- adj.
- 発熱性の
WordNet
- produced by or producing fever (同)pyrogenous, pyrogenetic
- (of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with the liberation of heat (同)exothermal, heat-releasing
- causing fever
- any substance that can cause a rise in body temperature (同)pyrectic
- any substance characterized by its great flammability
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (化学変化で)放熱の,発熱の
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/14 11:54:51」(JST)
wiki en
This article is about the medical condition. For other uses, see Fever (disambiguation).
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| ICD-10 | R50 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 780.6 |
| DiseasesDB | 18924 |
| MedlinePlus | 003090 |
| eMedicine | med/785 |
| MeSH | D005334 |
Fever (also known as pyrexia[1]) is one of the most common medical signs and is characterized by an elevation of body temperature above the normal range of 36.5–37.5 °C (98–100 °F) due to an increase in the temperature regulatory set-point.[2] This increase in set-point triggers increased muscle tone and shivering.
As a person's temperature increases, there is, in general, a feeling of cold despite an increasing body temperature. Once the new temperature is reached, there is a feeling of warmth. A fever can be caused by many different conditions ranging from benign to potentially serious. There are arguments for and against the usefulness of fever, and the issue is controversial. With the exception of very high temperatures, treatment to reduce fever is often not necessary; however, antipyretic medications can be effective at lowering the temperature, which may improve the affected person's comfort.
Fever differs from uncontrolled hyperthermia,[1] in that hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the body's thermoregulatory set-point, due to excessive heat production and/or insufficient thermoregulation.
Contents
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Definition
| Temperature Classification | |
|---|---|
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| Hypothermia | <35.0 °C (95.0 °F)[3] |
| Normal | 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F)[2] |
| Fever | >37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)[1][4] |
| Hyperthermia | >37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)[1][4] |
| Hyperpyrexia | >40.0–41.5 °C (104–106.7 °F)[5][6] |
| Note: The difference between fever and hyperthermia is the mechanism. | |
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A wide range for normal temperatures has been found.[4] Fever is generally agreed to be present if the elevated temperature is caused by a raised set point and:
- Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal) is at or over 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F)[1][4]
- Temperature in the mouth (oral) is at or over 37.7 °C (99.9 °F)[7]
- Temperature under the arm (axillary) or in the ear (otic) is at or over 37.2 °C (99.0 °F)
In healthy adult men and women, the range of normal, healthy temperatures for oral temperature is 33.2–38.2 °C (91.8–100.8 °F), for rectal it is 34.4–37.8 °C (93.9–100 °F), for tympanic membrane (the ear drum) it is 35.4–37.8 °C (95.7–100 °F), and for axillary (the armpit) it is 35.5–37.0 °C (95.9–98.6 °F).[8] Harrison's textbook of internal medicine defines a fever as a morning temperature of >37.2°C (>98.9°F) or an evening temperature of >37.7°C (>99.9°F) while the normal daily temperature variation is typically 0.5°C (0.9°F).[9]
Normal body temperatures vary depending on many factors, including age, sex, time of day, ambient temperature, activity level, and more. A raised temperature is not always a fever. For example, the temperature of a healthy person rises when he or she exercises, but this is not considered a fever, as the set-point is normal. On the other hand, a "normal" temperature may be a fever, if it is unusually high for that person. For example, medically frail elderly people have a decreased ability to generate body heat, so a "normal" temperature of 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) may represent a clinically significant fever.
Types
Performance of the various types of fever
a) Fever continues
b) Fever continues to abrupt onset and remission
c) Fever remittent
d) Intermittent fever
e) Undulant fever
The pattern of temperature changes may occasionally hint at the diagnosis:
- Continuous fever: Temperature remains above normal throughout the day and does not fluctuate more than 1 °C in 24 hours, e.g. lobar pneumonia, typhoid, urinary tract infection, brucellosis, or typhus. Typhoid fever may show a specific fever pattern (Wunderlich curve of typhoid fever), with a slow stepwise increase and a high plateau. (Drops due to fever-reducing drugs are excluded.)
