WordNet

rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria; some are pathogenic for warm-blooded animals; can be used as a bioweapon

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/24 20:38:57」(JST)

wiki en

Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Shigella that can cause diarrhea in humans. Several different serogroups of Shigella are described; S. flexneri belongs to group B. S. flexneri infections can usually be treated with antibiotics, although some strains have become resistant. Less severe cases are not usually treated because they become more resistant in the future.^[1]

Discovery

The species was named after the American physician Simon Flexner; the genus is named for Japanese physician Kiyoshi Shiga, who researched the cause of dysentery.

Infectious cycle

S. flexneri contains a virulence plasmid that codes for three virulence factors: a type-3 secretion system (T3SS), invasion plasmid antigen proteins (ipa proteins), and IcsA (used for cell-to-cell spread).^[2]

Upon infection, S. flexneri injects the host cell cytoplasm with ipa proteins using the T3SS—a needle-and-syringe-like apparatus common to many Gram-negative pathogens. These ipa proteins induce "membrane ruffling" by the host cell. Membrane ruffling creates membrane pockets which capture and engulf the bacteria. Once inside, S. flexneri uses host cell actin for propulsion to move directly from cell to cell using a cellular mechanism known as paracytophagy,^[3]^[4] similarly to the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes.

S. flexneri is able to inhibit the acute inflammatory response in the initial stage of infection^[5] by using an effector protein, OspI, which is encoded by ORF169b on the Shigella large plasmid and secreted by the type III secretion system. It dampens the inflammatory response during bacterial invasion by suppressing the TNF-α-receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-mediated signalling pathway.^[5] OspI has glutamine deamidase activity, and is able to selectively deaminate glutamine at position 100 in UBC13 to glutamate, and this results in a failure of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating activity which is required for TRAF6 activation.^[5]

References

^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, Sherris JC, ed. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0. LCCN 2003054180. OCLC 52358530.
^ Stevens J, Galyov EE, Stevens MP (2006). "Actin-dependent movement of bacterial pathogens". Nature Reviews Microbiology 4 (2): 91–101. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1320. PMID 16415925.
^ Ogawa M, Handa Y, Ashida H, Suzuki M, Sasakawa C (2008). "The versatility of Shigella effectors". Nature Reviews Microbiology 6 (1): 11–16. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1814. PMID 18059288.
^ Robbins JR, Barth AI, Marquis H, de Hostos EL, Nelson WJ, Theriot JA (1999). "Listeria monocytogenes exploits normal host cell processes to spread from cell to cell". Journal of Cell Biology 146 (6): 1333–1350. doi:10.1083/jcb.146.6.1333. PMC 1785326. PMID 10491395.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sanada T, Kim M, Mimuro H, Suzuki M, Ogawa M, Oyama A, Ashida H, Kobayashi T, Koyama T, Nagai S, Shibata Y, Gohda J, Inoue J, Mizushima T, Sasakawa C (2012). "The Shigella flexneri effector OspI deamidates UBC13 to dampen the inflammatory response". Nature 483 (7391): 623–626. doi:10.1038/nature10894. PMID 22407319.

This Proteobacteria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 赤痢菌感染の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of shigella infection
2. 発展途上国における成人の急性下痢に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with acute diarrhea in developing countries
3. 赤痢菌感染の疫学、微生物学、および病因 epidemiology microbiology and pathogenesis of shigella infection
4. 好中球減少症における感染の原因 infectious causes of neutropenia
5. 小児および思春期女性における膣出血の評価 evaluation of vaginal bleeding in children and adolescents

English Journal

Ethnopharmacological study of plants from Pondoland used against diarrhoea.

Madikizela B, Ndhlala AR, Finnie JF, Van Staden J.SourceResearch Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
Journal of ethnopharmacology.J Ethnopharmacol.2012 May 7;141(1):61-71. Epub 2012 Feb 7.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea are common world wide, including in Bizana, South Africa where the majority of rural dwellers depend largely on water from unprotected sources. The people from Bizana use medicinal plants as their first line of health care to cure
PMID 22338648

Emergence and stability of high-pressure resistance in different food-borne pathogens.

Vanlint D, Rutten N, Michiels CW, Aertsen A.SourceAddress correspondence to Abram Aertsen, Abram.Aertsen@biw.kuleuven.be.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2012 May;78(9):3234-41. Epub 2012 Feb 17.
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is becoming a valuable nonthermal food pasteurization technique, although there is reasonable concern that bacterial HHP resistance could compromise the safety and stability of HHP-processed foods. While the degree of natural HHP resistance has already been
PMID 22344661

Japanese Journal

Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India

Nair Gopinath Balakrish,Ramamurthy Thandavarayan,Bhattacharya Mihir Kumar,Krishnan Triveni,Ganguly Sandipan,Saha Dhira Rani,Rajendran Krishnan,Manna Byomkesh,Ghosh Mrinmoy,Okamoto Keinosuke,Takeda Yoshifumi
Gut Pathogens 2, 2010-06-05
… flexneri 2a and 3a serotypes were most predominantly isolated. … cholerae O1 and Shigella spp including tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. …
NAID 120004247103

細菌性腸炎関連性腸重積症の1例

前田将宏,三浦昭順,宮本昌武,加藤剛,出江洋介,中野夏子,比島恒和
日本消化器外科学会雑誌 43(5), 565-571, 2010-05-01
… 除術を施行した.病理組織学的診断では,パイエル板の著明な肥厚と盲腸の鬱血・浮腫性変化を認め,非特異的腸炎の診断であった.後日,便培養からカンピロバクター(Campylobacter jejuni)および赤痢菌(shigella flexneri)が検出され,細菌性腸炎関連性腸重積症と診断した.発生機序は回盲部の解剖学的要因に加え,急激な回盲部粘膜の炎症性変化に伴う先進部形成に腸管蠕動異常亢進が契機となったと考えられた.保 …
NAID 110007619518

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「腸内細菌科」「細菌性赤痢」「シゲラ属」「シゲラ・フレックスネリ」

「腸内細菌科」

Shigella flexneri
	Shigella flexneri Gram stain
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Shigella
Species:	S. flexneri
Binomial name
	Shigella flexneri; Castellani & Chalmers 1919

　　[★]

英: Enterobacteriaceae
関: 細菌

代表的なもの８つを覚ておく！

エンテロバクター属 Enterobacter
エシェリキア属  Escherichia
クレブシエラ属 Klebsiella
プロテウス属 Proteus
サルモネラ属 Salmonella
セラチア属 Serratia
シゲラ属 Shigella
エルシニア属 Yersinia