.^[60] On 30 June 2011, the German Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) (Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, a federal institute within the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection) announced that seeds of fenugreek from Egypt were likely the cause of the EHEC outbreak.^[61]

Treatment

The mainstay of treatment is the assessment of dehydration and replacement of fluid and electrolytes. Administration of antibiotics has been shown to shorten the course of illness and duration of excretion of ETEC in adults in endemic areas and in traveller’s diarrhoea. The antibiotic used depends upon susceptibility patterns in the particular geographical region. Currently, the antibiotics of choice are fluoroquinolones or azithromycin, with an emerging role for rifaximin. Oral rifaximin, a semisynthetic rifamycin derivative, is an effective and well-tolerated antibacterial for the management of adults with non-invasive traveller’s diarrhoea. Rifaximin was significantly more effective than placebo and no less effective than ciprofloxacin in reducing the duration of diarrhoea. While rifaximin is effective in patients with E. coli-predominant traveller’s diarrhoea, it appears ineffective in patients infected with inflammatory or invasive enteropathogens.^[62]

Prevention

Antibodies against the LT and major CFs of ETEC provide protection against LT-producing ETEC expressing homologous CFs. Oral inactivated vaccines consisting of toxin antigen and whole cells, i.e. the licensed recombinant cholera B subunit (rCTB)-WC cholera vaccine Dukoral and candidate ETEC vaccines have been developed. In different trials, the rCTB-WC cholera vaccine provided high (85–100%) short-term protection. An oral ETEC vaccine consisting of rCTB and formalininactivated E. coli bacteria expressing major CFs has been shown to be safe, immunogenic and effective against severe diarrhoea in American travellers but not against ETEC diarrhoea in young children in Egypt. A modified ETEC vaccine consisting of recombinant E. coli strains overexpressing the major CFs and a more LT-like hybrid toxoid called LCTBA, have been developed and are being tested.^[63] ^[64]

Causes and Risk Factors

Working around livestock
Consuming unpasteurized dairy product
Eating undercooked meat
Drinking impure water

Prevention Methods

Wash hands before and after cooking (At least 30 seconds)
Avoid cross contamination of foods
Keep food refrigerated or frozen
Make sure food is kept at appropriate temperature
Avoid raw meat and poultry
Do not let food defrost on counter
Refrigerate left overs

Model organism in life science research

Role in biotechnology

Because of its long history of laboratory culture and ease of manipulation, E. coli plays an important role in modern biological engineering and industrial microbiology.^[65] The work of Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer in E. coli, using plasmids and restriction enzymes to create recombinant DNA, became a foundation of biotechnology.^[66]

E. coli is a very versatile host for the production of heterologous proteins,^[67] and various protein expression systems have been developed which allow the production of recombinant proteins in E. coli. Researchers can introduce genes into the microbes using plasmids which permit high level expression of protein, and such protein may be mass-produced in industrial fermentation processes. One of the first useful applications of recombinant DNA technology was the manipulation of E. coli to produce human insulin.^[68]

Many proteins previously thought difficult or impossible to be expressed in E. coli in folded form have been successfully expressed in E. coli. For example, proteins with multiple disulphide bonds may be produced in the periplasmic space or in the cytoplasm of mutants rendered sufficiently oxidizing to allow disulphide-bonds to form,^[69] while proteins requiring post-translational modification such as glycosylation for stability or function have been expressed using the N-linked glycosylation system of Campylobacter jejuni engineered into E. coli.^[70]^[71]^[72]

Modified E. coli cells have been used in vaccine development, bioremediation, production of biofuels,^[73] lighting, and production of immobilised enzymes.^[67]^[74]

Model organism

E. coli is frequently used as a model organism in microbiology studies. Cultivated strains (e.g. E. coli K12) are well-adapted to the laboratory environment, and, unlike wild-type strains, have lost their ability to thrive in the intestine. Many laboratory strains lose their ability to form biofilms.^[75]^[76] These features protect wild-type strains from antibodies and other chemical attacks, but require a large expenditure of energy and material resources.

