血小板由来成長因子(けっしょうばんゆらいせいちょういんし、英:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor、PDGF)とは主に間葉系細胞(線維芽細胞、平滑筋細胞、グリア細胞等)の遊走および増殖などの調節に関与する増殖因子であり、PDGF/VEGFファミリーに属する。主に巨核球によって産生されるほか、血小板のα顆粒中にも含まれる。後の研究により、PDGFは上皮細胞や内皮細胞など様々な細胞によって産生されることが分かっている。PDGFにはPDGF-A、B、CおよびDの少なくとも4種類が存在するが、A鎖およびB鎖はジスルフィド結合を形成することによりホモあるいはヘテロ2量体構造をとり3種類のアイソフォーム(PDGF-AA、AB、BB)を有している。PDGFはチロシンキナーゼ関連型であるPDGF受容体(PDGFR)を介してその生理作用を発現することが知られている。
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目次
- 1 発見の経緯
- 2 遺伝子および分子構造
- 3 受容体
- 4 生理作用
- 5 出典
- 6 参考文献
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発見の経緯
20世紀初頭、アレクシス・カレル(Alexis Carrel)は生理食塩水中において組織を培養しようとすると細胞がやがて死滅することに疑問を抱き、研究を行った。彼はこの生理食塩水に対して血漿を補充したり細胞を血清に浸すことによって細胞の増殖維持が可能となることを発見したが血清中にある成分が細胞増殖活性を持つという考えにまでは至らなかった。その後、ハワード・テミン(Howard Temin)及びレナート・ドゥルベッコ(Renato Dulbecco)がそれぞれ独立して細胞の増殖に関与する成分が血清中に存在することを見出した。血漿と異なり、血清中には血小板に由来する物質が含まれているためこれが血清のより大きな細胞増殖活性をもたらしている可能性が考えられた。1974年にこの血清中の物質が血管平滑筋の増殖を促す作用を持つことが分かり、血小板由来成長因子と名付けられた。1979年にはPDGFが精製され、その構造も明らかになった。PGDF-Bはサル肉腫ウイルスの癌遺伝子v-sisと92%の相同性を有することが明らかになっており[1]、現在では発癌への関与が注目されている。また、2000年にはPDGF-C[2]が、2001年にはPDGF-D[3]がそれぞれ発見されている。
遺伝子および分子構造
| 遺伝子 |
遺伝子座 |
アミノ酸残基数 |
PDGF/VEGFドメイン |
CUBドメイン |
ノックアウトマウスの表現系 |
| PDGFA |
7p22 |
196 または 211 |
O |
X |
胎生期10日以前あるいは生後早期に死亡[4] |
| PDGFB |
22q13 |
241 |
O |
X |
胎生期後期に致死
(腎の未成熟や血管系の異常形成による[5][6]) |
| PDGFC |
4q31 |
345 |
O |
O |
- |
| PDGFD |
11q22 |
370 |
O |
O |
- |
PDGF-AおよびBは8つのよく保存されたシステイン残基を有しており、これらの残基同士で分子内ジスルフィド結合(R-S-S-R')を形成している。カルボキシル基(-CO2H)側にはPDGF/VEGFドメインが存在し、アミノ基(-NH2)側に存在するCUBドメインはPDGF-CおよびPDGF-Dに見られる。CUBドメインはおよそ110個のアミノ酸から構成される。PDGF-AおよびBはアミノ基側のプロドメインを切断されることにより活性化を受けてから分泌される性質をもつ。両者(A、B)の成熟体の間においては互いに60%の相同性を有している。PDGFA遺伝子の転写機構には6番目のエキソンにおける選択的スプライシングが存在し、細胞内においては一般に短型が多い。PDGF-CおよびDは分泌されたのちにアミノ基側のCUBドメインの切断除去を受けて他のアイソフォームと同様にホモ二量体を形成するが、ヘテロ二量体を形成しうるかについてはよく分かっていない。
受容体
チロシンキナーゼ関連型受容体の一種であるPDGFRには構造的に類似した2種類のサブタイプが存在し、それぞれPDGFRαおよびβと呼ばれており、ヒトの染色体では4q11-12、5q31-32に位置する。PDGFRAおよびPDGFRB遺伝子は互いに構造が類似しており、それぞれ約69kb、約43kbの長さを持ち、23個のエキソンを有する。PDGFRA遺伝子は幹細胞増殖因子(SCF)受容体であるc-kitをコードする遺伝子と、PDGFRB遺伝子はCSF-1受容体の遺伝子と位置・構造が近く、同一の遺伝子から進化したと考えられている。いずれのサブタイプも5つの免疫グロブリン様ドメイン細胞外に有し、さらに1つの細胞膜貫通ドメインと細胞内にはエフェクター分子やアダプター分子の結合に必要なドメインを有している。通常これらの受容体タンパク質は細胞膜上に単量体で存在しているがリガンドの結合によってPDGFRをはじめとしたチロシンキナーゼ関連型受容体は二量体を形成することが知られており、PDGFR-αα、PDGFR-αβ、PDGFR-ββの三種類の組み合わせが存在する。これらの複合体はそれぞれリガンドに対する親和性が異なり、各PDGF二量体がどの受容体を活性化しうるかについて以下に示した。
|
PDGF-AA |
PDGF-AB |
PDGF-BB |
PDGF-CC |
PDGF-DD |
| PDGFR-αα |
O |
O |
O |
O |
X |
| PDGFR-αβ |
X |
O |
O |
O |
? |
| PDGFR-ββ |
X |
X |
O |
O |
O |
リガンドとの結合によりPDGFRのチロシン残基が自己リン酸化を受け、SH2ドメインを有するシグナル伝達分子(PLC-γ、Grb2、PI3Kなど)との結合部位となり下流へシグナルを伝える。
生理作用
PDGFは細胞遊走や形質転換等を引き起こし、胎児の成長や血管新生にも関与していると考えられている。血管や線維芽細胞では炎症および創傷治癒の過程においてPDGFRβの発現が上昇することも報告されている[7][8]。また、PDGFはある種の疾患の進行に関与しており、PDGFおよびPDGFRの過剰発現はアテローム性動脈硬化や線維増殖性疾患の発症と関連がある。さらに、PVDFは細胞周期をG1/S期において制御している。ニューロンやグリア細胞はPDGFおよびその受容体を発現しており、分化・増殖を促している[9][10]。
