| CD44 molecule (Indian blood group) |
PDB rendering based on 1poz. |
| Available structures |
| PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
| List of PDB id codes |
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1POZ, 1UUH, 2I83
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| Identifiers |
| Symbols |
CD44; CDW44; CSPG8; ECMR-III; HCELL; HUTCH-I; IN; LHR; MC56; MDU2; MDU3; MIC4; Pgp1 |
| External IDs |
OMIM: 107269 MGI: 88338 HomoloGene: 508 GeneCards: CD44 Gene |
| Gene Ontology |
| Molecular function |
• hyalurononglucosaminidase activity
• transmembrane signaling receptor activity
• protein binding
• collagen binding
• hyaluronic acid binding
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| Cellular component |
• plasma membrane
• integral to plasma membrane
• external side of plasma membrane
• cell surface
• basolateral plasma membrane
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| Biological process |
• branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
• wound healing involved in inflammatory response
• carbohydrate metabolic process
• cell-matrix adhesion
• positive regulation of gene expression
• Wnt receptor signaling pathway
• cell-cell adhesion
• cytokine-mediated signaling pathway
• glycosaminoglycan metabolic process
• hyaluronan metabolic process
• hyaluronan catabolic process
• positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
• positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion
• negative regulation of apoptotic process
• negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
• negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator
• small molecule metabolic process
• cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus
• positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
• cartilage development
• interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway
• branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis
• positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
• monocyte aggregation
• positive regulation of monocyte aggregation
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| Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
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| RNA expression pattern |
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| More reference expression data |
| Orthologs |
| Species |
Human |
Mouse |
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| Entrez |
960 |
12505 |
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| Ensembl |
ENSG00000026508 |
ENSMUSG00000005087 |
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| UniProt |
P16070 |
P15379 |
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| RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_000610.3 |
NM_001039150.1 |
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| RefSeq (protein) |
NP_000601.3 |
NP_001034239.1 |
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| Location (UCSC) |
Chr 11:
35.16 – 35.25 Mb |
Chr 2:
102.81 – 102.9 Mb |
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| PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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The CD44 antigen is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell–cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. In humans, the CD44 antigen is encoded by the CD44 gene on Chromosome 11.[1]
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Contents
- 1 Tissue distribution and isoforms
- 2 Function
- 3 Clinical significance
- 4 Interactions
- 5 References
- 6 Further reading
- 7 External links
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Tissue distribution and isoforms
CD44 is expressed in a large number of mammalian cell types. The standard isoform, designated CD44s, comprising exons 1–5 and 16–20 is expressed in most cell types. CD44 splice variants containing variable exons are designated CD44v. Some epithelial cells also express a larger isoform (CD44E), which includes exons v8–10.[2]
Function
CD44 is a receptor for hyaluronic acid and can also interact with other ligands, such as osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). CD44 function is controlled by its posttranslational modifications. One critical modification involves discrete sialofucosylations rendering the selectin-binding glycoform of CD44 called HCELL (for Hematopoietic Cell E-selectin/L-selectin Ligand). The HCELL glycoform was originally discovered on human hematopoietic stem cells and leukemic blasts,[3][4][5][6] and was subsequently identified on cancer cells.[7][8][9][10][11] HCELL functions as a "bone homing receptor", directing migration of human hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells to bone marrow.[5] Ex vivo glycan engineering of the surface of live cells has been used to enforce HCELL expression on any cell that expresses CD44.[12] CD44 glycosylation also directly controls its binding capacity to fibrin and immobilized fibrinogen.[13][14]
This protein participates in a wide variety of cellular functions including lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis, and tumor metastasis. Transcripts for this gene undergo complex alternative splicing that results in many functionally distinct isoforms; however, the full length nature of some of these variants has not been determined. Alternative splicing is the basis for the structural and functional diversity of this protein, and may be related to tumor metastasis. Splice variants of CD44 on colon cancer cells display sialofucosylated HCELL glycoforms that serve as P-, L-, and E-selectin ligands and fibrin, but not fibrinogen, receptors under hemodynamic flow conditions pertinent to the process of cancer metastasis. CD44 gene transcription is at least in part activated by beta-catenin and Wnt signalling (also linked to tumour development).
Clinical significance
The protein is a determinant for the Indian blood group system.
- CD44, along with CD25, is used to track early T cell development in the thymus.
- CD44 expression is an indicative marker for effector-memory T-cells. Memory cell proliferation (activation) can also be assayed in vitro with CFSE chemical tagging.
In addition, variations in CD44 are reported as cell surface markers for some breast and prostate cancer stem cells.[15] and has been seen as an indicator of increased survival time in epithelial ovarian cancer patients.[16]
Endometrial cells in women with endometriosis demonstrate increased expression of splice variants of CD44, and increased adherence to peritoneal cells.[17]
CD44 variant isoforms are also relevant to the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.[18][19]
Monoclonal antibodies against CD44 variants include bivatuzumab for v6.