In 1946, Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum first described the phenomenon known as bacterial conjugation using E. coli as a model bacterium,^[77] and it remains the primary model to study conjugation.^[78] E. coli was an integral part of the first experiments to understand phage genetics,^[79] and early researchers, such as Seymour Benzer, used E. coli and phage T4 to understand the topography of gene structure.^[80] Prior to Benzer's research, it was not known whether the gene was a linear structure, or if it had a branching pattern.^[81]

E. coli was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced; the complete genome of E. coli K12 was published by Science in 1997.^[40]

By evaluating the possible combination of nanotechnologies with landscape ecology, complex habitat landscapes can be generated with details at the nanoscale.^[82] On such synthetic ecosystems, evolutionary experiments with E. coli have been performed to study the spatial biophysics of adaptation in an island biogeography on-chip.

Studies are also being performed attempting to program E. coli to solve complicated mathematics problems, such as the Hamiltonian path problem.^[83]

History

In 1885, the German-Austrian pediatrician Theodor Escherich discovered this organism in the feces of healthy individuals and called it Bacterium coli commune because it is found in the colon and early classifications of prokaryotes placed these in a handful of genera based on their shape and motility (at that time Ernst Haeckel's classification of bacteria in the kingdom Monera was in place.^[84]^[64]^[85]

Bacterium coli was the type species of the now invalid genus Bacterium when it was revealed that the former type species ("Bacterium triloculare") was missing.^[86] Following a revision of Bacterium, it was reclassified as Bacillus coli by Migula in 1895^[87] and later reclassified in the newly created genus Escherichia, named after its original discoverer.^[88]

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^ "The Phage Course – Origins". Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-03. ^{[dead link]}
^ Benzer S (Mar 1961). "ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE GENETIC FINE STRUCTURE". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 47 (3): 403–15. Bibcode:1961PNAS...47..403B. doi:10.1073/pnas.47.3.403. PMC 221592. PMID 16590840.
^ "Facts about E.Coli". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ Keymer JE, Galajda P, Muldoon C, Park S, Austin RH (Nov 2006). "Bacterial metapopulations in nanofabricated landscapes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103 (46): 17290–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10317290K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607971103. PMC 1635019. PMID 17090676.
^ Baumgardner J, Acker K, Adefuye O, Crowley ST, Deloache W, Dickson JO et al. (July 24, 2009). "Solving a Hamiltonian Path Problem with a bacterial computer". Journal of Biological Engineering (J Biol Eng. 2009; 3: 11.) 3: 11. doi:10.1186/1754-1611-3-11. PMC 2723075. PMID 19630940.
^ Haeckel, Ernst (1867). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin. ISBN 1-144-00186-2.
^ Escherich T (1885). "Die Darmbakterien des Neugeborenen und Säuglinge". Fortschr. Med. 3: 515–522.
^ Breed RS, Conn HJ (May 1936). "The Status of the Generic Term Bacterium Ehrenberg 1828". Journal of Bacteriology 31 (5): 517–8. PMC 543738. PMID 16559906.
^ Migula W (1895). "Bacteriaceae (Stabchenbacterien)". In Engerl A, Prantl K. Die Naturlichen Pfanzenfamilien, W. Engelmann, Leipzig, Teil I, Abteilung Ia,. pp. 20–30.
^ Castellani A, Chalmers AJ (1919). Manual of Tropical Medicine (3rd ed.). New York: Williams Wood and Co.

