WordNet

any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose motion
the capacity of an organism to defend itself against harmful environmental agents; "these trees are widely planted because of their resistance to salt and smog"
the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with; "he encountered a general feeling of resistance from many citizens"; "despite opposition from the newspapers he went ahead" (同)opposition
(psychiatry) an unwillingness to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness
group action in opposition to those in power
the military action of resisting the enemys advance; "the enemy offered little resistance"
the degree of unresponsiveness of a disease-causing microorganism to antibiotics or other drugs (as in penicillin-resistant bacteria)
use recreational drugs (同)do drugs
administer a drug to; "They drugged the kidnapped tourist" (同)dose
a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉(…に)『抵抗』(『反抗』)『すること』;(…を)『こらえること』《+『to』(『against』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(病気などに対する)『抵抗力』《+『against』(『to』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(またresistance movement)(権力・圧制に対する)抵抗運動,レジスタンス / 〈U〉(空気の)抵抗;(電気の)抵抗
『薬』,薬品,薬剤 / 『麻薬』,麻酔剤 / 〈人〉‘に'薬(特に麻酔剤)を与える / 〈飲食物〉‘に'(麻酔薬・毒薬などの)薬を混ぜる

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1. I群抗不整脈薬の主な副作用 major side effects of class i antiarrhythmic drugs
2. アルコールおよびその他の薬物の有害な使用のスクリーニング screening for unhealthy use of alcohol and other drugs
3. HIV薬剤耐性検査アッセイの概要 overview of hiv drug resistance testing assays
4. HIV感染の臨床的マネージメントにおける薬剤耐性試験 drug resistance testing in the clinical management of hiv infection
5. 薬剤耐性結核の疫学および分子メカニズム epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of drug resistant tuberculosis

English Journal

Investigation and verification of a bioluminescent biosensor for the quantitation of ara-CTP generation: a biomarker for cytosine arabinoside sensitivity in acute myeloid leukaemia.

Anderson E, Conway M, Alloush H, O'Malley K, Smith MA, Martin A, Ruddock M, Reid C, Lamont J, Fitzgerald SP, Smith JG, Mehta P, Salisbury V.Author information Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.AbstractA novel whole cell bacterial biosensor, which emits light in response to the active metabolite of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C, cytarabine), ara-CTP, has been investigated and verified. The biosensor has been formulated as an ex vivo assay, designed for peripheral blood or bone marrow cells, which can produce a clinical result within a working day. The nucleoside analogue ara-C is a key agent for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML); treatment decisions are made rapidly with AML, patients often receiving same-day commencement of chemotherapy. Currently no rapid predictive test is available to select appropriate therapy for patients prior to treatment. Experiments were designed to determine optimal assay conditions using leukaemic cell lines. We observed a significant increase (~15 fold) in bioluminescence signal compared to control after 8-h incubation of the biosensor with ara-C. This corresponded to a >2-log increase in light output per bacterial cell. Interestingly, bioluminescence conferred a survival advantage to the bacteria following ara-C treatment. The assay is sensitive (lower limit of quantitation of 0.05 µM), selective, accurate (≤ 15% RE) and precise (≤ 15% coefficient of variation) over a linear concentration range of ara-CTP (0.05-0.5 µM), and detection is independent of reaction volume. Recovery of added standard was tested using ex vivo patient leukaemic cells (n=5). Stability studies on lyophilized bacterial biosensor were performed to ensure maintenance of performance over 12 months. The biosensor assay could be invaluable to the clinician, assisting with treatment selection, and potentially mitigating the risks of resistance and toxicity observed with this drug.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Feb 15;52:345-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.014. Epub 2013 Sep 16.
A novel whole cell bacterial biosensor, which emits light in response to the active metabolite of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C, cytarabine), ara-CTP, has been investigated and verified. The biosensor has been formulated as an ex vivo assay, designed for peripheral blood or bone marrow cells, which ca
PMID 24080214

Anti-mycobacterial activities of synthetic cationic α-helical peptides and their synergism with rifampicin.

