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the 22nd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)v

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vanadium の化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/17 17:59:12」(JST)

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Integrin alpha4beta1 (Very Late Antigen-4) is an integrin dimer. It is composed of CD49d (alpha 4) and CD29 (beta 1).

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1 - an integrin receptor) located on an endothelial cell, binds to the integrin VLA-4 which are normally expressed on leukocyte plasma membranes, but they do not adhere to their appropriate ligands until the leukocytes are activated by chemotactic agents or other stimuli (often produced by the endothelium or other cells at the site of injury). Only then do the integrins undergo the conformational change necessary to confer high binding affinity for the endothelial adhesion molecules.

In multiple sclerosis, the VLA-4 integrin is essential in the processes by which T-cells gain access to the brain by allowing the cells to penetrate the blood brain barrier that normally restricts immune cell access. One approach to prevent an autoimmune reaction has been to block the action of VLA-4 so that self-reactive T-cells are unable to enter the brain and thus unable to attack myelin protein.^[1]

In recent years antagonists of VLA-4 have shown great promise in treating inflammatory disorders in a number of animal models.^[2] However, the usage of Natalizumab, an antagonist of VLA-4 integrin, remains controversial due to several side effects including Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

References

^ Paul, William E. (September 1993). "Infectious Diseases and the Immune System". Scientific American: 111–114.
^ Lin, Ko-Chung; Castro, Alfredo C. "Very late antigen 4 (VLA4) antagonists as anti-inflammatory agents". Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 2 (4): 453–457. doi:10.1016/S1367-5931(98)80120-8.

External links

Integrin alpha4beta1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
ITGA4 ITGB1 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway

This immunology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 炎症の病因における白血球内皮細胞接着 leukocyte endothelial adhesion in the pathogenesis of inflammation
2. 胸水中の好酸球増加 pleural fluid eosinophilia
3. BおよびTリンパ球の正常な発生 normal b and t lymphocyte development
4. 赤血球産生調節 regulation of erythropoiesis
5. 移植免疫 transplantation immunobiology

English Journal

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis.

Chalkley JJ, Berger JR.SourceDepartment of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 740 S. Limestone St., Room L-445, Lexington, KY, 40536-0284, USA, josh.chalkley@uky.edu.
Current neurology and neuroscience reports.Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep.2013 Dec;13(12):408. doi: 10.1007/s11910-013-0408-6.
AIDS generated a significantly increased interest in the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a disease previously considered to be very rare. Scrutiny increased after a second wave of PML following the introduction of biological a
PMID 24136456

Oral treatment with a novel small molecule alpha 4 integrin antagonist, AJM300, prevents the development of experimental colitis in mice.

Sugiura T, Kageyama S, Andou A, Miyazawa T, Ejima C, Nakayama A, Dohi T, Eda H.SourceAjinomoto Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Kawasaki, Japan.
Journal of Crohn's & colitis.J Crohns Colitis.2013 Dec 1;7(11):e533-42. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.03.014. Epub 2013 Apr 24.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Inhibition of lymphocyte trafficking by treatment with an anti-α4 integrin antibody has been clinically validated as a therapeutic approach for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and the orally effective 'anti-α4 integrin therapy' may be more convenient in clinical practice. Th
PMID 23623333

Selective activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 in leukocytes suppresses their engagement of the brain endothelium and protects the blood-brain barrier.

Rom S, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Dykstra H, Reichenbach NL, Pacher P, Persidsky Y.SourceDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: srom@temple.edu.
The American journal of pathology.Am J Pathol.2013 Nov;183(5):1548-58. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.07.033. Epub 2013 Sep 18.
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is highly expressed in immune cells and stimulation decreases inflammatory responses. We tested the idea that selective CB2 activation in human monocytes suppresses their ability to engage the brain endothelium and migrate across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), preventing
PMID 24055259

Japanese Journal

ボルテゾミブの新たな作用機序と他剤との併用の理論的妥当性 (特集多発性骨髄腫研究の最近の進歩)

古川雄祐,菊池次郎
血液内科 64(4), 424-431, 2012-04
NAID 40019312234

好酸球性副鼻腔炎における好酸球浸潤の機序

大堀純一郎,黒野祐一
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 104(7), 465-473, 2011-07-01
… During adherence in local eosinophil infiltration, vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAM)-1 and alpha 4 beta 1 integrin (VLA-4) bind eosinophils selectivery. … Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a or interleukin (IL)-4 stimulation increases VCAM-1 expression in vascular endothelial cells, multiplying nasal polyp fibroblasts. …
NAID 10029062670

