腸内細菌科

関: enteric bacteria、enterobacteria

WordNet

a large family of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the order Eubacteriales (同)family Enterobacteriaceae

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/03 13:05:07」(JST)

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The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia pestis, Klebsiella and Shigella. Other disease-causing bacteria in this family include Proteus, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Citrobacter. This family is the only representative in the order Enterobacteriales of the class Gammaproteobacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria.^[1] Phylogenetically, in the Enterobacteriales, several peptidoglycan-less insect endosymbionts^{[citation needed]} form a sister clade to the Enterobacteriaceae, but as they are not validly described, this group is not officially a taxon; examples of these species are Sodalis, Buchnera, Wigglesworthia, Baumannia cicadellinicola and Blochmannia, but not former Rickettsias.^[2] Members of the Enterobacteriaceae can be trivially referred to as enterobacteria or "enteric bacteria",^[3] as several members live in the intestines of animals. In fact, the etymology of the family is enterobacterium with the suffix to designate a family (aceae) — not after the genus Enterobacter (which would be "Enterobacteraceae")— and the type genus is Escherichia.

Characteristics

Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are rod-shaped, and are typically 1-5 μm in length. They appear as small grey colonies on blood agar. Like other proteobacteria, enterobacteria have Gram-negative stains,^[4] and they are facultative anaerobes, fermenting sugars to produce lactic acid and various other end products. Most also reduce nitrate to nitrite, although exceptions exist (e.g. Photorhabdus). Unlike most similar bacteria, enterobacteria generally lack cytochrome C oxidase, although there are exceptions (e.g. Plesiomonas shigelloides). Most have many flagella used to move about, but a few genera are nonmotile. They are not spore-forming. Catalase reactions vary among Enterobacteriaceae.

Many members of this family are a normal part of the gut flora found in the intestines of humans and other animals, while others are found in water or soil, or are parasites on a variety of different animals and plants. Escherichia coli is one of the most important model organisms, and its genetics and biochemistry have been closely studied.

Most members of Enterobacteriaceae have peritrichous, type I fimbriae involved in the adhesion of the bacterial cells to their hosts. Some enterobacteria produce endotoxins. Endotoxins reside in the cell cytoplasm and are released when the cell dies and the cell wall disintegrates. Some members of the Enterobacteriaeceae produce endotoxins that, when released into the bloodstream following cell lysis, cause a systemic inflammatory and vasodilatory response. The most severe form of this is known as endotoxic shock, which can be rapidly fatal.

Identification

To identify different genera of Enterobacteriaceae, a microbiologist may run a series of tests in the lab. These include:^[5]

Phenol red
Tryptone broth
Phenylalanine agar for detection of production of deaminase, which converts phenylalanine to phenylpyruvic acid
Methyl red or Voges-Proskauer tests depend on the digestion of glucose. The methyl red tests for acid endproducts. The Voges Proskauer tests for the production of acetylmethylcarbinol.
Catalase test on nutrient agar tests for the production of catalase enzyme, which splits hydrogen peroxide and releases oxygen gas.
Oxidase test on nutrient agar tests for the production of the enzyme oxidase, which reacts with an aromatic amine to produce a purple color.
Nutrient gelatin tests to detect activity of the enzyme gelatinase.

In a clinical setting, three species make up 80 to 95% of all isolates identified. These are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis.

Antibiotic resistance

Several Enterobacteriaceae strains have been isolated which are resistant to antibiotics including carbapenem, which are often claimed as "the last line of antibiotic defense" against resistant organisms. For instance, some Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are carbapenem resistant.^[6]

Examples/classification

The following inexhaustive list details bacterial genera classified as members of Enterobacteriaceae.

Genera

Alishewanella
Aquamonas
Aranicola
Arsenophonus
Azotivirga
Blochmannia
Brenneria
Buchnera
Budvicia
Buttiauxella
Cedecea
Citrobacter
Cronobacter
Dickeya
Edwardsiella
Enterobacter
Erwinia, e.g. Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia tracheiphila, Erwinia carotovora, etc.
Escherichia, e.g. Escherichia coli
Ewingella
Grimontella
Hafnia
Hamiltonella
Klebsiella, e.g. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Kluyvera
Leclercia
Leminorella
Moellerella
Morganella
Obesumbacterium
Pantoea
Pectobacterium see Erwinia
Candidatus Phlomobacter
Photorhabdus, e.g. Photorhabdus luminescens
Plesiomonas, e.g. Plesiomonas shigelloides
Pragia
Proteus, e.g. Proteus vulgaris
Providencia
Rahnella
Regiella
Raoultella
Rouxiella'
Salmonella
Samsonia
Serratia, e.g. Serratia marcescens
Shigella
Sodalis
Tatumella
Trabulsiella
Wigglesworthia
Xenorhabdus
Yersinia, e.g. Yersinia pestis
Yokenella

References

^ Don J. Brenner, Noel R. Krieg, James T. Staley (July 26, 2005) [1984 (Williams & Wilkins)]. George M. Garrity, ed. The Gammaproteobacteria. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2B (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 1108. ISBN 978-0-387-24144-9. British Library no. GBA561951.
^ Williams, K. P.; Gillespie, J. J.; Sobral, B. W. S.; Nordberg, E. K.; Snyder, E. E.; Shallom, J. M.; Dickerman, A. W. (2010). "Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria". Journal of Bacteriology 192 (9): 2305–2314. doi:10.1128/JB.01480-09. PMC 2863478. PMID 20207755. edit
^ http://inst.bact.wisc.edu/inst/index.php?module=book&type=user&func=displayarticle&art_id=268
^ "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:Enterobacteriaceae".
^ MacFaddin, Jean F. Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria. Williams & Wilkins, 1980, p 441.
^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Klebsiella Quotation: "Increasingly, Klebsiella bacteria have developed antimicrobial resistance, most recently to the class of antibiotics known as carbapenems."

External links

Enterobacteriaceae genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
Evaluation of new computer-enhanced identification program for microorganisms: adaptation of BioBASE for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae [1]
Brown, A.E. (2009). Benson's microbiological applications: laboratory manual in general microbiology. New York: McGraw- Hill.

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Japanese Journal

腸内細菌の抗菌薬感受性検査において,Imipenemをカルバペネムの,Levofloxacinをフルオロキノロンの代表薬剤とすることの妥当性の検討

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NAID 40018726626

Bacterial Contamination and Microflora of Several Fresh Produce

Soli Kevin Webby,Yoshizumi Asako,Yamakawa Mami,Mishima Tomoko,Honjoh Ken'ichi,Miyamoto Takahisa,芳住あさこ,山川真美,三島朋子,本城賢一,宮本敬久
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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「腸内細菌科」「サルモネラ属」「enterobacteria」「enteric bacteria」「腸内細菌」
拡張検索	「Enterobacteriaceae infection」

「腸内細菌科」

Enterobacteriaceae
	Citrobacter freundii, one member of the family
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae; Rahn, 1937

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英: Enterobacteriaceae
関: 細菌

代表的なもの８つを覚ておく！

エンテロバクター属 Enterobacter
エシェリキア属  Escherichia
クレブシエラ属 Klebsiella
プロテウス属 Proteus
サルモネラ属 Salmonella
セラチア属 Serratia
シゲラ属 Shigella
エルシニア属 Yersinia