Khara JS1, Wang Y1, Ke XY2, Liu S2, Newton SM3, Langford PR3, Yang YY4, Ee PL5.Author information 1Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.2Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore.3Section of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.4Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore. Electronic address: yyyang@ibn.a-star.edu.sg.5Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore. Electronic address: phaeplr@nus.edu.sg.AbstractThe rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) and the lack of effective therapies have prompted the development of compounds with novel mechanisms of action to tackle this growing public health concern. In this study, a series of synthetic cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) modified with different hydrophobic amino acids was investigated for their anti-mycobacterial activity, both alone and in synergistic combinations with the frontline anti-tuberculosis drug rifampicin. The addition of thiol groups by incorporating cysteine residues in the AMPs did not improve anti-mycobacterial activity against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while the enhancement of peptide hydrophobicity by adding methionine residues increased the efficacy of the primary peptide against all strains tested, including clinically isolated multidrug-resistant mycobacteria. The peptide with the optimal composition M(LLKK)2M was bactericidal, and eradicated mycobacteria via a membrane-lytic mechanism as demonstrated by confocal microscopic studies. Mycobacteria did not develop resistance after multiple exposures to sub-lethal doses of the peptide. In addition, the peptide displayed synergism with rifampicin against both Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG and additivity against M. tuberculosis. Moreover, such combination therapy is effective in delaying the emergence of rifampicin resistance. The ability to potentiate anti-TB drug activity, kill drug-resistant bacteria and prevent drug resistance highlights the potential utility of the peptide in combating multidrug-resistant TB.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Feb;35(6):2032-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.035. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
The rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) and the lack of effective therapies have prompted the development of compounds with novel mechanisms of action to tackle this growing public health concern. In this study, a series of synthetic cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptides (
PMID 24314557

Effect of stereochemistry, chain length and sequence pattern on antimicrobial properties of short synthetic β-sheet forming peptide amphiphiles.

Ong ZY, Cheng J, Huang Y, Xu K, Ji Z, Fan W, Yang YY.Author information Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.AbstractIn the face of mounting global antibiotics resistance, the identification and development of membrane-active antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as an alternative class of antimicrobial agent have gained significant attention. The physical perturbation and disruption of microbial membranes by the AMPs have been proposed to be an effective means to overcome conventional mechanisms of drug resistance. Recently, we have reported the design of a series of short synthetic β-sheet folding peptide amphiphiles comprised of recurring (X1Y1X2Y2)n-NH2 sequences where X: hydrophobic amino acids, Y: cationic amino acids and n: number of repeat units. In efforts to investigate the effects of key parameters including stereochemistry, chain length and sequence pattern on antimicrobial effects, systematic d-amino acid substitutions of the lead peptides (IRIK)2-NH2 (IK8-all L) and (IRVK)3-NH2 (IK12-all L) were performed. It was found that the corresponding D-enantiomers exhibited stronger antimicrobial activities with minimal or no change in hemolytic activities, hence translating very high selectivity indices of 407.0 and >>9.8 for IK8-all D and IK12-all D respectively. IK8-all D was also demonstrated to be stable to degradation by broad spectrum proteases trypsin and proteinase K. The membrane disrupting bactericidal properties of IK8-all D effectively prevented drug resistance development and inhibited the growth of various clinically isolated MRSA, VRE, Acinetobacter baumanni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cryptococcus. neoformans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Significant reduction in intracellular bacteria counts was also observed following treatment with IK8-all D in the Staphylococcus. aureus infected mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 (P < 0.01). These results suggest that the d-amino acids substituted β-sheet forming peptide IK8-all D with its enhanced antimicrobial activities and improved protease stability, is a promising therapeutic candidate with potential to combat antibiotics resistance in various clinical applications.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2014 Jan;35(4):1315-25. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.053. Epub 2013 Nov 7.
In the face of mounting global antibiotics resistance, the identification and development of membrane-active antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as an alternative class of antimicrobial agent have gained significant attention. The physical perturbation and disruption of microbial membranes by the AMPs hav
PMID 24211081