- Intermittent fever: The temperature elevation is present only for a certain period, later cycling back to normal, e.g. malaria, kala-azar, pyaemia, or septicemia. Following are its types [10]
- Quotidian fever, with a periodicity of 24 hours, typical of Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium knowlesi malaria
- Tertian fever (48 hour periodicity), typical of Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale malaria
- Quartan fever (72 hour periodicity), typical of Plasmodium malariae malaria.
- Remittent fever: Temperature remains above normal throughout the day and fluctuates more than 1 °C in 24 hours, e.g., infective endocarditis.
- Pel-Ebstein fever: A specific kind of fever associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma, being high for one week and low for the next week and so on. However, there is some debate as to whether this pattern truly exists.[11]
A neutropenic fever, also called febrile neutropenia, is a fever in the absence of normal immune system function. Because of the lack of infection-fighting neutrophils, a bacterial infection can spread rapidly; this fever is, therefore, usually considered to require urgent medical attention. This kind of fever is more commonly seen in people receiving immune-suppressing chemotherapy than in apparently healthy people.
Febricula is an old term for a low-grade fever, especially if the cause is unknown, no other symptoms are present, and the patient recovers fully in less than a week.[12]
Hyperpyrexia
Hyperpyrexia is a fever with an extreme elevation of body temperature greater than or equal to 41.5 °C (106.7 °F).[13] Such a high temperature is considered a medical emergency as it may indicate a serious underlying condition or lead to significant side effects.[14] The most common cause is an intracranial hemorrhage.[13] Other possible causes include sepsis, Kawasaki syndrome,[15] neuroleptic malignant syndrome, drug effects, serotonin syndrome, and thyroid storm.[14] Infections are the most common cause of fevers, however as the temperature rises other causes become more common.[14] Infections commonly associated with hyperpyrexia include: roseola, rubeola and enteroviral infections.[15] Immediate aggressive cooling to less than 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) has been found to improve survival.[14] Hyperpyrexia differs from hyperthermia in that in hyperpyrexia the body's temperature regulation mechanism sets the body temperature above the normal temperature, then generates heat to achieve this temperature, while in hyperthermia the body temperature rises above its set point due to an outside source.[13]
Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is an example of a high temperature that is not a fever. It occurs from a number of causes including heatstroke, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine, idiosyncratic drug reactions, and serotonin syndrome.
Signs and symptoms
Michael Peter Ancher, "The Sick Girl", 1882, Statens Museum for Kunst
A fever is usually accompanied by sickness behavior, which consists of lethargy, depression, anorexia, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, and the inability to concentrate.[16][17][18]
Differential diagnosis
Fever is a common symptom of many medical conditions:
- Infectious disease, e.g., influenza, HIV, malaria, infectious mononucleosis, or gastroenteritis
- Various skin inflammations, e.g., boils, or abscess
- Immunological diseases, e.g., lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, Kawasaki disease
- Tissue destruction, which can occur in hemolysis, surgery, infarction, crush syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, cerebral hemorrhage, etc.
- Reaction to incompatible blood products
- Cancers, most commonly kidney cancer and leukemia and lymphomas
- Metabolic disorders, e.g., gout or porphyria
- Thrombo-embolic processes, e.g., pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis
Persistent fever that cannot be explained after repeated routine clinical inquiries is called fever of unknown origin.
Pathophysiology
Hyperthermia: Characterized on the left. Normal body temperature (thermoregulatory set point) is shown in green, while the hyperthermic temperature is shown in red. As can be seen, hyperthermia can be conceptualized as an increase above the thermoregulatory set point.
Hypothermia: Characterized in the center: Normal body temperature is shown in green, while the hypothermic temperature is shown in blue. As can be seen, hypothermia can be conceptualized as a decrease below the thermoregulatory set point.
Temperature is ultimately regulated in the hypothalamus. A trigger of the fever, called a pyrogen, causes a release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 then in turn acts on the hypothalamus, which generates a systemic response back to the rest of the body, causing heat-creating effects to match a new temperature level.