出典
- 今堀 和友、山川 民夫 編集 『生化学辞典 第4版』東京化学同人 2007年 ISBN 9784807906703
- Gomperts BD, Kramer IM and Tatham PE 原著『シグナル伝達』メディカル・サイエンス・インターナショナル 2004年 ISBN 489592369X
- 宮園 浩平、菅村 和夫 編『BioScience 用語ライブラリー サイトカイン・増殖因子』羊土社 1998年 ISBN 4897062616
参考文献
- ^ Doolittle RF, Hunkapiller MW, Hood LE, Devare SG, Robbins KC, Aaronson SA and Antoniades HN.(1983)"Simian sarcoma virus onc gene, v-sis, is derived from the gene (or genes) encoding a platelet-derived growth factor."Science. 221,275-7. PMID 6304883
- ^ Li X, Ponten A, Aase K, Karlsson L, Abramsson A, Uutela M, Backstrom G, Hellstrom M, Bostrom H, Li H, Soriano P, Betsholtz C, Heldin CH, Alitalo K, Ostman A and Eriksson U.(2000)"PDGF-C is a new protease-activated ligand for the PDGF alpha-receptor."Nat.Cell.Biol. 2,302-9. PMID 10806482
- ^ LaRochelle WJ, Jeffers M, McDonald WF, Chillakuru RA, Giese NA, Lokker NA, Sullivan C, Boldog FL, Yang M, Vernet C, Burgess CE, Fernandes E, Deegler LL, Rittman B, Shimkets J, Shimkets RA, Rothberg JM and Lichenstein HS.(2001)"PDGF-D, a new protease-activated growth factor."Nat.Cell.Biol. 3,517-21. PMID 11331882
- ^ Boström H, Willetts K, Pekny M, Levéen P, Lindahl P, Hedstrand H, Pekna M, Hellström M, Gebre-Medhin S, Schalling M, Nilsson M, Kurland S, Törnell J, Heath JK and Betsholtz C.(1996)"PDGF-A signaling is a critical event in lung alveolar myofibroblast development and alveogenesis."Cell. 85,863-73. PMID 8681381
- ^ Levéen P, Pekny M, Gebre-Medhin S, Swolin B, Larsson E and Betsholtz C.(1994)"Mice deficient for PDGF B show renal, cardiovascular, and hematological abnormalities."Genes Dev. 8,1875-87. PMID 7958863
- ^ Lindahl P, Johansson BR, Levéen P and Betsholtz C.(1997)"Pericyte loss and microaneurysm formation in PDGF-B-deficient mice."Science. 277,242-5. PMID 9211853
- ^ Reuterdahl C, Tingström A, Terracio L, Funa K, Heldin CH and Rubin K.(1991)"Characterization of platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor expressing cells in the vasculature of human rheumatoid synovium."Lab.Invest. 64,321-9. PMID 1848332
- ^ Reuterdahl C, Sundberg C, Rubin K, Funa K and Gerdin B.(1993)"Tissue localization of beta receptors for platelet-derived growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor B chain during wound repair in humans."J.Clin.Invest. 91,2065-75. PMID 8486774
- ^ Eccleston PA, Funa K and Heldin CH.(1993)"Expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF alpha- and beta-receptors in the peripheral nervous system: an analysis of sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia."Dev.Biol. 155,459-70. PMID 8432400
- ^ Erlandsson A, Enarsson M and Forsberg-Nilsson K.(2001)"Immature neurons from CNS stem cells proliferate in response to platelet-derived growth factor."J.Neurosci. 21,3483-91. PMID 11331377
"PDGF" redirects here. For the space hardware, see Power Data Grapple Fixture.
| Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) |
| Identifiers |
| Symbol |
PDGF |
| Pfam |
PF00341 |
| InterPro |
IPR000072 |
| PROSITE |
PDOC00222 |
| SCOP |
1pdg |
| SUPERFAMILY |
1pdg |
| Available protein structures: |
| Pfam |
structures |
| PDB |
RCSB PDB; PDBe |
| PDBsum |
structure summary |
|
In molecular biology, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one of the numerous growth factors, or proteins that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, it plays a significant role in blood vessel formation (angiogenesis), the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue. Uncontrolled angiogenesis is a characteristic of cancer. In chemical terms, platelet-derived growth factor is dimeric glycoprotein composed of two A (-AA) or two B (-BB) chains or a combination of the two (-AB).
PDGF[1][2] is a potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin, including smooth muscle cells and glial cells. In both mouse and human, the PDGF signalling network consists of four ligands, PDGFA-D, and two receptors, PDGFRalpha and PDGFRbeta. All PDGFs function as secreted, disulphide-linked homodimers, but only PDGFA and B can form functional heterodimers.
Though it is synthesized[3] stored and released by platelets upon activation, it is produced by a plethora of cells including smooth muscle cells, activated macrophages, and endothelial cells[4]
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Contents
- 1 Types/Classification
- 2 Mechanisms
- 3 Function
- 4 History
- 5 Clinical significance
- 6 Family members
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
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Types/Classification
There are five different isoforms of PDGF that activate cellular response through two different receptors. Known ligands include A (PDGFA), B (PDGFB), C (PDGFC), and D (PDGFD), and an AB heterodimer and receptors alpha (PDGFRA) and beta (PDGFRB). PDGF has few other members of the family, for example VEGF sub-family.
Mechanisms
The receptor for PDGF, PDGFR is classified as a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), a type of cell surface receptor. Two types of PDGFRs have been identified: alpha-type and beta-type PDGFRs.[5] The alpha type binds to PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB, whereas the beta type PDGFR binds with high affinity to PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB.[6] PDGF binds to PDGFRs ligand binding pocket located within the second and third immunoglobulin domains.[7] Upon activation by PDGF, these receptors dimerise, and are "switched on" by auto-phosphorylation of several sites on their cytosolic domains, which serve to mediate binding of cofactors and subsequently activate signal transduction, for example, through the PI3K pathway. Downstream effects of this include regulation of gene expression and the cell cycle. The role of PI3K has been investigated by several laboratories. Accumulating data suggests that, while this molecule is, in general, part of growth signaling complex, it plays a more profound role in controlling cell migration.[8] The different ligand isoforms have variable affinities for the receptor isoforms, and the receptor isoforms may variably form hetero- or homo- dimers. This leads to specificity of downstream signaling. It has been shown that the cis oncogene is derived from the PDGF B-chain gene. PDGF-BB is the highest-affinity ligand for the PDGFR-beta; PDGFR-beta is a key marker of hepatic stellate cell activation in the process of fibrogenesis.[citation needed]
Function
PDGFs are mitogenic during early developmental stages, driving the proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchyme and some progenitor populations. During later maturation stages, PDGF signalling has been implicated in tissue remodelling and cellular differentiation, and in inductive events involved in patterning and morphogenesis. In addition to driving mesenchymal proliferation, PDGFs have been shown to direct the migration, differentiation and function of a variety of specialised mesenchymal and migratory cell types, both during development and in the adult animal.[9] Other growth factors in this family include vascular endothelial growth factors B and C (VEGF-B, VEGF-C)[10][11] which are active in angiogenesis and endothelial cell growth, and placenta growth factor (PlGF) which is also active in angiogenesis.[12]
PDGF plays a role in embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell migration, and angiogenesis.[13] PDGF has also been linked to several diseases such as atherosclerosis, fibrosis and malignant diseases.[citation needed]