Japanese Journal

Helicobacter cinaedi敗血症を伴った多発性囊胞腎透析患者の1例

根岸真央人,南郷智香,日比野祐香,渡邊カンナ,権藤麻子,和田憲和,長岡由女,月森彩加,中村造,松本哲哉,菅野義彦
日本透析医学会雑誌 47(8), 501-506, 2014
症例は50代男性. 主訴は発熱と腹痛. 2年前に腎囊胞感染の既往があり, 1年前から血液透析を導入している. 入院時の所見から囊胞感染を疑い前回の治療を参考にニューキノロン系抗菌薬投与を行ったが反応は不良であった. 採取15日後に血液培養からHelicobacter cinaedi (H. cinaedi) を検出したためメロペネムを投与し, 良好な反応を得たが副作用のために中止した. その後各種 …
NAID 130004685520

末梢静脈カテーテルからの Acinetobacter 血流感染により敗血症性ショックに至った一例

南仁哲,祖父江和哉,間渕則文,藤田義人
日本集中治療医学会雑誌 = Journal of the Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine 19(1), 51-54, 2012-01-01
近年，医療関連感染の原因菌として注目されている<I>Acinetobacter</I>属は，易感染患者への日和見感染が多い。今回我々は，末梢静脈カテーテルからの<I>Acinetobacter</I>血流感染で集中治療を要した症例を経験したので報告する。患者は69歳男性で，上部消化管出血のため入院した。入院時に確保した末梢静脈カテーテル留置部に発赤を …
NAID 10030288184

農林水産省経営局長賞・奨励賞養豚場における薬剤耐性化の要因と抗生剤使用方法の改善策 (第34回家畜診療等技術全国研究集会・上位入賞論文)

有川彰信,辻厚史,山元のり子 [他]
家畜診療 55(6), 355-361, 2008-06
NAID 40016092775

「耐性菌」

　　[★]

英: resistant bacterium
同: 薬剤耐性菌 drug resistance bacterium drug resistant bacterium
関: 菌交代症、R因子

医療系の雑誌より(日経カデット11月？)

表1抗菌薬投与後に出現する可能性か高い耐性菌

系統	前投与抗菌薬	抗菌薬投与後に高頻度に検出される細菌
		自然耐性菌	獲得耐性菌
ペニシリン系	アンピシリン	Klebsiella pneumoniae	大腸菌、黄色ブドウ球菌(MSSA、MRSA)
	ピベラシリン		緑膿菌
セフエム系(第1・2世代)	セフアゾリン、セフォチアム	緑膿菌、腸球菌	黄色ブドウ球菌(MRSA)、大腸菌
セフエム系(第3世代)	セフ卜リアキソン	腸球菌	黄色ブドウ球菌(MRSA)、緑膿菌、大腸菌
	セフタジジム
	セフエビム
カルバペネム系	メロペネム	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	黄色ブドウ球菌(MRSA)、緑膿菌
	イミペネム
アミノグリコシド系	アミカシン	腸球菌、嫌気性菌	緑膿菌, Serratia marcescens
	トブラマイシン	レンサ球菌、肺炎球菌
マクロライド系	クラリスロマイシン	腸内細菌科	黄色ブドウ球菌、肺炎球菌、化膿性レンサ球菌
	アジスロマシン
テトラサイクリン系	ミノサイクリン	Proteus mirabilis	黄色ブドウ球菌(MRSA)、Brukholderia cepacia、Acinetobacter baumannii
		Morganella morganii
		Providencia rettgeri
キノロン系	レポフロキサシン	レンサ球菌	黄色ブドウ球菌(MRSA、大腸菌、緑膿菌

表2主な耐性菌と治療薬

主な耐性菌	治療薬
緑膿菌	アズトレオナム+ブラマイシン、シプロフロキサシン(感性株)、(コリスチン)
メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌(MRSA)	バンコマイシン、テイコプラ二ン、アルベカシン、リネゾリド、(ST合剤、リファンピシン)
ESBLs産生大腸菌	ドリペネム、メロペネム、イミペネム、アミカシン、ST合剤
グルコース非発酵性グラム陰性桿菌	ミノサイクリン、ピベラシリン、アンピシリン+スルバクタム、クロラムフェニコール、ST合剤、(コリスチン)
バンコマイシン耐性腸球菌	テイコプラ二ン(VanB型)、リネゾリド、キヌプリスチン/ダルホプリスチン
（）は多分保険適用かないか、日本では未発売