In many respects, the hypothalamus works like a thermostat.[19] When the set point is raised, the body increases its temperature through both active generation of heat and retaining heat. Vasoconstriction both reduces heat loss through the skin and causes the person to feel cold. If these measures are insufficient to make the blood temperature in the brain match the new setting in the hypothalamus, then shivering begins in order to use muscle movements to produce more heat. When the fever stops, and the hypothalamic setting is set lower; the reverse of these processes (vasodilation, end of shivering and nonshivering heat production) and sweating are used to cool the body to the new, lower setting.
This contrasts with hyperthermia, in which the normal setting remains, and the body overheats through undesirable retention of excess heat or over-production of heat.[19] Hyperthermia is usually the result of an excessively hot environment (heat stroke) or an adverse reaction to drugs. Fever can be differentiated from hyperthermia by the circumstances surrounding it and its response to anti-pyretic medications.
Pyrogens
A pyrogen is a substance that induces fever. These can be either internal (endogenous) or external (exogenous) to the body. The bacterial substance lipopolysaccharide (LPS), present in the cell wall of some bacteria, is an example of an exogenous pyrogen. Pyrogenicity can vary: In extreme examples, some bacterial pyrogens known as superantigens can cause rapid and dangerous fevers. Depyrogenation may be achieved through filtration, distillation, chromatography, or inactivation.
Endogenous
In essence, all endogenous pyrogens are cytokines, molecules that are a part of the innate immune system. They are produced by phagocytic cells and cause the increase in the thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus. Major endogenous pyrogens are interleukin 1 (α and β),[20] interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Minor endogenous pyrogens include interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, tumor necrosis factor-β, macrophage inflammatory protein-α and macrophage inflammatory protein-β as well as interferon-α, interferon-β, and interferon-γ.[20]
These cytokine factors are released into general circulation, where they migrate to the circumventricular organs of the brain due to easier absorption caused by the blood–brain barrier's reduced filtration action there. The cytokine factors then bind with endothelial receptors on vessel walls, or interact with local microglial cells. When these cytokine factors bind, the arachidonic acid pathway is then activated.
Exogenous
One model for the mechanism of fever caused by exogenous pyrogens includes LPS, which is a cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria. An immunological protein called lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) binds to LPS. The LBP–LPS complex then binds to the CD14 receptor of a nearby macrophage. This binding results in the synthesis and release of various endogenous cytokine factors, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In other words, exogenous factors cause release of endogenous factors, which, in turn, activate the arachidonic acid pathway.
PGE2 release
PGE2 release comes from the arachidonic acid pathway. This pathway (as it relates to fever), is mediated by the enzymes phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 synthase. These enzymes ultimately mediate the synthesis and release of PGE2.
PGE2 is the ultimate mediator of the febrile response. The set point temperature of the body will remain elevated until PGE2 is no longer present. PGE2 acts on neurons in the preoptic area (POA) through the prostaglandin E receptor 3 (EP3). EP3-expressing neurons in the POA innervate the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), the rostral raphe pallidus nucleus in the medulla oblongata (rRPa), and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus . Fever signals sent to the DMH and rRPa lead to stimulation of the sympathetic output system, which evokes non-shivering thermogenesis to produce body heat and skin vasoconstriction to decrease heat loss from the body surface. It is presumed that the innervation from the POA to the PVN mediates the neuroendocrine effects of fever through the pathway involving pituitary gland and various endocrine organs.
Hypothalamus
The brain ultimately orchestrates heat effector mechanisms via the autonomic nervous system. These may be:
- Increased heat production by increased muscle tone, shivering and hormones like epinephrine
- Prevention of heat loss, such as vasoconstriction.
In infants, the autonomic nervous system may also activate brown adipose tissue to produce heat (non-exercise-associated thermogenesis, also known as non-shivering thermogenesis). Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction contribute to increased blood pressure in fever.
