GPA

• growth promoting activity
• grade point average
• 多発血管炎性肉芽腫症 granulomatosis with polyangiitis = ウェゲナー肉芽腫症
• gastro-protective agent

WordNet

1. a measure of a students academic achievement at a college or university; calculated by dividing the total number of grade points received by the total number attempted (同)GPA
2. the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)g

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. general practitioner一般開業医

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/18 14:56:41」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

GPA（Grade Point Average）とは、各科目の成績から特定の方式によって算出された学生の成績評価値のこと、あるいはその成績評価方式のことをいう。欧米の大学や高校などで一般的に使われており、留学の際など学力を測る指標となる。日本においても、成績評価指標として導入する大学が増えてきている。主成分分析を援用した指標である。

概要

例えばアメリカ合衆国で使われている計算方式であれば、まず、各科目の5段階評価を、以下のように換算し合計する。

※一例

評価	点数	グレード	ポイント
優もしくは秀	90-100点	A	4
良もしくは優	80-89点	B	3
可もしくは良	70-79点	C	2
準可もしくは可	60-69点	D	1
不可	59点以下	F	0

スコアは、各科目の(単位数×ポイント)の合計÷総単位数（履修登録単位の総数）で求めることができる。この場合、オールAなら4.00、オールFなら0.00となる（注意：国によって一般的な計算方式や値が違う。また、4.00が通常の最高値であっても、たとえば高校でのGPAの場合、大学相当の内容の講義を受けている場合には一定の補数を乗じて、その科目のAを4以上として算出する場合もある）。

また、大学院においては9ポイントスケール（9.0=A+, 8.0=A, 7.0=A-,6.0=B+, 5.0=B, ...）を採用する大学もある（例：ミシガン大学大学院）。　大学において導入される場合、国や各大学によって違いはあるものの、入学者の選抜に用いられるほか、それまでの学期の累計のスコアの合計点によって次学期に履修できる単位の上限が変動したり、あるいは次の学年への進級の可否が決まる制度が導入されることが多い（もちろん、これらの制度も国によって違いがある）。とくに卒業条件としてGPAが使われる場合（たとえば平均2以上など）、不用意にいくつもの講義を履修しFを取るとそれを上回る量のAやBでカバーしなければならない。あるいは留年、休学や退学勧告となる。そのため、GPA制度導入に際しては、履修後に自分に合わない場合や単位取得が難しい講義を途中で履修を取り消す措置（履修中止制度）を同時に導入する場合も多い。高いスコアを継続して取り、1学期あたりの科目数を増やしてそれらを高成績でクリアすれば、3年間で大学を卒業できると言うメリットを用意する大学もある。

したがって、「GPAを導入」するといった場合には、単に成績の数値化を導入する場合（この場合、取得単位数がいくつ以下、あるいは不可がいくつ以上なら留年などとする規則をGPA換算に置き換えて導入されたりする）と、それに付随するルール（履修中止制度）なども導入する場合とでは本質的に異なるので注意を要する。後者の方式では学生が自分に合った戦略を持って履修せねばならず「自己分析」には良いとされ、その学生の得意とする分野・科目に集中するには良いとされる一方、不得意科目は自然と敬遠することにもなる。また、履修中止制度は講義の受講を完全に途中で取り消すために、理解が困難な科目や不得意科目において「得意ではないが全体像は把握している」という学生すら育たない可能性がある。さらに、必修科目が多く科目選択肢がほとんどない専攻分野などでは、そういった制度を導入してもあまり意味がないことになる。特に日本では自分の専攻分野を決めて入学しなければいけない場合が多く、そのためこれらの制度は日本の教育制度には不向きであるとする意見もある。ほかに、学生が高度な内容の講義を敬遠したり、底上げした良い成績を与える傾向ができてしまったり、また学校や教員によって授業の難易度が違うこともあり、比較する場合には必ずしも公平な指標とならないなどの問題点も指摘されている。

なお、留学に用いる場合には、国によって教育事情や履修科目内容が違うため注意する必要がある。たとえば日本の高校（あるいは大学）での履修科目が、外国では大学（あるいは大学院）での履修科目になっていることもある。

日本での導入

日本でも少子化時代の到来を見据えた大学改革の潮流の中で、この制度を採用する大学が増えている。 文部科学省によるとGPA制度を導入している日本の大学は平成17年度に248大学（全体の35%）、平成18年度に294大学（全体の40%）となっている。

脚注

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"GPA" redirects here. For other uses, see GPA (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with grade level.

Academic grading
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South America
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Asia
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ECTS European Baccalaureate GPA in Central and Eastern Europe Albania Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
Oceania
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Grading in education is the process of applying standardized measurements of varying levels of achievement in a course.

Grades can be assigned in letters, as a range (for example 1 to 6), as a percentage of a total number correct, or as a number out of a possible total (for example out of 20 or 100).

In some countries, all grades from all current classes are averaged to create a grade point average (GPA) for the marking period. The GPA is calculated by taking the number of grade points a student earned in a given period of time of middle school through high school. The GPA can be used by potential employers or educational institutions to assess and compare applicants. A Cumulative Grade Point Average is a calculation of the average of all of a student's grades for all of his or her complete education career.

History of grading

Yale University historian George W. Pierson writes "According to tradition the first grades issued at Yale (and possibly the first in the country) were given out in the year 1785, when President Ezra Stiles, after examining 58 Seniors, recorded in his diary that there were 'Twenty Optimi, sixteen second Optimi, twelve Inferiores (Boni), ten Pejores.'" Keith Hoskin argues that the concept of grading students' work quantitatively was developed by a tutor named William Farish and first implemented by the University of Cambridge in 1792. Hoskin's assertion has been questioned by Christopher Stray, who finds the evidence for Farish as the inventor of the numerical mark to be unpersuasive. Stray's article elucidates the complex relationship between the mode of examination (testing), in this case oral or written, and the varying philosophies of education these modes imply, both to teacher and student. As a technology, grading both shapes and reflects many fundamental areas of educational theory and practice.

International grading systems

Most nations have individual grading systems unique to their own schools. However, several international standards for grading have arisen recently.

Main article: European Baccalaureate

International Baccalaureate

In the IBDP (International Baccalaureate Diploma Program), which covers the final two years of high school, as well at the associated MYP (Middle Years Program) grades are given on a scale of 1-7, with 7 representing the highest level of achievement. Scores are always represented with whole numbers (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, & 7 are the only possible grades). Because these grades do not represent percentages, but instead correspond with specific rubric requirements, one could theoretically answer 90% of questions on a given exam correctly, but still get a 5 if the 10% they missed represented crucial problems that corresponded to the 6 and 7 grade mark-bands. Additionally, each subject has slightly different ranges that correspond with different grading boundaries, making it difficult to compare IB grades with other education systems.

In the MYP, a student takes several classes that are each graded on the 7-point grading scale, including a First Language, a Second Language, Humanities, Math, Science, Physical Education, Technology, and the Arts, as well as a creative project accompanied by a 4,000-word paper which is completed in the fifth and final year of the MYP. At the end of the program, each of these grades are listed separately on the student's MYP certificate.

Similarly, the IBDP classes are graded on the 7-point grading scale. These classes are in six groups: First Language, Second Language, Humanities, Science, Math, and an elective course. An IBDP student will take one class in each of these groups, and additionally participates in the Core Program: TOK (Theory of Knowledge); CAS (Creativity, Action, Service — students are required to perform extracurriculars in each of these areas); and Extended Essay (a 4,000-word research paper on a topic of the student's choosing). TOK and the Extended Essay are both given a letter grade similar to those used in the American grading system, based on whether they met specific criteria, while CAS is simply a pass-or-fail program. Based on the combination of these three core programs, the student is given 0-3 points.

On the final International Baccalaureate Diploma given to graduating IBDP students, the points awarded for each area are listed individually, as in the MYP certificate. However, unlike in the MYP, on an IB Diploma the points are also all added up for a final overall grade, in that way roughly corresponding to a GPA in that it represents an overall achievement. The maximum IB score is 45 (7 points each in 6 subjects, plus 3 core points). Normal world averages are about 29 to 30.

Grading systems by country

Asia

Different countries in Asia have a variety of grading scales. Grading scales for some countries in that part of the world are described in this article.

Mongolia

Main article: Academic grading in Mongolia

University

Percentage	Grades	GPA
96–100	A	4.0
91–95	A-	3.2
88-90	B+	3.0
84-87	B	2.9
81-83	B-	2.7
78-80	C+	2.0
74-77	C	1.5
71-73	C-	1.7
68-70	D+	1.3
64-67	D	1.0
61-63	D-	0.7
0-60	F	0.0

China

Main article: Academic grading in China

Hong Kong

Below are the percentages and their grade and GPA equivalents

University

Percentage	Grades	GPA
80–100	A	3.7-4.3
60–79	B	2.3-3.3
50–59	C	1.7-2.3
40–49	D	1.3-1.0
Below 40	F	0

India

Main article: Academic grading in India

Grading in Universities

Indian Universities follow Percentage System and Indian Institutes of Technology follow 10 point GPA System . The Percentage System works as :

• Maximum Marks:100
• Minimum Marks: 0
• Minimum Marks Required for Passing: 40 or 30 ( Depending on University)

Percentage	Classification/ Division
70% and above	Distinction / Outstanding
60 % and above but below 70%	First class
50 % and above but below 60%	Second Class
40 % ( or 35%)* and above but below 50%	Pass Class
Below 40% ( or 35%)*	Fail

* At selected India institutions, a lower percentage may be considered passing.

The 8 point GPA introduced by University of Mumbai from Academic year 2012 - 2013 is categorized as follows:

Letter Grade	Marks	Grade Point
O	90 and 100	8
A+	80 and 89.99	7
A	60 and 79.99	6
B	55 to 59.99	5
C	50 to 54.99	4
D	45 to 49.99	3
E	40 to 44.99	2
F (Fail)	39.99 and below	1

The 10 point GPA followed by Indian Institutes of Technology is categorized as follows:

Letter Grade	Grade Points	in Words
S	9-10	Excellent (top students)
A	8-9	Very Good
B	7- 8	Good
C	6-7	Satisfactory Work
D	4-6	Sufficient (passed)
E	3-4	Not Sufficient (not passed)
U	0	Unfair Behavior (cheating)

Some Universities follow weighted average pattern to calculate percentage 1st and 2nd Semester–40% of the aggregate marks, 3rd and 4th Semester-60% of the aggregate marks, 5th and 6th Semester-80% of the aggregate marks, 7th and 8th Semester-100% of the aggregate marks.

