n.

熱発生、産熱、熱産性、熱産生、高温発生

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/03/02 14:52:07」(JST)

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Thermogenesis is the process of heat production in organisms. It occurs in all warm-blooded animals, and also in a few species of thermogenic plants such as the Eastern skunk cabbage, the Voodoo lily, and the giant water lilies of the genus Victoria. The lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum disperses its seeds explosively through thermogenesis.^[1]

Types

Depending on whether or not they are initiated through locomotion and intentional movement of the muscles, thermogenic processes can be classified as one of the following:

Exercise-associated thermogenesis (EAT)
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)

Shivering

One method to raise temperature is through shivering. It produces heat because the conversion of the chemical energy of ATP into kinetic energy causing some of the energy to show up as heat. It is not 100% efficient, meaning while some of the energy becomes heat, a portion is transferred to the kinetic energy that produces its characteristic muscular twitches. No productive movement is produced in shivering because antagonistic muscle pairs are simultaneously activated. Shivering is the process by which the body temperature of hibernating mammals (such as some bats and ground squirrels) is raised as these animals emerge from hibernation.

Non-shivering

Activation cascade of thermogenin in cells of brown adipose tissue

Non-shivering thermogenesis occurs in brown adipose tissue (brown fat)^[2] that is present in all eutherians (swine being the only exception currently known).^[3] Brown adipose tissue has a unique protein (thermogenin) that allows the uncoupling of protons moving down their mitochondrial gradient from the synthesis of ATP, thus allowing the energy to be dissipated as heat.^[4]

In this process, substances such as free fatty acids (derived from triacylglycerols) remove purine (ADP, GDP and others) inhibition of thermogenin (uncoupling protein 1), which causes an influx of H⁺ into the matrix of the mitochondrion and bypasses the ATP synthase channel. This uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and the energy from the proton motive force is dissipated as heat rather than producing ATP from ADP, which would store chemical energy for the body's use. Thermogenesis can also be produced by leakage of the sodium-potassium pump and the Ca²⁺ pump.^[5] Thermogenesis is contributed to by futile cycles, such as the simultaneous occurrence of lipogenesis and lipolysis or glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Acetylcholine stimulates muscle to raise metabolic rate.^[6]

The low demands of thermogenesis mean that free fatty acids draw, for the most part, on lipolysis as the method of energy production.

Regulation

Non-shivering thermogenesis is regulated mainly by thyroid hormone and the sympathetic nervous system. Some hormones, such as norepinephrine and leptin, may stimulate thermogenesis by activating the sympathetic nervous system. Rising insulin levels after eating may be responsible for diet-induced thermogenesis (thermic effect of food).

Potential use in fighting obesity

As a significant component of the metabolic rate, thermogenesis can potentially be stimulated to increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation. Thermogenics are commonly made up of ephedra, bitter orange, capsicum, ginger, guar gum, and pyruvate.^{[citation needed]} Caffeine and EGCG, both found in green tea, may increase thermogenesis regulated by catecholamines such as norepinephrine.^[7]^{[verification needed]} Researchers are also investigating the possibility of increasing the amount of brown adipose tissue in the body, a site of thermogenesis.^{[citation needed]} Leptin infusions, being studied due to the leptin resistance seen in obesity, may boost metabolism by stimulating thermogenesis and also reduce hunger and appetite.^{[citation needed]}

Although bodybuilding formulations comprise the most common use of thermogenics, the supplements are entering the mainstream dieting industry.

References

^ [1], Rolena A.J. deBruyn, Mark Paetkau, Kelly A. Ross, David V. Godfrey & Cynthia Ross Friedman. Thermogenesis-triggered seed dispersal in dwarf mistletoe.
^ Stuart Ira Fox. Human Physiology. Twelfth Edition. McGraw Hill. 2011. p. 667.
^ Hayward, John S.; Lisson, Paul A. (1992). "Evolution of brown fat: its absence in marsupials and monotremes". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 70 (1): 171–179. doi:10.1139/z92-025. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
^ Cannon, B.; Nedergaard, J. (2004). "Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance". Physiol. Rev. 84 (1): 277–359. doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003. PMID 14715917.
^ Morrissette, Jeffery M.; Franck, Jens P. G.; Block, Barbara A. (2003). "Characterization of ryanodine receptor and Ca²⁺-ATPase isoforms in the thermogenic heater organ of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 206: 805–812. doi:10.1242/jeb.00158. ISSN 0022-0949.
^ Evans SS, Repasky EA, Fisher DT (2015). "Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat". Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 (6): 335–349. doi:10.1038/nri3843. PMC 4786079. PMID 25976513.
^ Dulloo, Abdul (March 31, 1999). "Effects of green tea extracts on non-shivering thermogenesis during mild cold exposure in young men.". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 70 (6): 1040–1045. PMID 10584049. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