Usefulness
There are arguments for and against the usefulness of fever, and the issue is controversial.[21][22] There are studies using warm-blooded vertebrates[23] and humans[24] in vivo, with some suggesting that they recover more rapidly from infections or critical illness due to fever. A Finnish study suggested reduced mortality in bacterial infections when fever was present.[25]
In theory, fever can aid in host defense.[21] There are certainly some important immunological reactions that are sped up by temperature, and some pathogens with strict temperature preferences could be hindered.[26]
Research[27] has demonstrated that fever assists the healing process in several important ways:
- Increased mobility of leukocytes
- Enhanced leukocytes phagocytosis
- Endotoxin effects decreased
- Increased proliferation of T cells[28]
Management
Fever should not necessarily be treated.[29] Most people recover without specific medical attention.[30] Although it is unpleasant, fever rarely rises to a dangerous level even if untreated. Damage to the brain generally does not occur until temperatures reach 42 °C (107.6 °F), and it is rare for an untreated fever to exceed 41 °C (105 °F).[29] Some limited evidence supports sponging or bathing feverish children with tepid water.[31] The use of a fan or air conditioning may somewhat reduce the temperature and increase comfort. If the temperature reaches the extremely high level of hyperpyrexia, aggressive cooling is required.[14] In general, people are advised to keep adequately hydrated.[32] Whether increased fluid intake improves symptoms or shortens respiratory illnesses such as the common cold is not known.[33]
Medications
Medications that lower fevers are called antipyretics. The antipyretic ibuprofen is effective in reducing fevers in children.[34] It is more effective than acetaminophen (paracetamol) in children. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen may be safely used together in children with fevers.[35][36] The efficacy of acetaminophen by itself in children with fevers has been questioned.[37] Ibuprofen is also superior to aspirin in children with fevers.[38] Additionally, aspirin is not recommended in children and young adults (those under the age of 16 or 19 depending on the country) due to the risk of Reye's syndrome.[39]
Epidemiology
About 5% of people who go to an emergency room have a fever.[40]
History
By the time of Hippocrates several patterns of fever had been recognised: these included the tertian (every 48 hours) and quartan (every 72 hours) fevers caused by malaria.[41] Over the succeeding centuries a general consensus arose regarding what constitutes a fever, the distinction between fever as a symptom and fever as a disease, an elaborate classification scheme for multiple types of fever, hypotheses as to the causes of fever and various methods for diagnosing and treating fevers. In the 10th century the Persian physician Akhawaynī created the concept of a fever curve - fever against time as a diagnostic aid.
Society and culture
Fever phobia
Fever phobia is the name given by medical experts to parents' misconceptions about fever in their children. Among them, many parents incorrectly believe that fever is a disease rather than a medical sign, that even low fevers are harmful, and that any temperature even briefly or slightly above the oversimplified "normal" number marked on a thermometer is a clinically significant fever.[42] They are also afraid of harmless side effects like febrile seizures and dramatically overestimate the likelihood of permanent damage from typical fevers.[42] The underlying problem, according to professor of pediatrics Barton D. Schmitt, is "as parents we tend to suspect that our children’s brains may melt."[43]
As a result of these misconceptions parents are anxious, give the child fever-reducing medicine when the temperature is technically normal or only slightly elevated, and interfere with the child's sleep to give the child more medicine.[42]
Etymology
Pyrexia is from the Greek pyr meaning fire. Febrile is from the Latin word febris, meaning fever, and archaically known as ague.
In other animals
Fever is an important feature for the diagnosis of disease in domestic animals. The body temperature of animals, which is taken rectally, is different from one species to another. For example, a horse is said to have a fever above 101.0 °F (38.3 °C).[44]
In species that allow the body to have a wide range of "normal" temperatures, such as camels,[45] it is sometimes difficult to determine a febrile stage.
