出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/27 00:01:50」(JST)
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"Pitting" edema
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| ICD-10 | R60.9 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 782.3 |
| DiseasesDB | 9148 |
| MedlinePlus | 003103 |
| MeSH | D004487 |
Edema (American English) or oedema (British English) (/ɪˈdimə/; from the Greek οἴδημα—oídēma, "swelling"[1]), formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, which are locations beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body. It is clinically shown as swelling. Generally, the amount of interstitial fluid is determined by the balance of fluid homeostasis, and increased secretion of fluid into the interstitium or impaired removal of this fluid may cause edema.
Cutaneous edema is referred to as "pitting" when, after pressure is applied to a small area, the indentation persists after the release of the pressure. Peripheral pitting edema, as shown in the illustration, is the more common type, resulting from water retention. It can be caused by systemic diseases, pregnancy in some women, either directly or as a result of heart failure, or local conditions such as varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, insect bites, and dermatitis.
Non-pitting edema is observed when the indentation does not persist. It is associated with such conditions as lymphedema, lipedema, and myxedema.
Edema caused by malnutrition defines kwashiorkor, an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates. The insufficient protein consumption, but with sufficient calorie intake, distinguishes it from marasmus. Kwashiorkor cases occurs in areas of famine or poor food supply. Cases in the developed world are rare.
| Grade | Definition |
|---|---|
| "Absent" | Absent or unilateral |
| Grade + | Mild: Both feet / ankles |
| Grade ++ | Moderate: Both feet, plus lower legs, |
| Grade +++ | Severe: Generalised bilateral pitting edema, |
A rise in hydrostatic pressure occurs in cardiac failure. A fall in osmotic pressure occurs in nephrotic syndrome and liver failure. It is commonly thought that these facts explain the occurrence of edema in these conditions. However, it has been known since the 1950s that the situation is more complex and it is still far from completely understood.[3]
Causes of edema which are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally. For example, severe heart failure can cause pulmonary edema, pleural effusions, ascites and peripheral edema. In rare cases, a Parvovirus B19 infection may cause generalized edemas.[4]
Although a low plasma oncotic pressure is widely cited for the edema of nephrotic syndrome, most physicians note that the edema may occur before there is any significant protein in the urine (proteinuria) or fall in plasma protein level. Fortunately there is another explanation available. Most forms of nephrotic syndrome are due to biochemical and structural changes in the basement membrane of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli, and these changes occur, if to a lesser degree, in the vessels of most other tissues of the body. Thus the resulting increase in permeability that leads to protein in the urine can explain the edema if all other vessels are more permeable as well.[5]
As well as the previously mentioned conditions, edemas often occur during the late stages of pregnancy in some women. This is more common with those of a history of pulmonary problems or poor circulation also being intensified if arthritis is already present in that particular woman. Women that already have arthritic problems most often have to seek medical help for pain caused from over-reactive swelling. Edemas that occur during pregnancy are usually found in the lower part of the leg, usually from the calf down.
An edema will occur in specific organs as part of inflammations, tendinitis or pancreatitis, for instance. Certain organs develop edema through tissue specific mechanisms.
Examples of edema in specific organs:
Six factors can contribute to the formation of edema:
Generation of interstitial fluid is regulated by the forces of the Starling equation.[8] Hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels tends to cause water to filter out into the tissue. This leads to a difference in protein concentration between blood plasma and tissue. As a result the oncotic pressure of the higher level of protein in the plasma tends to draw water back into the blood vessels from the tissue. Starling's equation states that the rate of leakage of fluid is determined by the difference between the two forces and also by the permeability of the vessel wall to water, which determines the rate of flow for a given force imbalance. Most water leakage occurs in capillaries or post capillary venules, which have a semi-permeable membrane wall that allows water to pass more freely than protein. (The protein is said to be reflected and the efficiency of reflection is given by a reflection constant of up to 1.) If the gaps between the cells of the vessel wall open up then permeability to water is increased first, but as the gaps increase in size permeability to protein also increases with a fall in reflection coefficient.
Changes in the variables in Starling's equation can contribute to the formation of edemas either by an increase in hydrostatic pressure within the blood vessel, a decrease in the oncotic pressure within the blood vessel or an increase in vessel wall permeability. The latter has two effects. It allows water to flow more freely and it reduces the oncotic pressure difference by allowing protein to leave the vessel more easily.
When possible, treatment involves resolving the underlying cause.
Treatment may also involve positioning the affected body parts to improve drainage. For example, swelling in feet or ankles may be reduced by having the person lie down in bed or sit with the feet propped up on cushions. Intermittent pneumatic compression can be used to pressurize tissue in a limb, forcing fluids to flow out of pressurized area.
Edema in plants is the extended swelling in plant organs caused primarily by an excessive accumulation of water, a condition most damaging in Cacti, Fuchsias, Pelargonium and Succulents. The excess absorption of water can cause cells to rupture, partly due to the cell walls being composed of flexible cellulose.[citation needed]
Foot, c. 2 weeks post surgery because of compartment syndrome
Left and right ring fingers of the same individual. The distal phalanx of the finger on the right exhibits edema due to acute paronychia.
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| リンク元 | 「浮腫」「病理学」「脛骨前粘液水腫」「dropsy」「edematous」 |
| 圧痕性浮腫 | 非圧痕性浮腫 | ||
| pitting edema | nonpitting edema | ||
| 病態 | 水のみが間質に貯留 圧痕を残す |
水分＋血漿由来物質の蓄積(ムコ多糖、蛋白質）・炎症細胞の浸潤 圧痕を残さない | |
| 疾患 | fast edema | slow edema | 甲状腺機能低下症 局所性炎症(蜂窩織炎、虫さされ) 強皮症 |
| 低アルブミン血症 | 心不全 腎不全 | ||
myxedema circumscriptum pretibiale