Interactions
CD44 has been shown to interact with:
- ARHGEF1,[20]
- fibrin and immobilized fibrinogen.[13][14]
- osteopontin [21]
- Fibronectin,[22]
- FYN,[23]
- Lck,[23][24]
- selectins,[9][10][11] and
- Src.[25]
References
- ^ Spring FA, Dalchau R, Daniels GL, Mallinson G, Judson PA, Parsons SF, Fabre JW, Anstee DJ (May 1988). "The Ina and Inb blood group antigens are located on a glycoprotein of 80,000 MW (the CDw44 glycoprotein) whose expression is influenced by the In(Lu) gene". Immunology 64 (1): 37–43. PMC 1385183. PMID 2454887. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1385183/.
- ^ Goodison S, Urquidi V, Tarin D (August 1999). "CD44 cell adhesion molecules". MP, Mol. Pathol. 52 (4): 189–96. doi:10.1136/mp.52.4.189. PMC 395698. PMID 10694938. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395698/.
- ^ Oxley SM, Sackstein R (November 1994). "Detection of an L-selectin ligand on a hematopoietic progenitor cell line". Blood 84 (10): 3299–306. PMID 7524735.
- ^ Sackstein R, Dimitroff CJ (October 2000). "A hematopoietic cell L-selectin ligand that is distinct from PSGL-1 and displays N-glycan-dependent binding activity". Blood 96 (8): 2765–74. PMID 11023510.
- ^ a b Sackstein R, Merzaban JS, Cain DW, Dagia NM, Spencer JA, Lin CP, Wohlgemuth R (February 2008). "Ex vivo glycan engineering of CD44 programs human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell trafficking to bone". Nat. Med. 14 (2): 181–7. doi:10.1038/nm1703. PMID 18193058.
- ^ Dimitroff CJ, Lee JY, Rafii S, Fuhlbrigge RC, Sackstein R (June 2001). "Cd44 Is a Major E-Selectin Ligand on Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells". J. Cell Biol. 153 (6): 1277–86. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.6.1277. PMC 2192031. PMID 11402070. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2192031/.
- ^ Hanley WD, Burdick MM, Konstantopoulos K, Sackstein R (July 2005). "CD44 on LS174T colon carcinoma cells possesses E-selectin ligand activity". Cancer Res. 65 (13): 5812–7. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4557. PMID 15994957.
- ^ Burdick MM, Chu JT, Godar S, Sackstein R (May 2006). "HCELL is the major E- and L-selectin ligand expressed on LS174T colon carcinoma cells". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (20): 13899–905. doi:10.1074/jbc.M513617200. PMID 16565092.
- ^ a b Hanley WD, Napier SL, Burdick MM, Schnaar RL, Sackstein R, Konstantopoulos K. (Dec 2005). "Variant isoforms of CD44 are P- and L-selectin ligands on colon carcinoma cells". FASEB J 20 (2): 337–9. doi:10.1096/fj.05-4574fje. PMID 16352650.
- ^ a b Napier SL, Healy ZR, Schnaar RL, Konstantopoulos K (Feb 2007). "Selectin ligand expression regulates the initial vascular interactions of colon carcinoma cells: the roles of CD44v and alternative sialofucosylated selectin ligands". J Biol Chem 282 (6): 3433–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.M607219200. PMID 17135256.
- ^ a b Thomas SN, Zhu F, Schnaar RL, Alves CS, Konstantopoulos K (Jun 2008). "Carcinoembryonic Antigen and CD44 Variant Isoforms Cooperate to Mediate Colon Carcinoma Cell Adhesion to E- and L-selectin in Shear Flow". J Biol Chem 283 (23): 15647–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.M800543200. PMC 2414264. PMID 18375392. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2414264/.
- ^ Sackstein R (July 2009). "Glycosyltransferase-programmed stereosubstitution (GPS) to create HCELL: engineering a roadmap for cell migration". Immunol. Rev. 230 (1): 51–74. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00792.x. PMID 19594629.
- ^ a b Alves CS, Burdick MM, Thomas SN, Pawar P, Konstantopoulos K (Apr 2008). "The dual role of CD44 as a functional P-selectin ligand and fibrin receptor in colon carcinoma cell adhesion". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 294 (4): C907–16. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00463.2007. PMID 18234849.