In addition, PDGF is a required element in cellular division for fibroblast, a type of connective tissue cell.[citation needed] In essence, the PDGFs allow a cell to skip the G1 checkpoints in order to divide.[citation needed]
PDGF is also known to maintain proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.[citation needed] [14][15]
History
PDGF was one of the first growth factors characterized,[16] and has led to an understanding of the mechanism of many growth factor signaling pathways.[citation needed]
Clinical significance
Like many other growth factors that have been linked to disease, PDGF and its receptors have provided a market for receptor antagonists to treat disease. Such antagonists include (but are not limited to) specific antibodies that target the molecule of interest, which act only in a neutralizing manner.[17]
The "c-Sis" oncogene is derived from PDGF.[15][18]
Age related downregulation of the PDGF receptor on islet beta cells has been demonstrated to prevent islet beta cell proliferation in both animal and human cells and its re-expression triggered beta cell proliferation and corrected glucose regulation via insulin secretion.[19][20]
Family members
Human genes encoding proteins that belong to the platelet-derived growth factor family include:
- FIGF
- PDGFA; PDGFB; PDGFC; PDGFD
- PGF
- VEGF; VEGF41; VEGFB; VEGFC;
See also
- Platelet-activating factor
- Platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- atheroma platelet involvement in smooth muscle proliferation
References
- ^ Hannink M, Donoghue DJ (1989). "Structure and function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and related proteins". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 989 (1): 1–10. PMID 2546599.
- ^ Heldin CH (1992). "Structural and functional studies on platelet-derived growth factor". EMBO J. 11 (12): 4251–4259. PMC 556997. PMID 1425569. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC556997/.
- ^ Minarcik, John. "Global Path Course: Video". http://www.gopathdx.com/?action-model-name-lectures-itemid-69. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
- ^ Kumar, Vinay (2010). Robbins and Coltran Pathologic Basis of Disease. China: Elsevier. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-1-4160-3121-5.
- ^ Matsui T, Heidaran M, Miki T, et al. (1989). "Isolation of a novel receptor cDNA establishes the existence of two PDGF receptor genes". Science 243 (4892): 800–4. doi:10.1126/science.2536956. PMID 2536956.
- ^ Heidaran MA, Pierce JH, Yu JC, et al. (25 October 1991). "Role of alpha beta receptor heterodimer formation in beta platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor activation by PDGF-AB". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (30): 20232–7. PMID 1657917. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/266/30/20232.
- ^ Heidaran MA, Pierce JH, Jensen RA, Matsui T, Aaronson SA (5 November 1990). "Chimeric alpha- and beta-platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors define three immunoglobulin-like domains of the alpha-PDGF receptor that determine PDGF-AA binding specificity". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (31): 18741–4. PMID 2172231. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/265/31/18741.
- ^ Yu JC, Li W, Wang LM, Uren A, Pierce JH, Heidaran MA (1995). "Differential requirement of a motif within the carboxyl-terminal domain of alpha-platelet-derived growth factor (alpha PDGF) receptor for PDGF focus forming activity chemotaxis, or growth". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (13): 7033–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.13.7033. PMID 7706238. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/270/13/7033.
- ^ Hoch RV, Soriano P (2003). "Roles of PDGF in animal development". Development 130 (20): 4769–4784. doi:10.1242/dev.00721. PMID 12952899.
- ^ Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, Saksela O, Alitalo K, Olofsson B, von Euler G, Orpana A, Pettersson RF, Eriksson U (1996). "Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (6): 2567–2581. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.6.2576. PMC 39839. PMID 8637916. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC39839/.
- ^ Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, Chilov D, Lahtinen I, Kukk E, Saksela O, Kalkkinen N, Alitalo K (1996). "A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases". EMBO J. 15 (2): 290–298. PMC 449944. PMID 8617204. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449944/.