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「接着分子」「T細胞」
関連記事	「VL」「V」「VLA」

「接着分子」

　　[★]

英: adhesion molecule
同: 接着因子
関

接着分子のファミリー

インテグリンファミリー
Igスーパーファミリー
セレクチンファミリー
CD44ファミリー
カドヘリンファミリー

白血球の相互作用に関与している接着分子 (IMM.87)

グループ名	機能	名称	別名		組織分布	リガンド
セレクチン	炭化水素鎖に結合。白血球-内皮細胞の反応を開始	P-selectin	PADGEN	CD62P	活性化した内皮細胞、活性化した血小板	PSGL-1, sialyl-Lewisx
セレクチン	炭化水素鎖に結合。白血球-内皮細胞の反応を開始	E-selectin	ELAM-1	CD62E	活性化した内皮細胞	sialyl-Lewisx
インテグリン	CAMや細胞外マトリックスに結合。強い結合	LFA-1	αL:β2	CD11a:CD18	単球、T細胞、マクロファージ、好中球、樹状細胞	ICAMs
		CR3, Mac-1	αM:β2	CD11b:CD18	好中球、単球、マクロファージ	ICAM-1, iC3b, fibrinogen
		CR4, p150.95	αX:β2	CD11c:CD18	樹状細胞、マクロファージ、好中球	iC3b
		VLA-5	α5:β1	CD49d:CD29	単球、マクロファージ	fibronectin
免疫グロブリンスーパーファミリー	細胞結合で様々に働く。インテグリンの基質	ICAM-1		CD54	活性化した内皮細胞	LFA-1, MAC1
		ICAM-2		CD102	非活性化状態の内皮細胞、樹状細胞	LFA-1
		VCAM-1		CD106	活性化した内皮細胞	VLA-4
		PECAM		CD31	活性化した白血球、内皮細胞間の結合	CD31

白血球の相互作用に関与している免疫グロブリンスーパーファミリーの接着分子 (IMM.329)

名称		分布組織	リガンド
CD2	LFA-2	T細胞	LFA-1	CD53
ICAM-1	CD54	活性化した血管、リンパ球、樹状細胞	LFA-1, Mac-1
ICAM-2	CD102	非活性化状態の血管	LFA-1
ICAM-3	CD50	Naive T cells	DC-SIGN, LFA-1
LFA-3	CD58	リンパ球、APC	CD2
VCAM-1	CD106	活性化した内皮細胞	VLA-4

-接着分子

-細胞接着分子

-カドヘリン

「T細胞」

　　[★]

英: T cell
同: Tリンパ球、T lymphocyte
関: TCR、B細胞、MHC

図：IMM.315(T細胞の成熟)
胸腺で成熟したT細胞は血流によって移動し、リンパ節の傍皮質、白脾髄のリンパ性動脈周囲鞘、パイエル板の傍濾胞域に集まる(人間の正常構造と機能 VIIA血管・免疫 p.28)

種類

T細胞の抗原認識 (SP.248)

	CD	TCRが抗原と共に認識する分子	認識する細胞
Tc細胞	CD8	MHCクラスI	感染細胞
Th細胞	CD4	MHCクラスII	抗原提示細胞

CD4+ T細胞のサイトカイン放出とその原因

DCが認識する外来異物	DCが分泌する物質	DCに反応する細胞	この細胞が分泌するサイトカイン	NK系の細胞が放出したサイトカインに反応するTh細胞	Th細胞が分泌するサイトカイン
ウイルス、一部の細菌	IL-12	NK細胞(IL-12による)	INF-γ	Th1	IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-β
原虫など		NKT細胞	IL-4	Th2	IL-4, IL-13, IL-5

Th細胞活性化と接着分子

	抗原提示細胞	Th細胞
主シグナル	MHC classII	TCR, CD3
主シグナル	MHC classII	CD4
副シグナル	B7{B7-1(CD80)/B7-2(CD86)}	CD28
	VCAM-1(CD106)	VLA-4
	ICAM-1	LFA-1
	LFA-3(CD58)	CD2