References
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- ^ Hilson AJ (July 1995). "Pel-Ebstein fever". N. Engl. J. Med. 333 (1): 66–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199507063330118. PMID 7777006.. They cite Richard Asher's lecture Making Sense (Lancet, 1959, 2, 359)
- ^ Rolla L. Thomas (1906) [1906]. The eclectic practice of medicine. The Scudder Brothers Company. p. 261. http://books.google.com/books?id=HglMAAAAMAAJ.
- ^ a b c Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Braunwald, Eugene; Dennis L. Kasper; Hauser, Stephen L; Longo, Dan L. (2008). "Chapter 17, Fever versus hyperthermia". Harrison's principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-146633-9.
- ^ a b c d e McGugan EA (March 2001). "Hyperpyrexia in the emergency department". Emerg. Med. (Fremantle) 13 (1): 116–20. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2001.00189.x. PMID 11476402.
- ^ a b Marx 2006, p. 2506
- ^ Hart BL (1988). "Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals". Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 12 (2): 123–37. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(88)80004-6. PMID 3050629.
- ^ Johnson RW (2002). "The concept of sickness behavior: a brief chronological account of four key discoveries". Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 87 (3–4): 443–50. doi:10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00069-7. PMID 12072271.
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- ^ a b Fauci, Anthony (2008). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (17 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 117–121. ISBN 978-0-07-146633-2.
- ^ a b Chapter 58 in: Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
- ^ a b Schaffner A (2006). "Fever--useful or noxious symptom that should be treated?". Therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique 63 (3): 185–8. PMID 16613288.
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- ^ Schulman CI, Namias N, Doherty J, Manning RJ, Li P, Elhaddad A, Lasko D, Amortegui J et al. (2005). "The effect of antipyretic therapy upon outcomes in critically ill patients: a randomized, prospective study". Surgical infections 6 (4): 369–75. doi:10.1089/sur.2005.6.369. PMID 16433601.
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- ^ Fischler M.P., Reinhart W.H. (1997). "Fever: friend or enemy?". Schweiz Med Wochenschr 127 (20): 864–70. PMID 9289813.
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- ^ a b "Fever". Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
- ^ "What To Do If You Get Sick: 2009 H1N1 and Seasonal Flu". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009-05-07. http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/sick.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
- ^ Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A (2003). Meremikwu, Martin M. ed. "Physical methods for treating fever in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD004264. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004264. PMID 12804512.
- ^ "Fever". National Institute of Health. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fever.html.
- ^ Guppy, MP; Mickan, SM, Del Mar, CB, Thorning, S, Rack, A (2011 Feb 16). Guppy, Michelle PB. ed. "Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (2): CD004419. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004419.pub3. PMID 21328268.
- ^ Perrott DA, Piira T, Goodenough B, Champion GD (June 2004). "Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children's pain or fever: a meta-analysis". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158 (6): 521–6. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.6.521. PMID 15184213.
- ^ Hay AD, Redmond NM, Costelloe C et al. (May 2009). "Paracetamol and ibuprofen for the treatment of fever in children: the PITCH randomised controlled trial". Health Technol Assess 13 (27): iii–iv, ix–x, 1–163. doi:10.3310/hta13270 (inactive 2010-09-13). PMID 19454182. http://www.hta.ac.uk/fullmono/mon1327.pdf.
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- ^ Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A (2002). Meremikwu, Martin M. ed. "Paracetamol for treating fever in children". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD003676. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003676. PMID 12076499.
- ^ Autret E, Reboul-Marty J, Henry-Launois B et al. (1997). "Evaluation of ibuprofen versus aspirin and paracetamol on efficacy and comfort in children with fever". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 51 (5): 367–71. doi:10.1007/s002280050215. PMID 9049576.
- ^ "2.9 Antiplatelet drugs". British National Formulary for Children. British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. 2007. pp. 151.
- ^ Nassisi, Denise (January 2012). "Evidence-Based Guidelines For Evaluation And Antimicrobial Therapy For Common Emergency DepartmentInfections". Emergency Medicine Practice 14 (1).