- ^ Lei KJ, Alitalo K, Maglione D, Guerriero V, Viglietto G, Ferraro MG, Aprelikova O, Chou JY, Persico MG, Del Vecchio S (1993). "Two alternative mRNAs coding for the angiogenic factor, placenta growth factor (PlGF), are transcribed from a single gene of chromosome 14". Oncogene 8 (4): 925–931. PMID 7681160.
- ^ "PDGF Pathways". http://www.multi-targetedtherapy.com/pdgfSignaling.asp. Retrieved 2007-11-17.
- ^ Barres BA, Hart IK, Coles HSR, Burne JF, Voyvodic JT, Richardson WD, Raff MC (1992). "Cell Death and Control of Cell Survival in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage". Cell 70 (1): 31–46. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90531-G. PMID 1623522.
- ^ a b Proto-Oncogene+Proteins+c-sis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ^ Paul D, Lipton A, Klinger I (1971). "Serum factor requirements of normal and simian virus 40-transformed 3T3 mouse fibroplasts". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 68 (3): 645–52. doi:10.1073/pnas.68.3.645. PMC 389008. PMID 5276775. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC389008/.
- ^ Shulman T, Sauer FG, Jackman RM, Chang CN, Landolfi NF (July 1997). "An antibody reactive with domain 4 of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor allows BB binding while inhibiting proliferation by impairing receptor dimerization". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (28): 17400–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.28.17400. PMID 9211881.
- ^ McClintock J, Chan I, Thaker S, Katial A, Taub F, Aotaki-Keen A, Hjelmeland L (1992). "Detection of c-sis proto-oncogene transcripts by direct enzyme-labeled cDNA probes and in situ hybridization". In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 28A (2): 102–8. doi:10.1007/BF02631013. PMID 1537750.
- ^ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-10/jdrf-rmo101211.php
- ^ http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2011/october/kim.html
External links
- platelet-derived+growth+factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- platelet-derived+growth+factor at eMedicine Dictionary
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Growth factors
|
|
| Fibroblast |
FGF receptor ligands: FGF1/FGF2/FGF5 · FGF3/FGF4/FGF6 · KGF (FGF7/FGF10/FGF22) · FGF8/FGF17/FGF18 · FGF9/FGF16/FGF20
FGF homologous factors: FGF11 · FGF12 · FGF13 · FGF14
hormone-like: FGF19 · FGF21 · FGF23
|
|
| EGF-like domain |
TGF-α · EGF · HB-EGF
|
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| TGFβ pathway |
TGF-β (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3)
|
|
| Insulin-like |
IGF-1 · IGF-2
|
|
| Platelet-derived |
PDGFA · PDGFB · PDGFC · PDGFD
|
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| Vascular endothelial |
VEGF-A · VEGF-B · VEGF-C · VEGF-D · PGF
|
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| Other |
Nerve · Hepatocyte
|
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B trdu: iter (nrpl/grfl/cytl/horl), csrc (lgic, enzr, gprc, igsr, intg, nrpr/grfr/cytr), itra (adap, gbpr, mapk), calc, lipd; path (hedp, wntp, tgfp+mapp, notp, jakp, fsap, hipp, tlrp)
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Neoplasm: Tumor suppressor genes/proteins and Oncogenes/Proto-oncogenes
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| Ligand |
|
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| Receptor |
|
Wnt signaling pathway
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Hedgehog signaling pathway
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TGF beta signaling pathway
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|
|
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Receptor tyrosine kinase
|
- ONCO: ErbB/c-ErbB
- c-Met
- c-Ret
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JAK-STAT signaling pathway
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|
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| Intracellular signaling P+Ps |
|
Wnt signaling pathway
|
- ONCO: Beta-catenin
- TSP: APC
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TGF beta signaling pathway
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Akt/PKB signaling pathway
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Hippo signaling pathway
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TSP: Neurofibromin 2/Merlin
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MAPK/ERK pathway
|
- TSP: Neurofibromin 1
- ONCO: c-Ras
- HRAS
- c-Raf
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Other/unknown
|
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| Nucleus |
|
Cell cycle
|
- TSP: p53
- pRb
- WT1
- p16/p14arf
- ONCO: CDK4
- Cyclin D
- Cyclin E
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DNA repair/Fanconi
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Ubiquitin ligase
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Transcription factor
|
- TSP: KLF6
- ONCO: AP-1
- c-Myc
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| Mitochondria |
- Apoptosis inhibitor: SDHB
- SDHD
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| Other/ungrouped |
- c-Bcl-2 - Notch - Stathmin
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