WordNet

a glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of helper T cells; "CD4 is a receptor for HIV in humans" (同)CD4
a membrane glycoprotein that is found primarily on the surface of cytotoxic T cells (同)CD8
come together as in a cluster or flock; "The poets constellate in this town every summer" (同)constellate, flock, clump
the mathematical process of obtaining the derivative of a function
a discrimination between things as different and distinct; "it is necessary to make a distinction between love and infatuation" (同)distinction
growing close together but not in dense mats

PrepTutorEJDIC

certificate of deposit / (また『C.D.』)Civil Defense民間防衛
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
(花・果実などの)『ふさ』《+『of』+『名』》 / (密集した人・動物・物などの)『集団』,群れ(group)《+『of』+『名』》 / (…の回りに)『群がる』;群生する《+『together around』(『round』)+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/22 12:51:58」(JST)

wiki en

The cluster of differentiation (cluster of designation or Classification Determinant) (often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells.^[1] In terms of physiology, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands (the molecule that activates a receptor) important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell (see cell signaling). Some CD proteins do not play a role in cell signaling, but have other functions, such as cell adhesion. CD for humans is numbered up to 364 (as of November 2014^[update]).^[2]^[3]

Nomenclature

The CD nomenclature was proposed and established in the 1st International Workshop and Conference on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA), which was held in Paris in 1982.^[4]^[5] This system was intended for the classification of the many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated by different laboratories around the world against epitopes on the surface molecules of leukocytes (white blood cells). Since then, its use has expanded to many other cell types, and more than 320 CD unique clusters and subclusters have been identified. The proposed surface molecule is assigned a CD number once two specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are shown to bind to the molecule. If the molecule has not been well-characterized, or has only one mAb, it is usually given the provisional indicator "w" (as in "CDw186").

Cell populations are usually defined using a '+' or a '-' symbol to indicate whether a certain cell fraction expresses or lacks a CD molecule. For example, a "CD34+, CD31-" cell is one that expresses CD34, but not CD31. This CD combination typically corresponds to a stem cell, as opposed to a fully differentiated endothelial cell. Some cell populations can also be defined as ^hi, ^mid or ^low(alternatively ^bright, ^mid or ^dim), indicating an overall variability in CD expression, particularly when compared to other cells being studied. A review of the development of T cells in the thymus uses this nomenclature to identify cells transitioning from CD4^mid/CD8^mid double positive cells to CD4^hi/CD8^mid.^[6]

Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshops

Since 1982 there have been nine Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen Workshops culminating in a conference

Workshop	City	Year	CDs assigned	Reference
I	Paris	1982	1-15	^[7]
II	Boston	1984	16-26	^[8]
III	Oxford	1986	27-45	^[9]
IV	Vienna	1989	46-78	^[10]
V	Boston	1993	79-130	^[11]
VI	Kobe	1996	131-166	^[12]
VII	Harrogate	2000	167-247	^[13]
VIII	Adelaide	2004	248-339	^[14]
IX	Barcelona	2010	340-364	^[15]

Immunophenotyping

Cluster of Differentiation

The CD system is commonly used as cell markers in immunophenotyping, allowing cells to be defined based on what molecules are present on their surface. These markers are often used to associate cells with certain immune functions. While using one CD molecule to define populations is uncommon (though a few examples exist), combining markers has allowed for cell types with very specific definitions within the immune system.

CD molecules are utilized in cell sorting using various methods including flow cytometry.

Type of cell	CD markers
stem cells	CD34+, CD31-, CD117
all leukocyte groups	CD45+
Granulocyte	CD45+, CD11b, CD15+, CD24+, CD114+, CD182+^[16]
Monocyte	CD4, CD45+, CD14+, CD114+, CD11a, CD11b, CD91+,^[16] CD16+^[17]
T lymphocyte	CD45+, CD3+
T helper cell	CD45+, CD3+, CD4+
T regulatory cell	CD4, CD25, and Foxp3
Cytotoxic T cell	CD45+, CD3+, CD8+
B lymphocyte	CD45+, CD19+, CD20+, CD24+, CD38, CD22
Thrombocyte	CD45+, CD61+
Natural killer cell	CD16+, CD56+, CD3-, CD31, CD30, CD38

Two commonly used CD molecules are CD4 and CD8, which are, in general, used as markers for helper and cytotoxic T cells, respectively. These molecules are defined in combination with CD3+, as some other leukocytes also express these CD molecules (some macrophages express low levels of CD4; dendritic cells express high levels of CD8). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) binds CD4 and a chemokine receptor on the surface of a T helper cell to gain entry. The number of CD4 and CD8 T cells in blood is often used to monitor the progression of HIV infection.

Physiological functions

While CD molecules are very useful in defining leukocytes, they are not merely markers on the cell surface. While only a fraction of known CD molecules have been thoroughly characterised, most of them have an important function. In the example of CD4 & CD8, these molecules are critical in antigen recognition. Others (e.g., CD135) act as cell surface receptors for growth factors.