External links

Photo Blog post of Escherichia Coli
E. coli Vs Organic Farming
E. coli: Protecting yourself and your family from a sometimes deadly bacterium
E. coli statistics
Spinach and E. coli Outbreak – U.S. FDA
E. coli Outbreak From Fresh Spinach – U.S. CDC
Current research on Escherichia coli at the Norwich Research Park
E. coli gas production from glucose video demonstration
The correct way to write E. coli
[1]
[2]

E. coli databases

Bacteriome E. coli interaction database
coliBASE (subset of the comparative genomics database xBASE)
EcoGene (genome database and website dedicated to Escherichia coli K-12 substrain MG1655)
EcoSal Continually updated Web resource based on the classic ASM Press publication Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and Molecular Biology
ECODAB The structure of the O-antigens that form the basis of the serological classification of E. coli
Coli Genetic Stock Center Strains and genetic information on E. coli K-12
EcoCyc – literature-based curation of the entire genome, and of transcriptional regulation, transporters, and metabolic pathways
PortEco (formerly EcoliHub) – NIH-funded comprehensive data resource for E. coli K-12 and its phage, plasmids, and mobile genetic elements
EcoliWiki is the community annotation component of PortEco
RegulonDB RegulonDB is a model of the complex regulation of transcription initiation or regulatory network of the cell E. coli K-12.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)

General databases with E. coli-related information

5S rRNA Database Information on nucleotide sequences of 5S rRNAs and their genes
ACLAME A CLAssification of Mobile genetic Elements
AlignACE Matrices that search for additional binding sites in the E. coli genomic sequence
ArrayExpress Database of functional genomics experiments
ASAP Comprehensive genome information for several enteric bacteria with community annotation
BioGPS Gene portal hub
BRENDA Comprehensive Enzyme Information System
BSGI Bacterial Structural Genomics Initiative
CATH Protein Structure Classification
CBS Genome Atlas
CDD Conserved Domain Database
CIBEX Center for Information Biology Gene Expression Database
COGs
[3]
[4]

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 病原性大腸菌 pathogenic escherichia coli
2. 腸管出血性大腸菌（EHEC）感染症の臨床症状、診断および治療 clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli ehec infection
3. 腸管出血性大腸菌（EHEC）の微生物学、病因、疫学、および予防 microbiology pathogenesis epidemiology and prevention of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli ehec
4. 小児における志賀毒素産生性大腸菌（STEC）溶血性尿毒症症候群（HUS）の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of shiga toxin producing escherichia coli stec hemolytic uremic syndrome hus in children
5. 小児における志賀毒素産生性大腸菌（STEC）溶血性尿毒症症候群（HUS）の治療および予後 treatment and prognosis of shiga toxin producing escherichia coli stec hemolytic uremic syndrome hus in children

English Journal

Characterization of a tuberculosis patient's sera reactive mycobacterium tuberculosis transcription factor rv2175c.

Zhou P, Yuan Y, Du Q, Yuan R, Xie J.Author information a Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing , China.AbstractThe transcriptional factor plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression and crucial to understand the biology of organisms. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, harbors multiple transcriptional factors. Few transcriptional factors are well-documented antigens. Based on the screening of antigen with TB patients sera, a functional unknown ORF (Rv2175c) annotated as transcriptional factor was heterologously expressed, purified and for serodiagnostic value. E.coli recombinant Rv2175c protein was produced and antibodies were generated in rabbit using the recombinant antigens. ELISA and novel electrochemical immunosensor were employed in a parallel fashion in order to define its serodiagnositic value. Electrochemical immunosensor showed a sharp difference between health and TB sera. The data showed that Rv2715c is antigenic and can be used for TB seradignosis candidate in non BCG vaccinated areas.
Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry.J Immunoassay Immunochem.2014 Apr 3;35(2):173-82. doi: 10.1080/15321819.2013.829493.
The transcriptional factor plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression and crucial to understand the biology of organisms. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, harbors multiple transcriptional factors. Few transcriptional factors are well-documented antig
PMID 24295180

Increased bacterial cell density and recombinant protein yield using a commercial microbial cultivation system.