International Grade Conversion by World Education Services for Percentages scored in Indian Universities.

Percentage	Grade Point	U.S. Grade Equiv	Classification/ Division
60 to 100	3.5 - 4.0	A or (O)	First class/ Distinction / Outstanding
55 to 59	3.15 - 3.49	B+	Second Class
50 to 54	2.5 - 3.14	B	Second Class
43 to 49	2.15 - 2.49	C+	Third Division
35* to 42	1.5 - 2.14	C	Fail/Third Division
0 to 34	0 - 1.49	F	Fail

* At selected institutions, a lower grade may be considered passing.

By Division	U.S. Grade Equiv
I (First Division)	A
II (Second Division)	B/B+
II(Third Division)	C/C+

Grading in High School

Until high school, an averaged percentage is provided. A percentage over 90 is considered excellent; between 70-89 is considered to be 'first division'; between 50-69 is considered to be 'second division',between 40-49 is considered to be pass; though these terminologies and classifications depend on the 'board of education'.

Indonesia

Main article: Academic grading in Indonesia

Range	Grade Letter	Grade Point
90 - 100	O	6
80 - 89.99	A	4.0
68 - 79.99	B	3.0
56 - 67.99	C	2.0
45 - 55.99	D	1.0
0 - 44.99	E	0

Afghanistan

The highest score receivable at schools and universities is 100. Depending on the school and the grade of study, a good mark varies, but in most occasions 75 or higher is considered to be a good one.

Grade	Scale 1	Scale 2	Description
90-100	A	4	Excellent
75-89.99	B	3	Very Good
60-74.99	C	2	Good
55-59.99	D	1	Acceptable
0-54.99	F	0	Fail

Iran

Main article: Academic grading in Iran

In schools, grades are based on 20. Depending on the school and the grade of study, a good mark varies, but in most occasions 16 or higher is considered to be a good one.

This system of grading based on 20 is also common in universities, but sometimes percent scoring is also used in higher educational systems.

Grade	Scale 1	Scale 2	Description
18-20	A+	5	Excellent
16-17.99	A	4	Very Good
14-15.99	B	3	Good
12-13.99	C	2	Satisfactory
10-11.99	D	1	Acceptable (10 = Pass)
0-9.99	E/F	0	Fail

Iraq

Main article: Education in Iraq

Most of the Primary, middle and high schools in Iraq grade out of 100 percent with a passing grade of 50 percent, So the grade point average is out of 100. Most of the post-secondary institutions (Universities, Colleges, Technical colleges ... etc.) uses the "word" grading system described below:

Grade	Percentage
Excellent	90–100
Very Good	80–89[citation needed]
Good	70–79
Adequate	60–69
Acceptable	50–59
Weak/Failure	0–49

Israel

Main article: Academic grading in Israel

The 100-point grading scale is as follows:

Mark	Percentage	Description
10	95-100	מצוין‎ (excellent)
9	85-94	טוב מאוד‎ (very good)
8	75-84	טוב‎ (good)
7	65-74	כמעט טוב‎ (almost good)
6	55-64	מספיק‎ (sufficient)
5	45-54	מספיק בקושי‎ (barely sufficient)
<4	<44	בלתי מספיק/נכשל‎ (insufficient/failed)

Japan

In Japan, most higher education institutions give grades on a scale from 0–100, but a few universities apply letter grades. While for years an "A" grade range was from 80 to 100 points, some schools (for example, at Kurume University) have started to give the 90 to 100 point range a special grade to indicate excellence. A failing grade is generally called an "E", though some institutions use "F".

Scale	Letter Grade
90-100	Excellent (AA, or T)
80-89	A
70-79	B
60-69	C
0-59	Fail (E or F)

Kazakhstan

Main article: Academic grading in Kazakhstan

According to standardized Credit System accepted in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the measurements of varying levels of comprehension in the realm of Higher Education in the Republic of Kazakhstan are the following:

Letters	Range	Percentage	Descriptors
A	4.0	95-100	Excellent
A-	3.67-3.99	90-94	Excellent
B+	3.33-3.66	85-89	Good
B	3.0-3.32	80-84	Good
B-	2.67-2.99	75-79	Good
C+	2.33-2.66	70-74	Satisfactory
C	2.0-2.32	65-69	Satisfactory
C-	1.67-1.99	60-64	Satisfactory
D+	1.33-1.66	55-59	Satisfactory
D	1.0-1.32	50-54	Satisfactory
F	0-0.99	0-49	Unsatisfactory

Kuwait

Main article: Academic grading in Kuwait

Kuwait employs a four point grading system and percentages.

GPA	GPA in percentage	GPA description	Percentage of Students that earned this grade in 2009–2010
3.80–4.00	97–100	امتياز وتفوق (Excellence and Perfection)	4
3.50–3.80	90–97	امتياز (Excellence)	9
3.00–3.50	85–89	جيد جدا (Very Good)	18
2.50–3.00	69–85	جيد (Good)	37
2.00–2.50	54–69	مقبول (Acceptable)	21
1.80–2.00	49–54	غير كافي ولكن مقبول (Insufficient but Acceptable)	6
1.50–1.80	45–49%	راسب لكن يمكن التعويض بالكورس الصيفي (Failure but possible compensation in summer school)	2
0.00–1.50	0–45%	راسب و لا يمكن التعويض بالكورس الصيفي (Failure without possible compensation in summer school)	2

Kyrgyzstan

Main article: Academic grading in Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan employs a five point grading system:

Grade	Grade description	Notes
5	Эң жакшы (Excellent)
4	Жакшы (Good)
3	Канаатандырарлык (Satisfactory)
2	Канаатандырарлык эмес (Unsatisfactory)	Not a passing grade
1	Эң канаатандырарлык эмес (Most Unsatisfactory)	Uncommon

Lebanon

In Lebanon, most schools use a 0–20 scale where the passing grade is 10 out of 20 or in some cases 12 out of 20. However there's a variety of grading systems used. Some schools that offer the IB (International Baccalaureate) or even Lebanese Bac use the 0–100 scale, 60 being the average score. Some use the American system. However in the typical school offering a Lebanese system, getting high grades is very hard, because teachers do not use the full scale. For instance the highest score one can earn in essay writing in some schools is 14 out of 20. All scores are based out of 20. Yet each subject has a weight for the overall average. This weight is determined by the credit hours. For instance math (6hours/week) x 20 (the base grade) = 120 (weight) Example: Student's grades: (math 13.33/20, English 13.4/20, biology 8.25/20)

English: 5 credits x 13.4 = 67 out of possible 100

Math: 6 credits x 13.33 = 79.98 out of possible 120

Biology: 2 credits x 8.25 = 16.5 out of possible 40

Total points earned = 163.48 out of possible 260

Overall Average= 12.575 out of 20 (Considered a good average)

U.S. Equivalence
Scale / U.S. Grade Equiv.
14-20 / A+
13–13.9 / A
11–12.9 / B+
10–10.9 / B
9.5–9.9 / B−
9.1–9.4 / C+
9 / C
8–8.9 / C−
6.5–7.9 / D
0–6.5 / F

However in most universities the American grading system is used. Others use the 0–100 scale where the passing grade is 60 or 70 depending on the course. Yet French system universities use the 0–20 grading scale.

Malaysia

Malaysia has its own educational grading system. Different level and institution of education uses different grading scheme. This is an example of grading system practiced in a university in Malaysia.

Grade	Meaning	Quality point	Percentage score
A	Exceptional	4.00	Above 85%
A-	Excellent	3.7	Above 80%
B+	Very Good	3.3	Above 75%
B	Good	3.00	Above 70%
B-	Fairly Good	2.7	Above 65%
C+	Satisfactory	2.3	Above 60%
C	Quite Satisfactory	2.00	Above 55%
D	Poor	1.67	Above 45%
D-	Very Poor	1.33	Above 40%
E	Extremely Poor	1.00	Above 35%
F	Fail	0.00	Below 34%

Until high school, an averaged percentage is provided. A percentage over 80 is considered excellent; between 60-80 is considered to be 'first division'; between 40-60 is considered to be 'second division' The Percentage System works as : Maximum Marks:100, Minimum Marks: 0, Minimum Marks Required for Passing: 35. 100-91% Considered Excellent,75-90% Considered Very Good, 55–64% considered good, 45–55% considered fair, 41–44% considered Pass, 0-40% considered fail. A percentage above 65% is referred as 1st Division and indicates high intellectual level. Some Universities follow weighted average pattern to calculate percentage: 1st and 2nd Semester–40% of the aggregate marks, 3rd and 4th Semester-60% of the aggregate marks, 5th and 6th Semester-80% of the aggregate marks, 7th and 8th Semester-100% of the aggregate marks. The 10 point GPA is categorized as follows: 10-9.1 (O ( out of standing ) or A+)- Best, 9-8.1 (A)-Excellent, 8-7.1 (B+)-exceptionally good, 7-6.1 (B)-very good, 6-5.1 (C+)- good, 5-4.1 (C)- average, 4-3.1 (D+)-fair, 3.1-2 (D)- Pass, 2-0 (E+-E)-fail. A GPA of over 7 is generally considered to be an indication of a strong grasp of all subjects.

Percentage	Eq	U	Classification
90 to 100	4.5	O	Outstanding
60 to 89	4.0	A or (A+ for >90%)	Distinction / First class**
50 to 59	3.5	B+	Second Class
40 to 49	3.0	B	Pass Class
< 39	2.0	C	Fail

Pakistan

Main article: Academic grading in Pakistan

Grading Scheme

Grade	Percentage Marks	Remarks
A1	80 and above	Excellent
A	70-80	Very Good
B	60–70	Good
C	50–60	Fair
D	40–50	Acceptable
E	33–40	Just Passed

In the old grading system consisting of “Division Scheme”, the range of percentage of marks is as follows:

Percentage of Marks	Division
60 - 100	First
45 - 59.99	Second
33 - 44.99	Third
0 - 32.99	Fail

Nowadays most universities of Engineering and Technology follow following grading system .