External links

Thermogenesis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 肥満の病因 pathogenesis of obesity
2. 成人における肥満：身体活動および運動の役割 obesity in adults role of physical activity and exercise
3. 成人における発熱の病態生理および治療 pathophysiology and treatment of fever in adults
4. 胸部PET thoracic positron emission tomography
5. 持続的なアルコール依存症患者における栄養状態 nutritional status in patients with sustained heavy alcohol use

English Journal

Ontogeny of non-shivering thermogenesis in Muscovy ducklings (Cairina moschata).

Teulier L1, Rouanet JL2, Rey B3, Roussel D2.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2014 Sep;175:82-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.012. Epub 2014 May 23.
In precocial birds, developing the capacity for early regulatory thermogenesis appears as a fundamental prerequisite for survival and growth in cold environments. However, the exact nature of these processes has not been thoroughly investigated. Several bird species, such as Muscovy ducks (Cairina m
PMID 24862961

Monoamine reuptake site occupancy of sibutramine: Relationship to antidepressant-like and thermogenic effects in rats.

Li YW1, Langdon S2, Pieschl R2, Strong T2, Wright RN2, Rohrbach K3, Lelas S2, Lodge NJ2.
European journal of pharmacology.Eur J Pharmacol.2014 Aug 15;737:47-56. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.024. Epub 2014 May 10.
Sibutramine was formerly marketed as an anti-obesity agent. The current study investigated the relationships between monoamine reuptake site occupancy for sibutramine and both its antidepressant-like efficacy and thermogenic effects. Sibutramine's effects on locomotor activity (LMA) and food intake
PMID 24821570

Sulphur-containing compounds of durian activate the thermogenesis-inducing receptors TRPA1 and TRPV1.

Terada Y1, Hosono T2, Seki T3, Ariga T4, Ito S5, Narukawa M6, Watanabe T7.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Aug 15;157:213-20. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.031. Epub 2014 Feb 15.
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is classified as a body-warming food in Indian herbalism, and its hyperthermic effect is empirically known in Southeast Asia. To investigate the mechanism underlying this effect, we focused on the thermogenesis-inducing receptors, TRPA1 and TRPV1. Durian contains sulp
PMID 24679773

Japanese Journal

GLP-1の受容体活性化作用は視床下部AMPキナーゼを介して褐色脂肪組織の熱産生と脂肪組織の褐色化を刺激する

Beiroa Daniel,Imbernon Monica,Gallego Rosalia [他]
Diabetes : a journal of the American Diabetes Association 8(3), 26-37, 2015-06
NAID 40020531179

Seasonal variation of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) during mild cold exposure

Nishimura Takayuki,Motoi Midori,Egashira Yuka,Choi Damee,Aoyagi Kiyoshi,Watanuki Shigeki
Journal of Physiological Anthropology 34, 11, 2015-03-13
… Background: The physiological function of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) has been investigated in recent years, and some studies have discussed the importance of NST with respect to human cold adaptation. …
NAID 120005606100

講演食行動における化学感覚と脳との関係 (小特集第15回アロマ・サイエンス・フォーラム2014 遺伝子は香り・匂いをどこまで操ることができるか(1))

鳥居邦夫
Aroma research = アロマリサーチ : journal of aroma science technology and safety 16(2), 176-182, 2015
NAID 40020499500

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「発熱」「thermogenic」「熱発生」「calorigenic」「熱生産性」
拡張検索	「dietary-induced thermogenesis」「diet-induced thermogenesis」

「発熱」

　　[★]

英: pyrexia
同: 熱 fever, thermogenesis
関: 熱型、≠高体温(体温調節機構の破綻による)、不明熱; ジェネラリスト診療が上手になる本 p.9