Peck GR, Bowden TR, Shiell BJ, Michalski WP.Author information a CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , East Geelong , Victoria , Australia.AbstractEnBase (BioSilta, Finland) is a microbial cultivation system that replicates fed-batch systems through sustained release of glucose by enzymatic degradation of a polymeric substrate. Achievable bacterial cell densities and recombinant capripoxvirus protein expression levels, solubility, and antigenicity using the EnBase system were assessed. BL21-AI Escherichia coli expressing capripoxvirus proteins achieved up to eightfold higher cell densities when grown in EnBase media compared with standard media. Greater yields of capripoxvirus proteins were attained using EnBase media, either through increases in the amount of expressed protein per cell in conjunction with higher cell density or through the increase in cell density alone. Addition of EnBase booster enhanced protein yield for one of the proteins tested but reduced yield for the other. However, the amount of soluble forms of the capripoxvirus proteins tested was not different from that observed from cultures grown under standard conditions. Purified capripoxvirus proteins expressed using EnBase or standard media were assessed for their performance by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were shown to be equally capable of specifically binding capripoxvirus antibodies.
Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology.Prep Biochem Biotechnol.2014 Apr 3;44(3):217-30. doi: 10.1080/10826068.2013.797435.
EnBase (BioSilta, Finland) is a microbial cultivation system that replicates fed-batch systems through sustained release of glucose by enzymatic degradation of a polymeric substrate. Achievable bacterial cell densities and recombinant capripoxvirus protein expression levels, solubility, and antigeni
PMID 24274011

Inhibition of biofilm development of uropathogens by curcumin - An anti-quorum sensing agent from Curcuma longa.

Packiavathy IA, Priya S, Pandian SK, Ravi AV.Author information Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.AbstractUrinary tract infection is caused primarily by the quorum sensing (QS)-dependent biofilm forming ability of uropathogens. In the present investigation, an anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS) agent curcumin from Curcuma longa (turmeric) was shown to inhibit the biofilm formation of uropathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens, possibly by interfering with their QS systems. The antibiofilm potential of curcumin on uropathogens as well as its efficacy in disturbing the mature biofilms was examined under light microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope. The treatment with curcumin was also found to attenuate the QS-dependent factors, such as exopolysaccharide production, alginate production, swimming and swarming motility of uropathogens. Furthermore, it was documented that curcumin enhanced the susceptibility of a marker strain and uropathogens to conventional antibiotics.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Apr 1;148:453-60. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.002. Epub 2012 Aug 10.
Urinary tract infection is caused primarily by the quorum sensing (QS)-dependent biofilm forming ability of uropathogens. In the present investigation, an anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS) agent curcumin from Curcuma longa (turmeric) was shown to inhibit the biofilm formation of uropathogens, such as Es
PMID 24262582

Japanese Journal

Modifications on the hydrogen bond network by mutations of Escherichia coli copper efflux oxidase affect the process of proton transfer to dioxygen leading to alterations of enzymatic activities

Kajikawa Takao,Kataoka Kunishige,Sakurai Takeshi
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 422(1), 152-156, 2012-05-25
CueO has a branched hydrogen bond network leading from the exterior of the protein molecule to the trinuclear copper center. This network transports protons in the four-electron reduction of dioxygen. …
NAID 120004161530

Microscopic Analysis of Bacterial Motility at High Pressure

Nishiyama Masayoshi,Sowa Yoshiyuki
Biophysical Journal 102(8), 1872-1880, 2012-04-18
… We also characterized the pressure dependence of the motility of swimming Escherichia coli cells and the rotation of single flagellar motors. …
NAID 120004057183

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「尿路感染症」「大腸菌」
拡張検索	「verotoxin-producing E. coli」
関連記事	「Es」「coli」「E」

「尿路感染症」

Escherichia coli
Conservation status
	Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Escherichia
Species:	E. coli
Binomial name
	Escherichia coli; (Migula 1895); Castellani and Chalmers 1919
Synonyms
	Bacillus coli communis Escherich 1885

大腸菌
	大腸菌の電子顕微鏡写真
分類
学名
	Escherichia coli (Migula 1895) Castellani and Chalmers 1919

　　[★]