Grade	Marks	GPA
A	90 and above	4.00
A-	85–89	3.7
B+	80–84	3.3
B	75–79	3
B-	70–74	2.7
C+	65-69	2.3
C	60-64	2.0
C-	55–59	1.7
D	50-54	1.3
F	50 AND below	00.00

Palestinian Authority

Schools have grades from 1–100 starting from the 4th grade on. In Universities both numerical and alphabetical grade systems can be found, it is up to the teacher.

Philippines

Main article: Academic grading in the Philippines

Saudi Arabia

See also: Education in Saudi Arabia

Most of the universities and colleges and schools in Saudi Arabia are very similar to United States except the way the grades are said.

Grade		Percentage	GPA value
Excellent Arabic: ممتاز‎	A+	95–100	4.0
	A	90–94	3.75
Very Good Arabic: جيد جداً‎	B+	85–89	3.50
	B	80–84	3.0
Good Arabic: جيد‎	C+	75–79	2.50
	C	70–74	2.0
Acceptable Arabic: مقبول‎	D+	65–69	1.50
	D	60–64	1.0
F	0–59	0.0

In other universities in Saudi Arabia such as Imam University, King Saud University, King Abdulaziz University, King Khalid University and King Faisal University, the following method is used:

Grade		Percentage	GPA value
Excellent Arabic: ممتاز‎	A+	95–100	5.0
	A	90–94	4.75
Very Good Arabic: جيد جداً‎	B+	85–89	4.50
	B	80–84	4.0
Good Arabic: جيد‎	C+	75–79	3.50
	C	70–74	3.0
Acceptable Arabic: مقبول‎	D+	65–69	2.50
	D	60–64	2.0
Failure Arabic: راسب‎	F	0–59	1.0

Singapore

Main article: Academic grading in Singapore

Secondary School (13–16 years old)

Percentage	Grades
75–100	A1
70-74	A2
65-69	B3
60-64	B4
55-59	C5
50-54	C6
45-49	D7
40-44	E8
<40	F9

South Korea

Main article: Academic grading in South Korea

Middle School (7–9th grade)
Points are the student's raw score in midterms and finals (out of 100).

Points	Grades
90–100	A
80–90	B
70–80	C
60–70	D
0–60	E

High School (10–12th grade)

Percentage is the students' relative position among other students taking same subject (100% is the highest, 0% is the lowest).

Percentage	Grades
96–100	1등급 / Grade 1
89–96	2등급 / Grade 2
77–89	3등급 / Grade 3
60–77	4등급 / Grade 4
40–60	5등급 / Grade 5
23–40	6등급 / Grade 6
11–23	7등급 / Grade 7
4–11	8등급 / Grade 8
0–4	9등급 / Grade 9

United Arab Emirates

Main article: Education in the United Arab Emirates

Primary education is free at government run schools. The grading is managed by the Ministry of Education (MOE). However, there are many schools run by expatriates that are equally successful with their own grading system, or an accepted grading system of the country where the schools are affiliated to or share common standards with. At most universities and colleges, the United Arab Emirates' grading system is very similar to the United States' system.

Vietnam

Main article: Academic grading in Vietnam

The grade scale in Vietnam is from 10 to 1 where 10 is the highest

10 - Excellent 9 - Very good 8 - Good 7 - Acceptable 6 - Satisfactory 5 - Satisfactory 4 - Insufficient 3 - Insufficient 2 - Insufficient 1 - Fail

Central America

Costa Rica

Main article: Academic grading in Costa Rica

Nicaragua

Main article: Academic grading in Nicaragua

Europe

Austria

In Austria, grades from 1 to 5 are used.

Grade	Percentage	Translation
1 (Sehr gut)	100–90	Excellent
2 (Gut)	89–80	Good
3 (Befriedigend)	79–64	Satisfactory
4 (Genügend)	63–51	Sufficient
5 (Nicht genügend)	50–0	Insufficient

The formalized overall grade in Austria is "pass with distinction" (mit ausgezeichnetem Erfolg bestanden), which is given for excellent performance (average of 1.5 and better, no grade below 3) and "pass" (Bestanden, no grade below 4).

If someone is given a "pass with distinction" in his Matura, Diploma and PhD, all curricula absolved in the regular duration time he can have a 'promotio sub auspiciis presidentis rei publicae', (literally "under the auspices of the President of the Republic", meaning that the Federal President will personally attend the graduation ceremony), which is the highest honor in Austria only achieved by 1 out of 2500 graduates (.04%) yearly.

Generally speaking, a cumulative Grade Point Average does not exist in the Austrian educational system and therefore has little relevance in the local job market.

Albania

In Albania, grades from 4 to 10 are used, with some schools allowing decimals (up to the hundredth digit) and some others only allowing whole numbers.

Grade	Qualification
9.00-10.00	Excellent
8.00–9.00	Very Good
7.00–8.00	Good
6.00–7.00	Satisfactory
4.90–5.99	Sufficient
1.00–4.89	Insufficient

Most universities evaluate classes with two mid exams and a final. The final exam encompasses the whole course syllabus, whereas the mid exams usually review half. In some schools, if the average grade of the two mid exams is equal to or higher than 7.00, the student is able to pass the class without the need to take a final exam (since there are only two exams, some teachers also pass students who average 6.50; others weigh in the decision based on the student's performance in class). An average of less than 4.00 is failing; students who score such an average are not allowed to take the final exam.

In high schools, the year is divided into three trimesters and classes are usually yearlong. Students need an average of 6.00 or higher in the three trimestral exams to avoid having to take a final to pass the class. In the event of a student scoring less than 6.00 in the third trimester, he or she would have to take a final exam, regardless of average. This is considered controversial, since the last trimestral exam is not more important than the first two, but the rule stands to prevent students who have already reached the minimum average (e.g., two 10.00 in the first two give a student the lowest possible average of 6.33) from not making an effort during the last three months of the year.

Belgium

In Belgian Universities a scale from 0 to 20 is used on a per subject basis, a weighted average is then computed on scale from 0 to 20, 10 being the passing grade average per subject and 12 for the total(satisfactory). An average of 14(70%) gets you a distinction grade (cum laude), 16(80%) means high distinction (magna cum laude) and an average of 18(90%) yields the highest distinction (summa/maxima cum laude).

Belgian secondary schools use a scale from 0 to 100 or even above for (big) exams (50 usually being the passing grade). On report cards, certain schools also give grades on a percentage scale (0 to 100) while others use a 0–10 scale. Those total scores are weighted averages of exams and tests. In Belgian secondary schools, there are 6 years. In the first three years, students have to do exams every term. The scores are usually given in percentages. On the end of the school year, a total average score is given.

"Colleges" (other form of higher education, not comparable with American colleges) use the same scale from 0 to 20 as Belgian Universities, although homework and presence may influence up to 50% or even more of these 20 points (situation as of February 2011).

Scaling varies significantly depending on the university or college.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Main article: Academic grading in Bosnia and Herzegovina

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, grades from 5 to 1 are used in primary and secondary education, while grades from 10 to 5 are used at universities.

Primary and secondary education grading:

Grade	Label	Translation
5	Odličan	Excellent - Best possible grade (A)
4	Vrlo dobar	Very Good - Next highest grade - Above average (B)
3	Dobar	Good - Average performance (C)
2	Dovoljan	Sufficient - Lowest passing grade (D)
1	Nedovoljan	Insufficient - Failing grade (E/F)

University grading:

Grade	Percentage	Translation
10	91 - 100	Exceptional
9	81 - 90	Excellent
8	71 - 80	Very good
7	61 - 70	Good
6	51 - 60	Sufficient - Lowest passing grade
5	1 - 50	Insufficient - Failing grade

Bulgaria

In Bulgaria, the following grade scale is used in schools:

6	Отличен (Excellent)	The best possible grade 92–100% A
5	Много добър (Very good)	Next highest 75–91% B
4	Добър (Good)	Indicates average performance 59–74% C
3	Среден (Average)	Lowest passing grade 50–58% D
2	Слаб (Weak)	Failing grade 0–49% F

For examinations and tests, exact grading is often used and is represented by two positions after the decimal point:

5.50–6.00	Отличен (Excellent)	Best possible grade 92–100% A
4.50–5.49	Много добър (Very Good)	Next highest 75–91% B
3.50–4.49	Добър (Good)	Indicates average performance 59–74% C
3.00–3.49	Среден (Average)	Lowest passing grade 50–58% D
2.00–2.99	Слаб (Weak)	Failing grade 0–49% F

Grades as, e.g., Good (3.50), or Excellent (5.75), are common. Every passing grade at or above the .50 mark is prefixed with the term of the higher grade. The minimum is 2.00; grades below 3.00 are failing grades, and the maximum is 6.00. Grades like "Very Good" (5-) and "Average" (3+) are also possible - these are ignored in calculations.

Roughly, the Bulgarian grade system can be equated to the American one as the following: 6=A, 5=B, 4=C, 3=D, and 2=F. Also, in accordance with the Australian system, 6=HD, 5=D, 4=Cr, 3=P, and 2=F.

The most common formula used in Bulgarian schools is currently Grade=(6* number of correct answers)/ total number of questions. That way if a student has answered 7 out of 10 questions correctly, their mark should be: (6*7)/10=4.20, which is graded as Good 4 or an average performance.

Croatia

Main article: Academic grading in Croatia

In Croatia, the following grade scale is used in schools:

5	Odličan or Izvrstan	Excellent, best possible grade A
4	Vrlo dobar	Very Good, next highest B
3	Dobar	Good, indicates average performance C
2	Dovoljan	Sufficient, lowest passing grade D
1	Nedovoljan	Insufficient, failing grade F

At the end of each semester the grades are averaged to form a Grade Point Average (prosječna ocjena), according to this scale:

5.00–4.50	Odličan or Izvrstan	Excellent, best possible grade A
4.49–3.50	Vrlo dobar	Very Good, next highest B
3.49–2.50	Dobar	Good, indicates average performance C
2.49–2.0	Dovoljan	Sufficient, lowest passing grade D
1.49–1.0	Nedovoljan	Insufficient, failing grade F

In colloquial Croatian, grades are referred to be their numerical values: jedinica, dvojka, trojka, četvorka, petica. In the Kvarner region of Croatia jedinica is also known as komad or kolac and dvojka is also known as duja.

