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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/06 17:46:56」(JST)

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Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative coliform bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family.

The species C. amalonaticus, C. koseri, and C. freundii can use citrate as a sole carbon source. Citrobacter species are differentiated by their ability to convert tryptophan to indole, ferment lactose, and use malonate.^[1]

Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulate uranium by building phosphate complexes.^[2]

Clinical significance

These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in soil, water, wastewater, etc. They can also be found in the human intestine. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the urinary tract and infant meningitis and sepsis.^[3]^[4]

C. freundii strains have inducible ampC genes encoding resistance to ampicillin and first-generation cephalosporins. In addition, isolates of Citrobacter may be resistant to many other antibiotics as a result of plasmid-encoded resistance genes.

References

This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.

^ Lipsky BA, Hook III EW, Smith AA, et al.: Citrobacter infections in humans: Experience at the Seattle Veterans Administration Medical Center and a review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 1980; 2:746-760.
^ L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham, C. P. Grey, A. J. Skarnulis (1992). "Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO₂PO₄". Science 257 (5071): 782–784. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..782M. doi:10.1126/science.1496397. PMID 1496397.
^ V. Drelichman; J. D. Band (1985). "Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome". Archives of Internal Medicine 145 (10): 1808–1810. doi:10.1001/archinte.145.10.1808. PMID 3899035.
^ Badger, J.D.; M.F. Stins and K.S. Kim (1999). "Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells". Infection and Immunity 67 (8): 4208–15. PMC 96726. PMID 10417193.

External links

German National Resource Centre for Biological Material

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. グラム陰性桿菌性髄膜炎の疫学および臨床的特徴 epidemiology and clinical features of gram negative bacillary meningitis
2. 基質特異性拡張型β-ラクタマーゼ extended spectrum beta lactamases
3. 細菌検査室におけるグラム染色および培養結果に対するアプローチ approach to gram stain and culture results in the microbiology laboratory
4. セフェム系 cephalosporins
5. 小児における尿路感染症の疫学および危険因子 epidemiology and risk factors for urinary tract infections in children

English Journal

Probiotics Are Effective for the Prevention and Treatment of Citrobacter rodentium-Induced Colitis in Mice.

Rodrigues DM, Sousa AJ, Johnson-Henry KC, Sherman PM, Gareau MG.SourceResearch Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada.
The Journal of infectious diseases.J Infect Dis.2012 Jul;206(1):99-109. Epub 2012 Mar 19.
Background. Probiotics prevent disease induced by Citrobacter rodentium, a murine-specific enteric pathogen. Whether probiotics can be used to interrupt the infectious process following initiation of infection was determined. Methods. C57BL/6 adult and neonatal mice were challenged with C. roden
PMID 22430833

Pathway redesign for deoxyviolacein biosynthesis in Citrobacter freundii and characterization of this pigment.

Jiang PX, Wang HS, Xiao S, Fang MY, Zhang RP, He SY, Lou K, Xing XH.SourceDepartment of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2012 Jun;94(6):1521-32. Epub 2012 Mar 6.
Violacein (Vio) is an important purple pigment with many potential bioactivities. Deoxyviolacein, a structural analog of Vio, is always synthesized in low concentrations with Vio in wild-type bacteria. Due to deoxyviolacein's low production and difficulties in isolation and purification, little has
PMID 22391969

Japanese Journal

Development of a genetic transfer system in selenate-respiring bacterium Citrobacter sp. strain JSA which was isolated from natural freshwater sediment(ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Sakaguchi Toshifumi,Nakano Taiki,Kimura Yuko,Nogami Shouhei,Kubo Ikue,Morita Yasutaka
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 111(4), 443-447, 2011-04
… Conjugative mating between the selenate-reducing bacterium Citrobacter sp. … This is the first study to demonstrate an effective method for genetic transfer in a selenate-reducing Citrobacter bacterium and will aid in the elucidation of the selenium oxyanion reduction mechanism in this genus of environmental selenate-respiring isolates. …
NAID 110008607500

A screening for antimony-resistant bacterial strains from soil

Takayama Katsumi,Okabe Yuta,Matsui Eiki [他]
Journal of ecotechnology research 16(2), 59-63, 2011-03
NAID 40018856299

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「腸内細菌科」「培地」「SPACE」「シトロバクター属」
拡張検索	「Citrobacter属」「Citrobacter koseri」

「腸内細菌科」

Citrobacter
	Citrobacter freundii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Citrobacter; Werkman and Gillen, 1932
Species
	C. amalonaticus; C. braakii; C. farmeri; C. freundii; C. gillenii; C. koseri; C. murliniae; C. rodentium; C. sedlakii; C. werkmanii; C. youngae

　　[★]

英: Enterobacteriaceae
関: 細菌

代表的なもの８つを覚ておく！

エンテロバクター属 Enterobacter
エシェリキア属  Escherichia
クレブシエラ属 Klebsiella
プロテウス属 Proteus
サルモネラ属 Salmonella
セラチア属 Serratia
シゲラ属 Shigella
エルシニア属 Yersinia

腸内細菌科 (SMB.163)

属	菌種	日和見感染菌	感染症
Citrobacter	Citrobacter freundii		尿路感染、骨髄炎、下痢
Edwardsiella	Edwardsiella tarda	○	腸管外感染症
Enterobacter	Enterobacter aerogenes	○	肺炎、尿路感染
	Enterobacter cloacae
	Enterobacter gergoviae
	Enterobacter sakazakii		新生児敗血症、髄膜炎
Escherichia	Escherichia coli		下痢、腸炎、腸管外感染症(尿路感染症、骨髄炎)
Hafnia	Hafnia alvei		腸管外感染症
Klebsiella	Klebsiella oxytoca		下痢
Klebsiella	Klebsiella pneumoniae	○	肺炎、尿路感染
Kluyvera	Kluyvera ascorbata	○
Kluyvera	Kluyvera cryocrescens	○
Morganella	Morganella morganii		尿路感染症
Proteus	Proteus mirabilis	○	尿路感染症
Proteus	Proteus vulgaris	○	尿路感染症
Providencia	Providencia alcalifaciens		尿路感染症、下痢
	Providencia rettgeri		尿路感染症、下痢
	Providencia stuartii		尿路感染症
Salmonella	Salmonella enterica		腸チフス、急性胃腸炎(食中毒)
Serratia	Serratia liquefaciens	○
Serratia	Serratia marcescens	○
Shigella	Shigella boydii		細菌性赤痢
	Shigella dysenteriae
	Shigella flexneri
	Shigella sonnei
Yersinia	Yersinia enterocolitica		急性胃腸炎(食中毒)、回腸末端炎、結節性紅斑
	Yersinia pestis		ペスト
	Yersinia pseudotuberculosis		腸間膜リンパ節炎、関節炎

「培地」

　　[★]

英: culture medium, culture media, medium, media
同: 培養基

小川培地：結核菌
チョコレート培地：インフルエンザ菌
マッコンキー培地：乳糖発酵菌の鑑別(クレブシエラ、大腸菌、エンテロバクター、Citrobacter)
レフラー培地：ジフテリア菌

Bug	Media used for isolation
H. influenzae	Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin)
N. gonorrhoeae	Thayer-Martin media
B. pertussis	Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
C. diphtheriae	Tellurite plate, Loffler’s medium, blood agar
M. tuberculosis	Lowenstein-Jensen agar
Lactose-fermenting enterics	Pink colonies on MacConkey’s agar
Legionella	Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with increased iron and cysteine
Fungi	Sabouraud's agar