概念

体温中枢のセットポイント上昇による

分類

微熱：37.5℃以上　37.0～37.9℃(YN.)
発熱：38.0℃以上

ジェネラリスト診療が上手になる本 p.9

37.1～38.0℃：微熱
38.1～38.5℃：軽度発熱
38.6～39.0℃：中等度発熱
39.1℃～：高熱

小児

37.5℃以上

病態生理

発熱サイトカイン(IL-1, TNF)が視床下部に作用してPGE2の産生を亢進し、PGE2により体温調節中枢を司る細胞内のcAMP濃度が上昇することでの体温セットポイントがあがる。

熱源の精査

咽頭、肺、胆道系、泌尿器系、皮膚・軟部組織(蜂窩織炎、褥瘡)

疾患と発熱

膠原病と発熱

全身性エリテマトーデス：全身倦怠感(95%, 倦怠、発熱、食欲不振、体重減少) (REU.173)
成人型スチル病
結節性多発動脈炎

発熱40℃(PMID 8107744)

成人スティル病
細菌性感染性関節炎/化膿性関節炎
SLE

発熱の後に関節炎(PMID 8107744)

原因不明の熱の鑑別

感染症
腫瘍
膠原病
薬剤熱　→　比較的元気、比較的徐脈、比較的CRP

発熱と心拍数の関係

体温1℃上昇に付き心拍数20上がる。これ以上の上昇が見られる場合、敗血症を疑う。　　←　　1℃に付き10上がるという資料もあり(比較的徐脈)

発熱を伴う内科的緊急疾患

内科レジデントの鉄則第2版 p.6

院内における発熱の鑑別疾患

感染性　：肺、泌尿器、褥瘡、クロストリジウム・ディフィシル感染症、カテーテル関連感染症
非感染性：薬剤熱、偽痛風、深部静脈血栓症

小児科における発熱の原因

年齢	原因
乳児(生後3ヶ月未満)	敗血症、細菌性髄膜炎、尿路感染症、肺炎、B群溶連菌感染、グラム陰性桿菌
乳児(生後3ヶ月以降)	ウィルス感染（突発性発疹などの発疹性疾患）、中耳炎、尿路感染症、消化器・呼吸器疾患、川崎病
幼児、学童期	溶連菌感染症、伝染性単核球症、膠原病、factitious fever（詐病）、学校での感染症の流行

乳児における中耳炎、尿路感染症は症状が発熱であることが多く原因が追及しづらい。鼓膜を観察したり、尿の培養をすることが重要かもしれない。

小児における発熱

SPE.63

感染

呼吸器感染症：かぜ症候群、中耳炎、咽頭炎、扁桃炎、気管支炎、肺炎
消化器感染症：カンピロバクター、サルモネラ菌、赤痢菌、エルシニア感染症、虫垂炎
尿路感染症：腎盂腎炎　　←　1歳以下、2日以上かつ39℃超の発熱、感染源不明の場合は尿検査実施(also step beyond resident 2 救急で必ず出会う疾患編 p.25)
発疹性疾患
中枢神経感染症：髄膜炎、脳炎、脳膿瘍
循環器系感染症：心内膜炎、心筋炎
運動器感染症：骨髄炎、関節炎、筋炎
全身性感染症：敗血症、ツツガムシ病、EBウイルス感染症、粟粒結核、発疹チフス、エルシニア感染症

膠原病

若年性関節リウマチ、SLE、リウマチ熱

悪性腫瘍

白血病、神経芽腫、悪性細網症、悪性リンパ腫

夏季熱

中枢性発熱

脳腫瘍、頭蓋内出血、脳性麻痺

薬物

薬物アレルギー

内分泌

甲状腺機能亢進症

脱水症
そのた

心因性発熱、詐病、無汗性外胚葉異形成症、ウイルス感染性血球貪食症候群(VAHS)、不明熱(FUO)

新生児・乳児における発熱

see also step beyond resident 2 救急で必ず出会う疾患編 p.20

3ヶ月未満は免疫力が弱く重症細菌感染症にかかりやすい。

生後　　：対処

0-1ヶ月　：入院。血液検査・各種培養検査を。

2-3ヶ月　：外来で小児科医が診察し、血液検査で細菌感染が疑われれば入院

4-6ヶ月　：外来で小児科医が診察し、発熱以外に所見がなければ、十分な水分摂取を指示し、翌日再診を。

6ヶ月以降：食欲・機嫌がよければ、翌日再診を。

漢方医学

[show details]

「thermogenic」

　　[★]

発熱性の、熱発生の

関: calorigenesis、calorigenic、exothermic、pyretic、pyrogenic、pyrogenicity、thermogenesis

「熱発生」

　　[★]

英: thermogenesis、calorigenesis、thermogenic、calorigenic
関: 熱産生、熱生産性、発熱性

「calorigenic」

　　[★]

adj.