Students with failing grades (1 or F) are allowed to carry those grades throughout the school year, but are required to improve them to passing grades (2 or better) in order to finish the year. Failure to pass one class results in the student being held back a year.

Czech Republic

In Czech Republic, a five-point grading scale is used in both primary and secondary schools:

Grade	Description	Translation	Notes
1	Výborný	Excellent	The best grade achievable. U.S. 'A' equivalent.
2	Chvalitebný	Commendable	U.S. 'B' equivalent.
3	Dobrý	Good	U.S. 'C' equivalent.
4	Dostatečný	Sufficient	U.S. 'D' equivalent.
5	Nedostatečný	Insufficient	Failing grade. U.S. 'E/F' equivalent.

Plus and minus signs are often used to further differentiate marks. For example, "2+" corresponds to the U.S. 'B+'. Half-intervals may also be used, such as "2–3", a grade halfway between 2 and 3.

At the university level, only grades 1, 2 and 3 are passing; anything worse than 3 is automatically a failing grade. Some universities use a six-point scale, with 'A' corresponding to "1", 'B' to "1–2", etc.

Denmark

Main article: Academic grading in Denmark

The current scale, syv-trins-skalaen ("The 7-step-scale"), was introduced in 2007, replacing the old 13-skala ("13-scale"). The new scale is designed to be compatible with the ECTS-scale.

Syv-trins-skalaen consists of seven different grades, ranging from 12 to −3, with 12 being the highest. This new scale remains an "absolute" scale, meaning that, proportions are not taken into consideration.

Grade	ECTS Grade	Description	Translation
12	A	Fremragende	Excellent
10	B	Fortrinlig	Very good
7	C	God	Good
4	D	Jævn	Average
02	E	Tilstrækkelig	Sufficient
00	Fx	Utilstrækkelig	Insufficient
-3	F	Ringe	Poor

Estonia

Percentage	Grade	Meaning
90%-100%	5	Very good
75%-89%	4	Good
50%-74%	3	Passable
20%-49%	2	Not passable
1%-19%	1	Failed
0%	0	Inadequate/incomplete

Finland

Main article: Academic grading in Finland

Several systems are in use in different educational institutions in Finland. The "school grade" system has historically been a scale of 0 to 10, but all grades lower than 4 have been discarded. Thus, it is now divided between 4, the failing grade, and 5–10, the succeeding grades. Upper secondary school has same grades for courses and course exams as comprehensive school but matriculation examination grades are in Latin. Universities and vocational institutions use a scale of 0 (fail) and 1–5 (pass), or fail/pass. Some schools e.g. Savon Ammatti- ja Aikuisopisto, uses grading from 0 (fail) and 1-3 (pass). The professor selects which grading scheme is used; short, optional courses typically have pass/fail grades.

France

Main article: Academic grading in France

In France, schools grades typically range from either 0 (worst) to 20 (best) (or, sometimes, from 0 (worst) to 10 (best)). A mark below the average (10 out of 20 or 5 out of 10, depending on the scale) is usually a fail. For the French National High School Level (baccalauréat), a grade of 8–10 typically gives the right to take an additional oral exam in order to try to improve that average to 10 and pass. A grade between 10 and 12 is a simple pass (without grade) ; between 12 and 14 (more rarely 13–14) the grade is called "assez bien" (rather good) ; 14–16 is called "bien" (good) ; above 16 is "très bien" (very good). An exams jury can award the "Félicitations du Jury" for any mark, though they usually reserve it to a candidate who has achieved 18/20 or more. Grade equivalence between France and the U.S. Grading Scale Scale U.S. Grade Equiv. 14-20 = A ; 12-13.9 = B+; 11-11.9 = B; 10.5-10.9 = B-; 10.1-10.4 = C+; 10 = C; 9-9.9 = C-; 8-8.9 = D; 0-7.9 = F;

Germany

Main article: Academic grading in Germany

In Germany, school grades vary from 1 (very good, sehr gut) to 6 (insufficient, ungenügend). In the final classes of German Gymnasium schools that prepare for university studies, a point system is used with 15 points being the best grade and 0 points the worst. The percentage causes the grade can vary from teacher to teacher. The percentages shown in the table are the ones used in the "Oberstufe" (final classes).

German Grade System
Percentage	Grades by education			Descriptor	Approximate Conversion
(varies with school/subject)	primary & 1st secondary (1st–10th grade)	2nd secondary (Gymnasium, 11–12/13th grade)	tertiary (Hochschule & Universität)		(to the U.S. system*)
90–100	1	15 points	1.0	"sehr gut" (very good: an outstanding achievement)	A+ or A
		14 points
	1-	13 points	1.3
80-90	2+	12 points	1.7	"gut" (good: an achievement which lies substantially above average requirements)	A or A-
	2	11 points	2.0
	2−	10 points	2.3
65–80	3+	9 points	2.7	"befriedigend" (satisfactory: an achievement which corresponds to average requirements)	B+
	3	8 points	3.0		B
	3−	7 points	3.3		B−
50–65	4+	6 points	3.7	"ausreichend" (sufficient: an achievement which still meets the requirements)	C+
	4	5 points	4.0		C
0–50	4−	4 points	5.0	"mangelhaft" / "nicht ausreichend" (below the requirements but some rudimentary knowledge can be recognised)	C-
	5+	3 points			D
	5	2 points
	5−	1 point
	6	0 points		"ungenügend" (not sufficient / failed: an achievement which does not meet the requirements. Not even rudimentary knowledge can be recognised)	F

*This conversion scheme is intended as a guideline, as exact conversions may differ.

Hungary

In Hungary, a five-point scale has been used since 1950. There is one failing grade: 1 – elégtelen (insufficient). In general, the lowest passing mark is either 50% or 60%, or one mark (point) higher. Passing grades are 2 – elégséges (sufficient or pass), 3 – közepes (mediocre or satisfactory), 4 – jó (good) and 5 – jeles (excellent).

The bare five-point scale is used almost exclusively for final grades at all educational levels (elementary school, high school, university). During the academic year, however, teachers may use various modifiers, especially in elementary school. A comma (,) after the grade has a minus effect ("alá", below), and an apostrophe (’) after the grade has a plus effect ("fölé", above); a grade halfway between two integers is indicated by the lower and higher one separated by a solidus: 3/4 ("háromnegyed") is equivalent to 3.5, and 4/5 is between 4 and 5, etc. Sometimes "5*", five starred ("csillagos ötös") is used to indicate outstanding performance throughout the semester.

Grade	Meaning (Hungarian)	English translation	Percentage (pass=50%+1 scale)	Percentage (pass=60% scale)
5	Jeles / Ötös	Excellent	91–100	90–100
4	Jó / Négyes	Good	81–90	80–89
3	Közepes / Hármas	Satisfactory or Mediocre	66–80	70–79
2	Elégséges / Kettes	Pass or Sufficient	51–65	60–69
1	Elégtelen / Egyes	Fail or Insufficient	0–50	0–59

Iceland

Main article: Academic grading in Iceland

In Iceland, grades from 0 to 10 are used. and 5 is usually the lowest passing grade but in some cases the lowest passing grade can be 4.5.

Ireland

The two government regulated educational qualifications are the Junior Certificate (usually taken at 15/16) and the Leaving Cerficiate (usually taken at between the ages of 17 and 19).

Grade	Percentage Range	Description
A	85–100%	Excellent
B	70–84%	Very Good
C	55–69%	Good
D	40–54%	Pass
E	25–39%,	Fail
F	<24%	Fail
NG	0	Unworthy of Marking

Passing or failing the Junior Cert (or any exams in Irish secondary schools), has no bearing on whether or not students can graduate or continue on.

For the Leaving Certificate, a points system is used. A maximum of 6 subjects are counted, with a possible 100 points in each subject. In practice, most students take 7 or 8 subjects and their best 6 results are counted. Each subject has 2 or 3 levels: higher, ordinary and foundation. The points are:

Grade	Percentage Range	Higher Level Points	Ordinary Level Points	Foundation Level Points
A1	90% - 100%	100	60	20
A2	85% - 89%	90	50	15
B1	80% - 84%	85	45	10
B2	75% - 79%	80	40	5
B3	70% - 74%	75	35	0
C1	65% - 69%	70	30	0
C2	60% - 64%	65	25	0
C3	55% - 59%	60	20	0
D1	50% - 54%	55	15	0
D2	45% - 49%	50	10	0
D3	40% - 44%	45	5	0
E	25% - 39%	0	0	0
F	10% - 24%	0	0	0
NG	0% - 10%	0	0	0

A candidate can get 20 points for an A1 in foundation level subjects. If he or she achieves any grade less than a B2, which is 5 points, he or she will receive no points.

The points system allocates all university places in Ireland for Irish applicants.

Irish universities vary in their grading systems. For example, UCD (University College Dublin) awards letter grades and corresponding GPA values similar to the United States system, but 1, 2.1, 2.2 etc. for degrees, while TCD (Trinity College Dublin) awards all grades as 1, 2.1, 2.2 etc.

Italy

In Italy, Primary and Mid School grades may vary from 10 (excellent) to 1 (impossible to assess), with passing being 6.

In High Schools (Licei) however grades vary within a much more limited range, between 4 and 8, often with each professor applying his/her own criteria and with 8 being the best possible grade, even if the total theoretical range is supposed to be 1 to 10. When a professor wants to apply a more precise scale and ranking for students assessments, instead of using the full 1–10 scale (which would have made the scale inconsistent with that of other professors), s/he would often use a plethora of symbols and decimals: the range between 5 and 6 would then be expressed, in ascending order, by 5+, 5++, 5½, 5/6, 6−−, and 6−. Minimum passing is 6. As these symbols (except ½) have no clear mathematical value, calculating end-year averages could be somewhat arbitrary and inconsistent; therefore, there has been a push since 2008 with the Gelmini reform to uniform the system to the 1–10 scale.

Before this reform, primary and secondary school grades used a different grading scale that expressed an assessment of the pupil's progress:

• Ottimo: "Excellent"
• Distinto: "Very Good"
• Buono: "Good"
• Sufficiente: "Sufficient"
• Insufficiente: "Fail"

A recent school reform provides for the average grade of a student to include the grade for behavior; as in academic subjects, acceptable ratings range from 6 to 10. In universities a point system is used for exams, with 30 points being the best grade and 18 the minimum passing grade. This stems from the practice that exams were traditionally given by 3 examiners. Each had to rate the student's examination performance on a 1-10 scale, and the final grade was the sum of the three ratings. On a 1-10 scale, passing is 6, so on a 1-30 scale the minimum passing grade is 3*6 = 18. Nowadays the form of each exmination is decided by the professor^{[citation needed]} (number of examiners, whether written, oral, or both, etc.), but the traditional grading system remained.