References

^ CHAN, J. K. C., NG, C. S., HUI, P. K. (1988). "A simple guide to the terminology and application of leucocyte monoclonal antibodies". Histopathology 12 (5): 461–480. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.1988.tb01967.x. PMID 3294157.
^ "HCDM, responsible for HLDA workshop and CD molecules". Human Cell Differentiation Molecules Council (successor to the HLDA Workshops). Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Zola H, Swart B, Banham A, Barry S, Beare A, Bensussan A, Boumsell L, D Buckley C, Bühring HJ, Clark G, Engel P, Fox D, Jin BQ, Macardle PJ, Malavasi F, Mason D, Stockinger H, Yang X. (2007). "CD molecules 2006--human cell differentiation molecules.". J Immunol Methods. 318 (1–2): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2006.11.001. PMID 17174972.
^ Bernard A, Boumsell L (1984). "[Human leukocyte differentiation antigens]". Presse Med (in French) 13 (38): 2311–6. PMID 6239187.
^ Fiebig H, Behn I, Gruhn R, Typlt H, Kupper H, Ambrosius H (1984). "Charakterisierung einer Serie von monoklonalen Antikörpern gegen humane T-Zellen" [Characterization of a series of monoclonal antibodies against human T cells]. Allerg Immunol (Leipz) (in German) 30 (4): 242–50. PMID 6240938.
^ Ho IC, Tai TS, Pai SY (February 2009). "GATA3 and the T-cell lineage: essential functions before and after T-helper-2-cell differentiation". Nature Reviews Immunology 9 (2): 125–35. doi:10.1038/nri2476. PMC 2998182. PMID 19151747.
^ Bernard et. al., AR (1984). Leucocyte Typing: Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens Detected by Monoclonal antibodies. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
^ Reinherz et. al., EL (1985). Leukocyte Typing II. New York: Springer-Verlag.
^ McMichael et. al., AJ, (1987). Leucocyte Typing III. White Cell Differentiation Antigens. Oxford University Press.
^ Knapp et. al., W (1989). Leucocyte Typing IV. Oxford University Press.
^ Schlossman et. al., SF (1995). Leucocyte Typing V: White cell differentiation antigens. Oxford University Press.
^ Kishimoto et. al., T (1997). Leucocyte Typing VI. Garland Publishing.
^ Mason et. al., D. (2002). Leucocyte Typing VII. Oxford University Press.
^ Zola H, Swart B, Nicholson I, Aasted B, Bensussan A, Boumsell L, Buckley C, Clark G, Drbal K, Engel P, Hart D, Horejsí V, Isacke C, Macardle P, Malavasi F, Mason D, Olive D, Saalmueller A, Schlossman SF, Schwartz-Albiez R, Simmons P, Tedder TF, Uguccioni M, Warren H (November 1, 2005). "CD molecules 2005: human cell differentiation molecules". Blood. 106 (9): 3123–6. PMID 16020511.
^ "Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens. March 2010. Barcelona, Spain.". Immunol Lett. 134 (2): 103–187. 30 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b "CD Antigens" (PDF). abcam. 2009. Retrieved 2014-11-22.
^ Passlick B, Flieger D, Ziegler-Heitbrock HW (1989). "Identification and characterization of a novel monocyte subpopulation in human peripheral blood". Blood (journal) 74 (7): 2527–2534. PMID 2478233.

External links

Molecule search maintained by the Human Cell Differentiation Molecules Council (successor to the HLDA Workshops)
Table of CD Antigens
CD list Protein Reviews On The Web
Yet another list of CD molecules, at PathologyOutlines.com
Wall charts of CD molecules and other cytokines, with colors, arrows from one cell to another, from eBioscience.
Skin Research Center lab Hopital St Louis, Paris (France) Dir. Dr. A. Bensussan

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「表面抗原分類」「CD」
関連記事	「cluster」「clustering」「differentiation」

「表面抗原分類」

　　[★]

英: cluster of differentiation, CD

細胞の表面抗原を認識する抗体を整理した分類

Bリンパ球 CD10,CD19,CD20

Tリンパ球 CD2,CD3,CD5,CD7

幹細胞 CD34

顆粒球 CD13,CD33

単球 CD14：LPSをリガンドとし、Toll-like receptorと共役して細胞内シグナルを伝達する分子。

巨核球 CD41(GpIIb),CD42(GpIb)

NK細胞：CD16(IgGのFc部に対する受容体)、CD56(NCAM-I)

CD1	CD21	CD41	CD61	CD81
CD2	CD22	CD42	CD62	CD82
CD3	CD23	CD43	CD63	CD83
CD4	CD24	CD44	CD64	CD84
CD5	CD25	CD45	CD65	CD85
CD6	CD26	CD46	CD66	CD86
CD7	CD27	CD47	CD67	CD87
CD8	CD28	CD48	CD68	CD88
CD9	CD29	CD49	CD69	CD89
CD10	CD30	CD50	CD70	CD90
CD11	CD31	CD51	CD71	CD91
CD12	CD32	CD52	CD72	CD92
CD13	CD33	CD53	CD73	CD93
CD14	CD34	CD54	CD74	CD94
CD15	CD35	CD55	CD75	CD95
CD16	CD36	CD56	CD76	CD96
CD17	CD37	CD57	CD77	CD97
CD18	CD38	CD58	CD78	CD98
CD19	CD39	CD59	CD79	CD99
CD20	CD40	CD60	CD80	CD100