- ^ a b Alves CS, Yakovlev S, Medved L, Konstantopoulos K (Jan 2009). "Biomolecular Characterization of CD44-Fibrin(ogen) Binding: DISTINCT MOLECULAR REQUIREMENTS MEDIATE BINDING OF STANDARD AND VARIANT ISOFORMS OF CD44 TO IMMOBILIZED FIBRIN(OGEN)". J Biol Chem 284 (2): 1177–89. doi:10.1074/jbc.M805144200. PMC 2613610. PMID 19004834. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613610/.
- ^ Li F, Tiede B, Massagué J, Kang Y (January 2007). "Beyond tumorigenesis: cancer stem cells in metastasis". Cell Res. 17 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7310118. PMID 17179981.
- ^ Sillanpää S, Anttila MA, Voutilainen K, Tammi RH, Tammi MI, Saarikoski SV, Kosma VM (November 2003). "CD44 expression indicates favorable prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer". Clin. Cancer Res. 9 (14): 5318–24. PMID 14614016. http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/9/14/5318.long.
- ^ Griffith JS, Liu YG, Tekmal RR, Binkley PA, Holden AE, Schenken RS (April 2010). "Menstrual Endometrial Cells from Women with Endometriosis Demonstrate Increased Adherence to Peritoneal Cells and Increased Expression of CD44 Splice Variants". Fertil. Steril. 93 (6): 1745–9. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.012. PMC 2864724. PMID 19200980. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864724/.
- ^ Wang SJ, Wong G, de Heer AM, Xia W, Bourguignon LY (August 2009). "CD44 variant isoforms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression". Laryngoscope 119 (8): 1518–30. doi:10.1002/lary.20506. PMC 2718060. PMID 19507218. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718060/.
- ^ Assimakopoulos D, Kolettas E, Patrikakos G, Evangelou A (October 2002). "The role of CD44 in the development and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas". Histol. Histopathol. 17 (4): 1269–81. PMID 12371152.
- ^ Bourguignon LY, Singleton PA, Zhu H, Diedrich F (August 2003). "Hyaluronan-mediated CD44 interaction with RhoGEF and Rho kinase promotes Grb2-associated binder-1 phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling leading to cytokine (macrophage-colony stimulating factor) production and breast tumor progression". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (32): 29420–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301885200. PMID 12748184.
- ^ Zohar R, Suzuki N, Suzuki K, Arora P, Glogauer M, McCulloch CA, Sodek J (July 2000). "Intracellular osteopontin is an integral component of the CD44-ERM complex involved in cell migration". J Cell Physiol 184 (1): 118–130. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(200007)184:1<118::AID-JCP13>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 10825241.
- ^ Jalkanen S, Jalkanen M (February 1992). "Lymphocyte CD44 binds the COOH-terminal heparin-binding domain of fibronectin". J. Cell Biol. 116 (3): 817–25. doi:10.1083/jcb.116.3.817. PMC 2289325. PMID 1730778. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2289325/.
- ^ a b Ilangumaran S, Briol A, Hoessli DC (May 1998). "CD44 selectively associates with active Src family protein tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn in glycosphingolipid-rich plasma membrane domains of human peripheral blood lymphocytes". Blood 91 (10): 3901–8. PMID 9573028.
- ^ Taher TE, Smit L, Griffioen AW, Schilder-Tol EJ, Borst J, Pals ST (February 1996). "Signaling through CD44 is mediated by tyrosine kinases. Association with p56lck in T lymphocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (5): 2863–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.5.2863. PMID 8576267.
- ^ Bourguignon LY, Zhu H, Shao L, Chen YW (March 2001). "CD44 interaction with c-Src kinase promotes cortactin-mediated cytoskeleton function and hyaluronic acid-dependent ovarian tumor cell migration". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (10): 7327–36. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006498200. PMID 11084024.
- Sackstein, Robert (July 2011). "The Biology of CD44 and HCELL in Hematopoiesis: The "Step 2-bypass Pathway" and other Emerging Perspectives". Current Opinion in Hematology 18 (4): 239–248. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3283476140. PMC 3145154. PMID 21546828. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145154/.
Further reading
- Sackstein R (July 2009). "Glycosyltransferase-programmed stereosubstitution to create HCELL: Engineering a Roadmap for Cell Migration". Immunological Reviews 230 (1): 51–74. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00792.x. PMID 19594629.
- Sackstein R (May 2004). "The bone marrow is akin to skin: HCELL and the biology of hematopoietic stem cell homing". J. Invest. Dermatol. 122 (5): 1061–9. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.09301.x. PMID 15140204.
- Konstantopoulos K, Thomas SN (2009). "Cancer cells in transit: the vascular interactions of tumor cells". Annu Rev Biomed Eng 11: 177–202. doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-061008-124949. PMID 19413512.
- Günthert U (1994). "CD44: a multitude of isoforms with diverse functions". Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 184: 47–63. PMID 7508842.