Degrees have an analogous point system, in which however the highest grade can be 110, 100 or even 70, depending on faculty regulations. A cum laude notation (e lode in Italian) is used to augment the highest grade for both exams and degrees, in all its levels, to reflect truly outstanding performance.

Latvia

The academic grading system in Latvia has recently been changed to a ten-point scale,^{[citation needed]} where "10" (Latvian: desmit) is the highest achievable grade, and "1" (Latvian: viens) is awarded for extremely poor performance. The minimal passing grade is "4" (Latvian: četri), though some universities have a minimum passing grade of "5" (Latvian: pieci).

The absence of any kind of performance is indicated by "nv" (Latvian: nav vērtējuma 'no assessment possible'); in the past, the mark for absence of work was "0" (Latvian: nulle). Teachers in lower classes and for minor assignments in higher classes are encouraged to award one of two grades: "i" (Latvian: ieskaitīts 'counted') for a passing grade, and "ni" (Latvian: neieskaitīts 'not counted') for a failing grade. The grade of 10 is reserved for exceptional achievements. 9 is most commonly used for an USA equivalent of an A.

Lithuania

In Lithuania, the grading system was changed to a 10-point scale in 1995.^{[citation needed]} Prior to that, Soviet Lithuania had a 5-point grading scale. 10 is the highest achievable grade for an excellent performance and 1 is the lowest. Usually, 1 is given when there is no work submitted at all (called kuolas in the academic jargon, meaning 'stake'); otherwise, most teachers keep 2 the lowest grade and rarely mark work as 1.

The lowest grade for passing a subject in school is usually 4.

Teachers in lower classes are encouraged to write marks such as lg – labai gerai (very good), g – gerai (good), patenkinamai (sufficient to pass) or nepatenkinamai (insufficient to pass).

Some subjects (like Arts, Music, Technology) can use pass-fail grades, which are įsk – įskaityta (passed) or neįsk – neįskaityta (not passed).

The same system is used for evaluating students' work in universities. However, the minimal grade to pass is usually 5.

In 6th grade, students have a choice of French, German or Russian as a second foreign language. The first foreign language is usually English, but it depends on the school.

Macedonia

Primary and secondary education:

Grade	Label	Translation
5	одличен (odličen)	Excellent - Best possible grade (A)
4	многу добар (mnogu dobar)	Very Good - Next highest grade - Above average (B)
3	добар (dobar)	Good - Average performance (C)
2	доволен (dovolen)	Sufficient - Lowest passing grade (D)
1	недоволен (nedovolen)	Insufficient - Failing grade (E/F)

University grading:

Grade	Percentage	Translation
10	91 - 100	Exceptional
9	81 - 90	Excellent
8	71 - 80	Very good
7	61 - 70	Good
6	51 - 60	Sufficient - Lowest passing grade
5	1 - 50	Insufficient - Failing grade

Moldova

Moldova uses a 10-point scale system, 5 being the minimum grade for passing:

• 10 (excellent)
• 9 (very good)
• 8 (good)
• 6–7 (satisfactory)
• 5 (sufficient)
• 1–4 (unsatisfactory)

Netherlands

Main article: Academic grading in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, grades from 1.0 up to 10.0 are used, with 1 being worst and 10 being best. This system can correspond to a percentage system (1 means 0–5% correct and 10 means 95–100% correct) but sometimes points are deducted for number of faults on a test (typically, on vocabulary or topographical tests with more than 10 questions, each fault will nonetheless lead to a reduction in score of one. So 2 faults on a 50 question vocabulary test would constitute an 8) . The grades 9 and 10 are hardly ever given on large examinations (on average, a 9 is awarded in only 1.5%, and a 10 in 0.5% of the cases). Generally, either one or two decimal places are predominantly used in secondary and higher education. In primary education, fractions of grades are identified with a + or −, which signifies a quarter (converted to either 0.8 or 0.3 if only one decimal place is used). Thus, a grade of 6.75 (or 6.8) could be written as 7−, whereas a grade of 7+ would count for 7.25 or 7.3.

A 5.5 constitutes a pass, whereas 5.4 and below constitute a fail. If no decimal places are used, 6 and up is a pass and 5 and below is a fail; however, in this case of grading in full numbers there exists sometimes "6-", which would officially translate to 5.75, but can be interpreted here as "barely, but just good enough". Roughly, a student scores a 5.5 (pass) when 2/3 (67%) of an exam is correct. If the grade would be a 5.49 and one decimal is used, the 5.49 will be a 5.5, but if no decimals are used (usually at the end of the year) the 5.49 will end up as a 5 which indicates a fail.

Depending on the specific university, some students who finish their studies with an average of 8.0 or higher, could get the nomination cum laude (which is comparable with summa cum laude as awarded in Germany and the United States).

The grade scale with its labels:

Grade	Qualification	Description	UK	USA
10	uitstekend	excellent	A*	A+
9.5	uitstekend	excellent	A*	A+
9	zeer goed	very good	A*	A+
8.5	zeer goed	very good	A*	A
8	goed	good	A	A
7.5	ruim voldoende	more than sufficient	A-	A-
7	ruim voldoende	more than sufficient	B	B+
6.5	voldoende	sufficient	C	B
6	voldoende	sufficient	D	C
5.5	matig	insufficient	E	D
5	matig	insufficient	F	F
4	onvoldoende	strongly insufficient	F	F
3	zeer matig	very strongly insufficient	F	F
2	slecht	poor	F	F
1	zeer slecht	very poor	F	F

Norway

Main articles: Education in Norway and Higher education in Norway

In primary school (Barneskole, from age 6 to 13) no official grades are given. However, the teachers write an individual comment or analysis on tests and in the end of every term.

Lower secondary school (Ungdomsskole; age 13–16) and upper secondary school (Videregående skole; age 16–19) use a scale running from 1 through 6, with 6 being the highest and 2 the lowest passing grade. For non-final tests and mid-term evaluations the grades are often post fixed with + or − (except 6+ and 1−). It is also common to use grades such as 5/6 or 4/3 indicating borderline grades. However, the grades students get on their diploma (Vitnemål), are single-digit grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. The student's non-weighted grade point average is also given on the Vitnemål.

In higher education, according to the ECTS-system, grades for undergraduate and postgraduate examinations are awarded according to a graded scale from A (highest) to F (lowest), with E as the minimum passing grade. The ECTS system was implemented at Norway's universities and colleges in the early 2000s, with most schools having converted to ECTS by 2003.

Before 2003, the formerly most common system of grades used at university level was based on a scale running from 1.0 (highest) through 6.0 (lowest), with 4.0 being the lowest passing grade. The way the new Bologna system was introduced implies that students, who had started their studies while the old system still was in effect, will graduate with transcripts containing grades from both systems (i.e. both numbers and letters).

An academic year has two semesters, from August to December and from January to June, although exceptions occur. Courses are measured in "studiepoeng" according to the ECTS standard (European Credit Transfer System credits). A normal full-time study progression awards 60 credits (studiepoeng/stp) per year (30 per semester). Most institutions either use a 7.5, 8, 10, 12, 15 or 20 credit block system.

Poland

The most commonly used system in Polish grade schools is as follows (with usual corresponding score percentages):

• niedostateczny (unsatisfactory) – 1 – 0–34%
• dopuszczający (acceptable) – 2 – 35–54%
• dostateczny (satisfactory) – 3 – 55–74%
• dobry (good) – 4 – 75–89%
• bardzo dobry (very good) – 5 – 90–97%
• celujący (excellent) – 6 – This grade as a final grade is usually awarded for extracurricular merit. In examinations it is sometimes awarded for a perfect or near-perfect score (98–100% or more, for example by answering extra-credit questions).

'Acceptable' is a passing grade.

Grades (especially expressed numerically) might be suffixed with + (plus) or - (minus). On rare occasions the = (double minus) is used, especially as 2= to express the very lowest passing grade.

Post-secondary institutions use a different system, usually consisting of the following grades (with usual corresponding score percentages):

• niedostateczny (unsatisfactory) – 2.0 – 0–50%
• dostateczny (satisfactory) – 3.0 – 51–60%
• dostateczny plus (satisfactory plus) – 3.5 – 61–70%
• dobry (good) – 4.0 – 71-80%
• dobry plus (good plus) – 4.5 – 81-90%
• bardzo dobry (very good) – 5.0 – 91-100%
• zaliczony (passed) – zal.
• niezaliczony (not passed) – nzal.

The scores corresponding to each grade vary greatly from institution to institution and from course to course, but usually a score of 50% or 51% is required to obtain the lowest passing grade (3.0). The notations zal. and nzal. are used when the course only requires attendance and/or is not important (such as sports).

Portugal

Main article: Education in Portugal

In Portuguese primary and middle schools, up until the 9th grade inclusive, the grading system is as follows:

• 5 (very good or excellent) is the best possible grade (90-100%),
• 4 (good) (70-89%),
• 3 (satisfactory) indicates "average" performance (50-69%),
• 2 (unsatisfactory) (20-49%),
• 1 (poor) is the lowest possible grade (0-19%).

From the 10th grade onwards, including tertiary education, a 20-point grading scale is used, with 20 being the highest grade possible and 9.5 the minimum grade for passing. This 20-point system is used both for test scores and grades.

Romania

The used system in Romanian primary schools is as follows:

• Foarte Bine (FB, very good)
• Bine (B, good)
• Sufficient/Satisfăcător (S, pass)
• Insufficient/Nesatisfăcător (I, fail)

In secondary schools, high schools, and academic institutions, a 10-point scale is used, 5 being the minimum grade for passing:

• 10 (excellent)
• 9 (very good)
• 8 (good)
• 6–7 (satisfactory)
• 5 (sufficient)
• 1–4 (unsatisfactory)

There is no 0, and 1 is given only for cheating. If a student scores 86%, he will be given a grade of 8.60, which will be rounded to a 9.