熱発生の

関: calorigenesis、thermogenesis、thermogenic

「熱生産性」

　　[★]

英: thermogenesis、thermogenetic
関: 熱産生、熱発生

「dietary-induced thermogenesis」

　　[★] 特異力学的作用。食事誘発性産熱反応 DIT

「diet-induced thermogenesis」

　　[★] 食事誘導性熱産生能 DIT

[Thermogenesis-triggered_seed_dispersal-1] [1], Rolena A.J. deBruyn, Mark Paetkau, Kelly A. Ross, David V. Godfrey & Cynthia Ross Friedman. Thermogenesis-triggered seed dispersal in dwarf mistletoe.

[2] Stuart Ira Fox. Human Physiology. Twelfth Edition. McGraw Hill. 2011. p. 667.

[3] Hayward, John S.; Lisson, Paul A. (1992). "Evolution of brown fat: its absence in marsupials and monotremes". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 70 (1): 171–179. doi:10.1139/z92-025. Retrieved 4 December 2014.

[4] Cannon, B.; Nedergaard, J. (2004). "Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance". Physiol. Rev. 84 (1): 277–359. doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003. PMID 14715917.

[5] Morrissette, Jeffery M.; Franck, Jens P. G.; Block, Barbara A. (2003). "Characterization of ryanodine receptor and Ca²⁺-ATPase isoforms in the thermogenic heater organ of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 206: 805–812. doi:10.1242/jeb.00158. ISSN 0022-0949.

[pmid25976513-6] Evans SS, Repasky EA, Fisher DT (2015). "Fever and the thermal regulation of immunity: the immune system feels the heat". Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 (6): 335–349. doi:10.1038/nri3843. PMC 4786079. PMID 25976513.

[7] Dulloo, Abdul (March 31, 1999). "Effects of green tea extracts on non-shivering thermogenesis during mild cold exposure in young men.". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 70 (6): 1040–1045. PMID 10584049. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

	実熱	虚熱
発病	急速に発病	緩徐に発病
症状	悪寒、高熱顔面紅潮苦痛あり、四肢運動多声大きく明瞭口渇強い便秘色調濃い尿	軽度悪寒、熱覚顔面蒼白苦痛少なく、静かに臥床声小さい口渇少ない軟便、下痢薄い色調の尿
脈	早く大きく、緊張	小さく早く、緊張なし
舌苔	厚くて乾燥、白～黄～褐色	薄くて白い、無苔、鏡面舌
その他	頭痛、関節痛、無汗～発汗	倦怠感、眩暈感、盗汗

実熱	麻黄湯	悪寒、発熱、頭痛、関節痛
	葛根湯	悪寒、発熱、頭痛、肩背部のこり
	小柴胡湯	午後からの発熱、食欲不振、口の苦み
	柴胡桂枝湯	詳細孤島の症状、関節痛、腹痛
	大柴胡湯	胆嚢炎、便秘
	柴陥湯	詳細孤島の症状、咳嗽、胸痛
	黄芩湯	発熱、腹痛、下痢
虚熱	桂枝湯	発熱、軽度の頭痛、発汗
	桂麻各半湯	発熱、発疹
	参蘇飲	発熱、食欲不振、咳嗽、あつがる
	柴胡桂枝乾姜湯	微熱、上半身の自汗、盗汗、食欲不振、背部の冷汗
	竹じょ温胆湯	発熱、咳嗽、不眠
	補中益気湯	微熱、倦怠感、食欲不振、盗汗
	滋陰降火湯	微熱、下半身の脱力感、盗汗、咳嗽
	滋陰至宝湯	微熱、倦怠感、食欲不振、精神不安定状態
	真武湯	陰病、微熱、食欲不振、倦怠感、いつも寝ている
	麻黄細辛附子湯	陰病、微熱、寒がる

匿名

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案内

thermogenesis