- Yasuda M, Nakano K, Yasumoto K, Tanaka Y (2003). "CD44: functional relevance to inflammation and malignancy". Histol. Histopathol. 17 (3): 945–50. PMID 12168806.
- Sun CX, Robb VA, Gutmann DH (2003). "Protein 4.1 tumor suppressors: getting a FERM grip on growth regulation". J. Cell. Sci. 115 (Pt 21): 3991–4000. doi:10.1242/jcs.00094. PMID 12356905.
- Ponta H, Sherman L, Herrlich PA (2003). "CD44: from adhesion molecules to signalling regulators". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1038/nrm1004. PMID 12511867.
- Martin TA, Harrison G, Mansel RE, Jiang WG (2004). "The role of the CD44/ezrin complex in cancer metastasis". Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 46 (2): 165–86. doi:10.1016/S1040-8428(02)00172-5. PMID 12711360.
External links
- Indian blood group system at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH
- Articles at IHOP.
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PDB gallery
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1poz: SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE HYALURONAN BINDING DOMAIN OF HUMAN CD44
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1uuh: HYALURONAN BINDING DOMAIN OF HUMAN CD44
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2i83: hyaluronan-binding domain of CD44 in its ligand-bound form
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Membrane proteins: cell adhesion molecules
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| Calcium-independent |
| IgSF CAM |
- N-CAM (Myelin protein zero)
- ICAM (1, 5)
- VCAM-1
- PE-CAM
- L1-CAM
- Nectin (PVRL1, PVRL2, PVRL3)
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| Integrins |
- LFA-1 (CD11a+CD18)
- Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CD11c+CD18)
- Macrophage-1 antigen (CD11b+CD18)
- VLA-4 (CD49d+CD29)
- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (ITGA2B+ITGB3)
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| Calcium-dependent |
| Cadherins |
| Classical |
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| Desmosomal |
- Desmoglein (DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, DSG4)
- Desmocollin (DSC1, DSC2, DSC3)
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| Protocadherin |
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| Unconventional/ungrouped |
- T-cadherin
- CDH4
- CDH5
- CDH6
- CDH8
- CDH11
- CDH12
- CDH15
- CDH16
- CDH17
- CDH9
- CDH10
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| Selectins |
- E-selectin
- L-selectin
- P-selectin
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| Other |
- Lymphocyte homing receptor: CD44
- L-selectin
- integrin (VLA-4, LFA-1)
- Carcinoembryonic antigen
- CD22
- CD24
- CD44
- CD146
- CD164
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- See also
- cell membrane protein disorders
B memb: cead, trns (1A, 1C, 1F, 2A, 3A1, 3A2-3, 3D), othr
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Protein, glycoconjugate: glycoproteins and glycopeptides
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| Mucoproteins |
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Mucin
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- CD43
- CD164
- MUC1
- MUC2
- MUC3A
- MUC3B
- MUC4
- MUC5AC
- MUC5B
- MUC6
- MUC7
- MUC8
- MUC12
- MUC13
- MUC15
- MUC16
- MUC17
- MUC19
- MUC20
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Other
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- Haptoglobin
- Intrinsic factor
- Orosomucoid
- Peptidoglycan
- Phytohaemagglutinin
- Ovomucin
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| Proteoglycans |
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CS/DS
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- Decorin
- Biglycan
- Versican
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HS/CS
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CS
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- Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: Aggrecan
- Neurocan
- Brevican
- CD44
- CSPG4
- CSPG5
- Platelet factor 4
- Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3
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KS
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- Fibromodulin
- Lumican
- Keratocan
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HS
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| Other |
- Activin and inhibin
- ADAM
- Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
- Apolipoprotein H
- CD70
- Asialoglycoprotein
- Avidin
- B-cell activating factor
- 4-1BB ligand
- Cholesterylester transfer protein
- Clusterin
- Colony-stimulating factor
- Hemopexin
- Lactoferrin
- Membrane glycoproteins
- Myelin protein zero
- Osteonectin
- Protein C
- Protein S
- Serum amyloid P component
- Sialoglycoprotein
- CD43
- Glycophorin
- Glycophorin C
- Thrombopoietin
- Thyroglobulin
- Thyroxine-binding proteins
- Transcortin
- Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- Uteroglobin
- Vitronectin
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mt, k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, a/u, n, m
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k, cgrp/y/i, f/h/s/l/o/e, au, n, m, epon
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m (A16/C10), i (k, c/g/r/p/y/i, f/h/s/o/e, a/u, n, m)
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- biochemical families: carbohydrates
- alcohols
- glycoproteins
- glycosides
- lipids
- eicosanoids
- fatty acids / intermediates
- phospholipids
- sphingolipids
- steroids
- nucleic acids
- constituents / intermediates
- proteins
- amino acids / intermediates
- tetrapyrroles / intermediates
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