Russia

Most Russian educational institutions use a five-point grading scale:

Grade	Long name	Short name (ru)	Long name (pronunciation)	Short name (pronunciation)	Translation of name	Description	Percent
5	Отлично	отл	Otlìčno	otl	Very good or Excellent	best possible grade	93% and above
4	Хорошо	хор	Khorošò	khor	Good	Good	approximately 85%–92%
3	Удовлетворительно	уд	Udovletvorìtelno	ud	Satisfactory, sometimes translated into English as Fair	passing grade	77%–84%
2	Неудовлетворительно	неуд	Nyeudovletvorìtelno	nyeùd	Unsatisfactory	failing	<76%

Qualifiers + and – are often used to add some degree of differentiation between the grades: e.g., 4+ is better than 4, but not quite as good as 5−. Grading varies greatly from school to school, university to university, and even teacher to teacher, even for courses that lend themselves to objective marking, such as mathematics and applied sciences. Even though the grades technically range from 1 to 5, 1 is not common and is rarely given for academic reasons—in many cases, a 1 is given as a result of failure to show up for or to complete an exam. A 2 grade usually means that the student showed no or little knowledge in a subject.

It may be worth mentioning that 1 is a fairly exotic grade in Russian schools, but it does officially exist. The generally used grades are 2 to 5. Plus (+) and minus (–) modifiers follow the same tendency; they are rarely used in middle school and almost never in colleges or universities. Some institutions and teachers, dissatisfied with the five-point scale, work with various larger ones, but these grading systems are not recognized by the state and require conversion for official use.

A considerably more complex grading system has been implemented for the recently introduced Unified state examinations. In this system, a "primary grade" is the sum of points for completed tasks, with each of the tasks having a maximum number of points allocated to it. The maximum total primary grade varies by subject, so that one might obtain a primary grade of 23 out of 37 in mathematics and a primary grade of 43 out of 80 in French. The primary grades are then converted into final or "test grades" by means of a sophisticated statistical calculation, which takes into account the distribution of primary grades among the examinees. This system has been criticized for its lack of transparency.

At universities some subjects are graded "Pass/No pass" or "Credit/No Credit" (зачёт/незачёт, pronounced "zachòt/nyezachòt"); the rest are typically graded on the five-point scale. The "Pass/No Pass" grades do not have any official numeric representation. When zachòt – (credit- or pass-) type subjects are graded as "Pass/No pass", this represents a student's knowledge of a subject. Each university applies its own standards with respect to the knowledge a student must have in order to pass a subject. Zachòt equival to pass with mark of min 77% to max 100%. Students in Russia must pass all prescribed courses in order to graduate.

Since the word zachòt can be translated variously into English (e.g. as "credit" or "pass"), this notation can create problems for Russian students applying to Western universities. Such grades may confuse Western universities and complicate accurate calculation of students' GPAs in Western systems. For Western system "Pass" calculation recommended to perform based on averages. Western universities and equivalency organizations usually disregard zachòt, despite the fact that this notation is typically used for about half of a student's course results. Consequently, most western GPA conversions of Russian degrees reflect only part of a candidate's coursework.

It should be noted that all course examinations and zachot tests must be passed at the time each is given, as there are no repeats, resits or grade appeals. Hence only those who satisfy all the requirements during the allotted examination period for each semester graduate, leaving a huge number of students behind who in the West would have a chance to resit examinations and even get their grades reconsidered. Furthermore, grades in Russia are determined not only by examination results but also by other criteria such as attendance at lectures, participation in class, term papers and projects, in-class and homework assignments, laboratory reports, presentations, and sometimes even grooming and behavior. All these must be passed during the semester before a 'final examination mark' and final zachot is awarded.

Russian degrees do not have composite classifications such as in the British system of First Class, Upper/Lower Second Class, Third Class, Pass, etc. This is because each course is examined independently, students must pass all of them, and they do not add up or contribute to an average grade or 'class'. Another reason is that during the Russian Revolution, social stratification and classification were supposedly abolished in the interest of promoting social equality. Accordingly, all students would be expected to perform at or above the minimum level required to qualify and graduate. Calculation of an aggregate mark or GPA is not considered fair or even possible, as it would be felt to disregard much of a candidate's academic work. The zachòt notation would complicate such calculation, and the final thesis qualifying mark is usually considered as the final result. Students who have shown exceptional academic talent by getting 5's in most of their courses are awarded a 'degree with excellence', which comes in a special red cover.

Serbia

Main article: Academic grading in Serbia

Serbia has the same academic grading system of the Former Yugoslavia. In elementary schools and secondary schools, a five-point grading scale is used:

• 5 (одлично, odlično, excellent, A)
• 4 (врло добро, vrlo dobro, very good, A-/B+)
• 3 (добро, dobro, good, B/B-)
• 2 (довољно, dovoljno, sufficient, C) is the lowest passing grade.
• 1 (недовољно, nedovoljno, insufficient, D/F) is the lowest possible grade, and the failing one.

Slovakia

In Slovakia, a five-point grading scale is used in primary and secondary schools:

Grade	Meaning	US equivalent
1	Výborný (EXCELLENT) – best possible grade.	A
2	Chválitebný (COMMENDABLE)	B
3	Dobrý (GOOD)	C
4	Dostatočný (SUFFICIENT)	D
5	Nedostatočný (INSUFFICIENT) – failing grade.	F

Spain

In Spain, schools grades typically range either 0 (worst) to 10 (best). A mark below 5 is usually a fail. These grades are described as follows:

• 10 : Honors (Matrícula de honor) - It is the highest possible mark and typically only given to a reduced number of students who proved an exceptional performance. The student gets a discount in the following year's enrollment fee.
• 9  : Outstanding (Sobresaliente) - Very good performance
• 7-8: Mention (Notable) - Medium-high performance
• 5-6: Pass (Suficiente) - Medium performance
• 0-4: Fail (Insuficiente) - The student did not succeed in passing the exam

Sweden

Sweden has a grading scheme from A to F. Every grade gives a certain amount of points that the students will use to apply for a gymnasium and university.

The "main grades" are F, E, C and A. F is the lowest grade and it's not passable. It gives zero points. E is the lowest passing grade, it counts 10 points and D is a higher version of E, counting 12.5 points. C is the middle grade, it counts 15 points and B is the higher version of C, counting 17.5 points. A is the highest grade and counts 20 points.

Switzerland

Switzerland has a grading scheme from 1 to 6. 6 is the highest and 4 the minimum pass mark.

Grade	Signification
6	Excellent
5.5	Very good
5	Good
4.5	Relatively good
4	Pass
3.5	Fail
3	Poor
2.5	Very poor
2	Extremely poor
1.5	Almost no performance
1	No performance, absence without good cause, cheating or attempt to cheat

Ukraine

Ukraine introduced a new grading system in autumn 2000, which replaced the existing Soviet grading system.

The new system provides grades that lie between 1 and 12 and are matched with the 5-point grade system that was used previously, as presented in the table below. 12 is the equivalent of an honors/AP course "A+" in the U.S. and is usually given only for outstanding achievement or exceptionally creative work. Hence 11 is the grade that would ordinarily correspond to A in the United States.

New system	Old system
12	5+
11	5
10	5−
9	4+
8	4
7	4−
6	3+
5	3
4	3−
3	2+
2	2
1	1

Turkey

In Turkey, grades from 0 to 5 are used.

Grade	Percentage Range	Description
5	85–100%	Very Good
4	70–84%	Good
3	60–69%	Average
2	50–59%	Pass
1	0–49%	Fail

European academic grading

With the exception of Liechtenstein, which uses the Swiss grading system, and Moldova, which uses the Romanian grading system, the majority of European countries create their own academic grading standards. Most involve combinations of the key elements of grading, and all are used to evaluate students' performance on a scale of passing to failing (or comprehending to not comprehending material).

Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom

North America

Mexico

Main article: Academic grading in Mexico

Mexican schools use a scale from 0 to 10 to measure students' scores. Since decimal scores are common, a scale from 0 to 100 is often used to remove the decimal point.

In some Universities, students who fail a subject have the option of taking an extraordinary test (examen extraordinario, often shortened to extra) that evaluates the contents of the entire period. Once the test is finished and the score is assessed, this score becomes the entire subject's score, thus giving failing students a chance to pass their subjects. Those who fail the extraordinary test have two more chances to take it; if the last test is failed, the subject is marked as failed and pending, and depending on the school, the student may fail the entire year.

Some private schools (particularly in higher levels of education) require a 70 to pass instead of the regular 60.

Grades are often absolute and not class-specific. It may be the case that the top of the class gets a final grade of 79. Curve-adjustment is rare. Grad-level students are usually expected to have grades of 80 or above to graduate. Students in the honor roll are usually those with an overall GPA of 90 or higher upon graduation, and some private universities will award them a "With Honors" diploma. Additionally, in some private universities, the pass scores is higher or lower depending from the kind of studies that are related with (for example, in some universities, in the case of Engineering, the minimum score is 7.3 and for Art Sciences is 8.8) and lower than this score is not acceptable.

Canada

See also: Academic grading in Canada

Conversions from percentage marks to letter grades, by province:

Alberta

In Senior High Schools:

Letter	Percentage	Provincial Standing	Notes
A	80-100	Standard of Excellence	Final course grades in this range are annotated with Honors Standing in the Alberta Senior High School.
B	65-79	Exceeds Acceptable Standard
C	50–64	Acceptable Standard
D	40–49	Below Acceptable Standard
F	0–39	Failing grade, no credits awarded toward Alberta High School Diploma.

In Alberta Post-Secondary Colleges, Technical Institutes, or Universities:

Letter grade	Grade points	Notes
A+	4.3 (4.0 at University of Alberta, SAIT Polytechnic, MacEwan University, and University of Calgary)
A	4.0
A−	3.7	Student may be awarded an Honours designation on a parchment if semester and cumulative grade point average of 3.7 is achieved on the first attempt of courses required towards graduation of major. In addition, students will need to complete graduation requirements within specific time restrictions.
B+	3.3
B	3.0
B−	2.7
C+	2.3
C	2.0
C−	1.7
D+	1.3
D	1.0	Minimum general passing letter grade to receive credit for a course. Certain faculties may require higher grades to receive course credit.
E/F	0.0

There is no universal percentage grade associated with any letter grade in the Province of Alberta and such associations are made by professors or a bell curve.