- ^ Sajadi MM, Bonabi R, Sajadi MR, Mackowiak PA (2012) Akhawayni and the first fever Curve. Clin Infect Dis
- ^ a b c Crocetti M, Moghbeli N, Serwint J (June 2001). "Fever phobia revisited: have parental misconceptions about fever changed in 20 years?". Pediatrics 107 (6): 1241–6. doi:10.1542/peds.107.6.1241. PMID 11389237.
- ^ Klass, Perri (10 January 2011). "Lifting a Veil of Fear to See a Few Benefits of Fever". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/11/health/11klass.html.
- ^ "Equusite Vital Signs". www.equusite.com. http://www.equusite.com/articles/health/healthVitalSigns.shtml. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
- ^ "Body Temperature of the Camel and Its Relation to Water Economy". ajplegacy.physiology.org. http://ajplegacy.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/188/1/103. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
Further reading
- Rhoades, R. and Pflanzer, R. Human physiology, third edition, chapter 27 Regulation of body temperature, p. 820 Clinical focus: pathogenesis of fever. ISBN 0-03-005159-2
External links
- What to do if your child has a fever from Seattle Children's Hospital
- Fever and Taking Your Child's Temperature
- US National Institute of Health factsheet
- Drugs most commonly associated with the adverse event Pyrexia (Fever) as reported the FDA
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- Stang K1, Krajewski S2, Neumann B3, Kurz J4, Post M5, Stoppelkamp S6, Fennrich S7, Avci-Adali M8, Armbruster D9, Schlensak C10, Burgener IA11, Wendel HP12, Walker T13.
- Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2014 Sep 1;42:422-8. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.070. Epub 2014 Jun 6.
- Next to good hemocompatibility performance of new medical devices, which has to be tested according to the ISO 10993-4, the detection of pyrogen-contaminated devices plays a pivotal role for safe device application. During blood contact with pyrogen-contaminated devices, intense inflammatory and hem
- PMID 25063137
- Concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust in China.
- Qi H1, Li WL1, Zhu NZ1, Ma WL2, Liu LY1, Zhang F3, Li YF4.
- The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2014 Sep 1;491-492:100-7. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.119. Epub 2014 Mar 3.
- Indoor dust samples were collected across China in the winter of 2010 from 45 private domiciles and 36 public buildings. 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by GC-MS. Total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 1.00μg/g to 470μg/g with a mean value of 30.9μg/g. High-molecular
- PMID 24602396
Japanese Journal
- First-principles calculations of orientation dependence of Si thermal oxidation based on Si emission model
- Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 57(4S), 04FB06, 2018-03-13
- NAID 150000115515
- ワクチンとアジュバントの免疫薬学的及び免疫毒性学的な評価
- 日本毒性学会学術年会 45.1(0), S19-3, 2018
- NAID 130007432563
- 伊勢湾・三河湾における表層堆積物中多環芳香族炭化水素の分布
- 地球化学 52(2), 95-105, 2018
- NAID 130007410691
Related Links
- pyrogenic 【形】発熱性の、熱によって生じる、熱を生じさせる、火成の - アルクがお届けするオンライン英和・和英辞書検索サービス。 ... 【形】 発熱性の、熱によって生じる、熱を生じさせる、火成の
- 2. pyrogenic - produced under conditions involving intense heat; "igneous rock is rock formed by solidification from a molten state; especially from molten magma ... The in vivo pyrogen study demonstrated that Magnelle-powered ...
- パイロジェンフリー【pyrogen free】とは。意味や解説、類語。医薬品や医療用具などに、体内で外因性発熱物質（パイロジェン）としてはたらく物質が含まれていないこと。通常、発熱物質は細菌に由来する内毒素（エンドトキシン）を ...
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★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「thermogenic」「exothermic」「pyretic」「発熱性」 |
| 拡張検索 | 「pyrogenicity」「streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin」 |
| 関連記事 | 「pyrogen」 |
「thermogenic」
- 発熱性の、熱発生の
「exothermic」
- 発熱性の、発熱の
「pyretic」
- adj.
- 発熱性の
「発熱性」
「pyrogenicity」
「streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin」
「pyrogen」
- np.