英: urinary tract infection, UTI, urinary tract infections, UTIs
関: 尿路感染

定義

尿路(腎、尿管、膀胱、尿道など)の感染症。尿道炎は別に取り扱われるらしい

疫学

尿路感染症は特に女性に多く、30歳になるまでに4人に1人が罹患。
入院患者の1/3は尿路感染症であり、さらにその3/4以上は膀胱カテーテルを留置されいる患者で起こる。

分類

背景

一般細菌の上行性感染によって起こることがほとんどであり、
単純性尿路感染症：尿路に明らかな基礎疾患がない。

急性、20-30歳代の女性に多い

複雑性尿路感染症：尿路に感染を起こしやすくなる基礎疾患がある。

慢性、高齢の男性に多い

部位

上部尿路感染症：腎盂腎炎
下部尿路感染症：膀胱炎

病因

特異性尿路感染症
非特異性尿路感染症

一般的な尿路感染症

病原体

SMB.607

外来患者

院内感染患者

first aid p.162

Ambulatory..E. coli (50-80%), Klebsiella (8-10%).

Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10-30%) is the 2nd most common cause of UTI in young ambulatory women.

Hospital..E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia,Pseudomonas.

感染経路

外尿道口からの上行性感染

病因

冷え、過度の排尿自制、尿流の停滞、経尿道的操作など

症状

腎盂腎炎：発熱、腰痛など、
膀胱炎では頻尿、排尿痛、残尿感、頻尿など

小児科 SPE.615

年長児：

上部：発熱、腰痛
下部：排尿痛、頻尿、尿の混濁

乳幼児：発熱、嘔吐、下痢、食欲不振など非特異的な全身症状
新生児：乳幼児の症状　＋　脱水、体重減少、黄疸など。

検査

尿検査

尿：混濁
尿沈渣：1視野(400倍)5個以上の白血球(膿尿)
尿培養：1ml中10^5個以上の細菌　←　中間尿の定量培養

症状(頻尿、排泄痛、残尿感)ががあれば、これ以下の菌数でも病因的意義がある。

治療

「大腸菌」

　　[★]

英: coli bacillus
ラ: Escherichia coli, E. coli
関: 下痢原性大腸菌

分類

a.下痢原性大腸菌(病原性大腸菌)

1)腸管病原性大腸菌(enteropathogenic Escherichia coli,EPEC)

症状：サルモネラ性腸炎に類似　乳幼児の胃腸炎の原因

2)腸管組織侵入性大腸菌(enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, EIEC)

症状：赤痢様の下痢

3)毒素原性大腸菌(enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, ETEC)

症状：コレラ様の下痢　易熱性エンテロトキシンと耐熱性エンテロトキシン

4)腸管出血性大腸菌(enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, EHEC)

ベロ毒素(VT1, VT2)を産生する。ベロ毒素＝志賀毒素]]
O157H7が多い。O1,026,O111,0128,O145等の血清型の中の一部がベロ毒素を産生する
溶血性尿毒症症候群(Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, HUS)などの重症な合併症を発症する。

5)腸管付着性(enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, EAEC)

小児下痢症

b.腸管外感染症：尿路感染症、胆道感染症、敗血症

参考

CGSC DB：大腸菌株の遺伝子情報センター

http://cgsc.biology.yale.edu/index.php

「verotoxin-producing E. coli」

　　[★] ベロ毒素産生性大腸菌

「Es」

　　[★] アインスタイニウム

関: einsteinium

「coli」

　　[★] Escherichia coli、Campylobacter coli

「E」

　　[★]

[1] 巌佐庸・倉谷滋・斎藤成也・塚谷裕一『岩波生物学辞典第5版』岩波書店、2013年2月26日、p.858b「大腸菌」。ISBN 9784000803144。

[mhlw_QA-2] 腸管出血性大腸菌Ｑ＆Ａ

[3] ポステリザン

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Escherichia coli

Conservation status
Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Escherichia
Species:	E. coli
Binomial name
*Escherichia coli* (Migula 1895) Castellani and Chalmers 1919
Synonyms
Bacillus coli communis Escherich 1885

匿名

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案内

E. coli