Some universities in Alberta have used a 9-point stanine grading scale: 9=A+, 8=A/A–, 7=B+/B, 6=B–/C+, 5=C, 4=D, 0 to 3=F. See also the University of Alberta Office of the Registrar.

British Columbia

In British Columbia universities: F is a failing grade. The following table is only an approximation; faculties within universities sometimes follow a different system for converting percentage marks to letter grades.

Letter	Percent
A	86–100
B	73-85
C+	67-72
C	60-66
C-	50-59
I	0-49
F	0-49

Grade F is the sole failing mark.

Manitoba

The University of Manitoba uses a GPA system.

A 4.5 point scale with the corresponding GPA scale

GPA	Description	Letter grade equivalent
4.50	Exceptional	A+
4.00	Excellent	A
3.50	Very Good	B+
3.00	Good	B
2.50	Satisfactory	C+
2.00	Adequate	C
1.00	Marginal	D
0.00	Failure	F

GPA is Calculated taking total "points" and divided by school credit hours.

Newfoundland and Labrador

In Newfoundland and Labrador Universities:

Letter	Percent
A	80–100
B	65–79
C	55–64
D	50–54
F	0–49

Grade F is the sole failing mark.

Nova Scotia

In most Nova Scotia universities:

Letter	Percent
A+	90–100
A	85–89
A−	80–84
B+	77–79
B	73–76
B−	70–72
C+	65–69
C	60–64
C−	55–59
D	50–54
E/F	0–49

Grade F (or Grade E) is the sole failing mark.

Ontario

Percentage and grade equivalence

Grade points for 1.0 credits	Percentage equivalency
A+	90–100
A	85–89
A−	80–84
B+	77–79
B	73–76
B−	70–72
C+	67–69
C	63–66
C−	60–62
D+	57–59
D	53–56
D−	50–52
F or R	0–49

The University of Ottawa uses a grade point average system with numbers ranging from 0 to 10 despite many schools using the 12 point system.

Official grading system at the University of Ottawa: Letter grade, numerical value, and percentage equivalency

Letter Grade	Numerical Value	Percentage
A+	10	90–100
A	9	85–89
A−	8	80–84
B+	7	75–79
B	6	70–74
C+	5	65–69
C	4	60–64
D+	3	55–59
D	2	50-54
E	1	40–49
F	0	0–39

Quebec, New Brunswick

In Quebec and New Brunswick universities:

Letter	Grade point	Qualification
A+	4.33	Excellent
A	4.00	Excellent
A−	3.66	Very Good
B+	3.33	Very Good
B	3.00	Very Good
B−	2.66	Good
C+	2.33	Good
C	2.00	Good
C−	1.66	Passable
D+	1.33	Passable
D	1.00	Passable
E	0.00	Failure ("échec")

This scale is used by at least UQTR. The Université de Montréal scale is similar but goes from A+ to F. Université Laval uses a similar 4.33 scale. UQAM, Concordia University and Université de Sherbrooke uses a 4.3 scale. This scale is much alike many other scales used in Canada.

McGill University and the École polytechnique use a 4.0 scale. Université de Sherbrooke scale is from A+ to E.

The percent equivalent of each grade and the passing mark can vary. The passing mark in high school and college is 60%.

Saskatchewan

The University of Saskatchewan and University of Regina both use a percentage grade system, universal across faculties and departments.

Percent	Letter grade equivalent	Descriptors
90–100	A+	An exceptional / outstanding performance.
80–89	A	An excellent / very good performance.
70-79	B	A good / above average performance.
60–69	C	A generally satisfactory, intellectually adequate performance.
50–59	D	A barely acceptable performance.
0–49	F	An unacceptable performance.

United States

Main article: Academic grading in the United States

The most popular and commonly used grading system in the United States uses discrete evaluation in the form of letter grades. Many schools use a GPA (grade-point average) system in combination with letter grades. There are also many other systems in place. Some schools use a scale of 100 instead of letter grades. Others, including many Montessoris, eschew discrete evaluation in favor of pure discursive evaluation. There is no standardized system of grading in the United States. As such, those issues are left up to individual universities, schools and the regulatory authority of the individual states.

At most schools, colleges and universities in the United States, letter grades follow a five-point system, using the letters A, B, C, D and E/F, with A indicating excellent, C indicating average and F indicating failing. Additionally, most schools calculate a student's grade point average (GPA) by assigning each letter grade a number and averaging those numerical values. Generally, American schools equate an A with a numerical value of 4.0. Most graduate schools require a 3.0 (B) average to take a degree, with C or C− being the lowest grade for course credit. Most undergraduate schools require a 2.0, or C average to obtain a degree with a minimum of D or D− to pass a course. For most secondary schools, the minimum overall and course passes are both D or D−. Some districts, such as Mount Olive Township School District in New Jersey, have eliminated D as a passing grade for their students due to a high failure rate.

Whereas most American graduate schools use four-point grading (A, B, C, and E/F), several—mostly in the west, especially in California—do award D grades but still require a B average for degree qualification. Some American graduate schools use nine- or ten-point grading scales, formerly including the Rackham School of Graduate Studies at the University of Michigan, where 9.0 = A+, 8.0 = A, 7.0 = A−, and so on. (Rackham switched to a more conventional four-point scale in August 2013.)

In a handful of states, within the United States, GPA scales can go above 4.0.

The percentage needed in any given course to achieve a certain grade and the assignment of GPA point values varies from school to school, and sometimes between instructors within a given school. The most common grading scales for normal courses and honors/Advanced Placement courses are as follows:

	"Normal" courses		Honors/AP courses
Grade	Percentage	GPA	Percentage	GPA
A	90–100	3.5–4.0	93–100	4.5–5.0
B	80–89	2.5–3.49	85–92	3.5–4.49
C	70–79	1.5–2.49	77–84	2.5–3.49
D	60–69	1.0–1.49	70–76	2.0–2.49
E / F	0–59	0.0–0.99	0–69	0.0–1.99

Some states, such as South Carolina, Indiana, Louisiana, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Illinois and Virginia may use the following grading scale:

Grade	Percentage
A	93–100
B	85–92
C	77–84
D	70–76
E/F	0–69

Whether a school uses E or F to indicate a failing grade typically depends on time and geography. Around the time of World War II, several states began to use E, while the majority of the country continued to use the F, which traces to the days of Pass/Fail grading (P and F). In recent years, some schools have begun using an N for failing grades, presumably to represent "No Credit". Another letter used to represent a failing grade is U, representing "unsatisfactory."

Chromatic variants ("+" and " − ") are used. In most 100-point grading systems, the letter grade without variants is centered around a value ending in five. The "plus" variant is then assigned the values near the nine digit and the "minus" variant is assigned the values near zero. Any decimal values are usually rounded. Thus, a score of 80 to 82 is a B−, a score 83 to 87 is a B and a score of 87 to 89 is a B+. The four-point GPA scale, the letter grade without variants is assigned to the integer. The "plus" and "minus" variants are then assigned to .3 above the integer and .3 below the integer, respectively. Thus, a B is equal to 3.0, a B+ is equal to 3.3, and a B− is equal to 2.7.

The A range is often treated as a special case. In most American schools, a 4.00 is regarded as perfect and the highest GPA one can achieve. Thus, an A, being the prime grade, achieves the mark of a 4.00; for the A+ mark, most schools still assign a value of 4.00, equivalent to the A mark, to prevent deviation from the standard 4.00 GPA system. However, the A+ mark, then, becomes a mark of distinction that has no impact on the student's GPA. A few schools, however, do assign grade values of 4.33 or 4.30; but the scale is still called "4.0", because grading scales (or "quality indices") take their numerical names from the highest whole number.

In many American high schools, students may also score above 4.0 if taking advanced, honors, Advanced Placement, or International Baccalaureate classes (for example, a "regular" A would be worth 4 points, but an A earned in an advanced class might be worth 4.5 or 5 points towards the GPA.).

There has been dispute^{[citation needed]} over how colleges should look at grades from previous schools and high schools because one grade in one part of the country might not be the equivalent of a grade in another part of the country. In other words, an "A" might be 90–100 somewhere, and a 94–100 somewhere else. In middle and high schools that do not use a system based on academic credit, the grade point average is computed by taking the mean of all grades. In colleges and universities that use discrete evaluation, the grade point average is calculated by multiplying the quantitative values by the credit value of the correlative course, and then dividing the total by the sum of all credits.

For example:

Class	Credits	Grade	Grade Points
Speech 101	3	A	3 × 4.0 = 12.0
Biology 102	4	B+	4 × 3.3 = 13.2
History 157	3	B−	3 × 2.7 = 8.1
Physical Education 104	1	C	1 × 2.0 = 2.0

• Total Credits: 11
• Total Grade Points: 35.3
• Grade Point Average: 35.3 / 11 = 3.209 or slightly below B+

In a standards-based grading system, a performance standard is set by a committee based on ranking anchor papers and grading rubrics, which demonstrate performance which is below, meeting, or exceeding the "standard.".^{[citation needed]} This standard is intended to be a high, world-class level of performance, which must be met by every student regardless of ability or class, although they are actually set by a committee with no reference to any other national standard^{[citation needed]} Levels are generally assigned numbers between zero and four. Writing papers may be graded separately on content (discussion) and conventions (spelling and grammar). Since grading is not based on a curve distribution, it is entirely possible to achieve a grading distribution in which all students pass and meet the standard. While such grading is generally used only for assessments, they have been proposed for alignment with classroom grading. However, in practice, grading can be much more severe than traditional letter grades. Even after ten years, some states, such as Washington, continue to evaluate over half of their students as "below standard" on the state mathematics assessment.

Here is another example of a commonly used grading scale, currently in place at Wayzata High School in Plymouth, Minnesota. The Grade Point Average is not the traditional 4-point scale, but uses the 12-point scale for unweighted classes and the 15-point scale for weighted classes:

Grade	Percentage
A+	97.00–100.00
A	93.00–96.99
A−	90.00–92.99
B+	87.00–89.99
B	83.00–86.99
B−	80.00–82.99
C+	77.00–79.99
C	73.00–76.99
C−	70.00–72.99
D+	67.00–69.99
D	63.00–66.99
D−	60.00–62.99
F	0.00–59.99

The 12 point GPA scale works as follows. Students receive 12 points for an A or A+, 11 points for an A−, 10 points for a B+, etc. for each grading period. Once a grading period is complete, the student's total grade points are divided by the total number of credits and a GPA is generated.

For Example, here is one term of grades and a grade point average from a student whose school uses the 86-minute block schedule (such as Wayzata High School):

Math 4X (1 credit)	95.06/A = 12 Grade Points
Chemistry X (1 credit)	87.39/B+ = 10 Grade Points
Symphonic Band (1 credit)	99.76/A+ = 12 Grade Points
AP United States History (1 credit)	92.57/A− = 11 Grade Points
Total	45 Grade Points/4 Credits = 11.25 GPA (Slightly better than A−, equivalent to 3.75)

Oceania

Australia

Main article: Academic grading in Australia

This is an approximate Naplan and Higher School Certificate (HSC in NSW) Secondary School Guide :

90-99.95 Marks	BAND 6/Exemplary
89–80	BAND 5
79–70	BAND 4
69-60	BAND 3
59-50	BAND 2
49-0	BAND 1

</gallery> Majority of the Australian tertiary institutions use the following grading structure:

HD	85% and above (High Distinction)
D	75–84% (Distinction)
Cr	65–74% (Credit)
P	50–64% (Pass)
F	49% and under (Fail)

Some other Australian universities have a marking system based on the Honours system used at Oxford and Cambridge: In Schools reports they use these system: A-90-100%: excellent B-75-90%: good C-40-75%: Satisfactoriness D-25-40%: Limited E-10-25%- Very Low F- 10-%: Failed

H1	80% and above (First Class Honours)
H2A	75–79% (Second Class Honours (A Division))
H2B	70–74% (Second Class Honours (B Division))
H3	65–69% (Third Class Honours)
P	50–64% (Pass)
N	below 50% (Fail)

Many courses also have Non-Graded Pass (NGP) and Non-Graded Fail (NGF), in which it is considered more appropriate to have qualitative than quantitative assessment. However, in some universities, an F1 category may be given a 'Pass Conceded' if the student's Weighted Average is greater than a nominated threshold. (More often than not, this is around the 53–55 range.)

Grade point averages are not generally used in Australia below a tertiary level, but are important for selection into graduate entry courses such as Medicine and Law. They are calculated according to more complicated formula than some other nations, and may be customised for the particular course application when used as entry criteria into graduate entry degrees:

Grade Point Average (GPA) = Sum of (grade points × course unit values) / total number of credit points attempted, in which grade points are as follows:

• High Distinction = 7
• Distinction = 6
• Credit = 5
• Pass = 4
• Fail level 1 = 1
• Fail level 2 = 0

At some universities, such as Macquarie University, University of Technology, Sydney, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) and Monash University, Melbourne, a GPA calculation out of 4 is calculated, whereby 4.0 = a High Distinction; 3.0 is a Distinction, 2.0 is a Credit, and 1.0 is a pass. In certain faculties, such as law, it is therefore possible to graduate with "honours" with a GPA of less than 2.5.

Whenever a course result is a Non-Graded Pass, the result will normally be disregarded in GPA calculation.

The term course unit values is used to distinguish between courses which have different weightings e.g. between a full year course and a single semester course.

The High School Certificate system varies from state to state. But in most states the ATAR (Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank) system determines tertiary positions. Government Supported Positions are given to students that achieve above a certain ATAR threshold. (An example of this is an ATAR of 85 for Civil Engineering at the University of New South Wales.) The value of the ATAR corresponds with their year 7 cohort, including students that did not complete year 12. An ATAR of 80.00, for example, indicates that students with that ATAR have performed in the HSC better than 80 percent of their year 7 cohort, had all these year 7 students completed year 12 and been eligible for an ATAR.

By contrast, in Queensland, graduating Year 12 students are awarded an OP of between 1 and 25, 1 being the most coveted; students are allocated their OP by means of a summation of marks from all their year 12 (and in some cases, year 11) courses, and also from the QCS (Queensland Core Skills) test, this being a series of four tests held at the end of secondary education.

New Zealand

Main article: Academic grading in New Zealand

Most New Zealand secondary school use the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) marking schedule, even in pre-NCEA years for commonality. There are four grades, from lowest to highest, Not Achieved (N), Achieved (A), Merit (M), and Excellence (E). The minority of schools using other secondary school qualifications (usually CIE or IB) have different grades. Grading at tertiary institutions generally centers around a letter scale, with a corresponding 9 point GPA scale (C-=1, A+=9).

South America

Argentina

In Argentina the GPA is calculated quarterly, each semester, or annually. Grades usually range from 1 to 10. The passing mark is typically 70%, which in secondary school is represented by a grade of 7.

Depending on the university, admittance may require:

• Completion of secondary school.
• A common basic year to all degrees.
• Students may need to pass an entrance exam for some of the more popular degree programs. This may also apply to all degrees in private universities.

In the past, some universities admitted people over 25 years old even if they couldn't complete high school, but they must pass an entrance exam. University grades are also on a scale of 1 to 10, but 4 is passing and usually corresponds to a mark of 75%.

Brazil

In Brazil the GPA – known as Coeficiente de Rendimento, or Índice de Rendimento Acadêmico – is calculated per semester or per year or both. The High School GPA is almost never used for college entrance evaluation in public universities (state funded and free of charge). To enter state colleges, Brazilian students must attend to entrance exams called vestibulares. The most famous ones are FUVEST, the entrance exam for University of São Paulo, and ENEM, a national exam that ranks high school students to be accepted by federal funded colleges. The private colleges system also apply entrance exams, but some might use the GPA as an evaluation method. During college, the GPA is calculated as a weighted average of grade and course hours and have a bigger importance than in the high school as it determines priority in receiving scholarships, for example.

The majority of schools adopt a 0,0 (worst) to 10,0 (best) scale for grading, but some of the Brazilian schools adopt the following grading system:

A (Excellent)	90% – 100%
B (Good)	80 – 89%
C (Fair)	60 – 79%
D (Fail)	50 – 59%
E (Bad)	0 – 49%

A grade below 50% is surely a fail, although some schools have passing criteria of 60% or 70%.

Some schools adopt a system without the E mark, like this:

A (Excellent)	90% – 100%
B (Good)	70 – 89%
C (Fair)	60 – 70%
D (Fail)	0 – 59%

In this system a grade below 70 or 65% is a fail, but the people having C and D grades can attend ERP - Estudos de Recuperação Paralela, when the grade is not the final grade, and ERF - Estudos de Recuperação Final - when the grade is the final grade, so they can have a better grade: A or B. In ERP, if person continues having C or D, he/ she will attend ERF. If the person has C or D in ERF, he/ she will "repeat the year" - that's how people say in Brazil.

Chile

Grades are assigned with a numeric scale from 1.0 to 7.0, including at least one decimal, with 4.0 as the lowest passing grade (equivalent to 60%). Everything under a 4.0 is considered a "rojo" or "red mark," which equates to failing. For the PSU, Prueba de Selección Universitaria (UST, University Selection Test), the scale goes from 150 to 850 points. Depending on the university and the major, the student will need a minimum score to get accepted. The final score will depend on the points obtained in each test: Mathematics and Linguistics (both mandatory); Natural Sciences and History (only one of them mandatory) and the NEM score, Notas de Enseñanza Media (High School Grades) converted into the PSU Scale.

Colombia

Although there are several grading systems in the country, the one used by public schools is a numeric scale from 0 to 5. 0 is the lowest and 5 the highest. When grading one decimal is commonly used. In order to pass a course, the student must obtain a grade equal or higher than 3.0, which corresponds to a 60% of the scale. Since 2010 Colombian schools can choose how to grade their students. Thanks to this, private schools usually use a system either going from 0 to 10 or 0 to 100. Usually, to pass the course, the grade must be equal or higher than 7 (or 70), which corresponds to 70% of the scale. Also, schools usually do not grade a 0, all grades are granted 10% of the scale, that is, any student whose grade is under 10%, will get 10%. However, once the grade is over 10%, this boost will not apply anymore. There is an exception to this rule, and it is that some schools use a 0 to 7 scale. In this case, the initial boost will be of a 14,2% (1 point), and works the same as its counterpart.

Final grades can be the result of a simple average; but private institutions can give different percentages to specific grades or grading periods. That is, the final grade of a term is usually the result of a weighted arithmetic mean between the arithmetic mean of all the schoolwork, homework and quizzes taken during the term, and the grade of a final exam, which is taken at the end of the term. Although certain schools use a 70% term work, 30% final exam weighted mean, it may vary between schools.

Ecuador

In Ecuador, the rating system is 10 out of 10, including two decimal places in both primary, secondary and university, the highest score is 10 and the lowest is 1, to meet the minimum grade to pass this year is 7, depending on how schools are organized since 2012 enjoy complete autonomy in Ecuador, so that some establishments maintain supplementary examination for those with less than 7, and other approved intensive recovery, but if the grade obtained is low of 5 are automatically disqualified and disciplinary same behavior is described as follows: A (excellent), B (outstanding), C (very good), D (Good), E (Regular) and F (failure), and students they got 10 out of 10 in 90% of subjects in the first school year quimestre is promoted to a senior year, but making an entrance examination. Notes and academic qualifications and groups them reasoning thus:

• 10 - 9.5 = Rated Excellent
• 9.4 - 9.0 = Rated Outstanding
• 8.9 - 8.0 = very good credit rating
• 7.9 - 6.5 = Rating Sufficient or Good Sufficient
• 6.4 - 5.1 = Fail failing grade with Recovery option or supplementary examination
• 5.0 - 1.0 = Fail automatically

Paraguay

The grades vary from 1 to 5, where 5 is the maximum grade achievable and 1 the lowest. The minimum for pass is 2.

• 5: Excellent
• 4: Very Good
• 3: Good
• 2: Acceptable
• 1: Fail

Peru

Grades range from 0 to 20, in an almost unique grading table. The passing grade is 11 in almost all schools and universities, while certain ones require 13. In some preschool facilities, grades usually range from F to A+, following the American system, and in a few colleges, the passing grade is 10.

Uruguay

High grades in Uruguay are very hard to achieve. Grades range from 1 to 12. 1 is the lowest and 12 is the highest. Passing an exam or course requires 6 out of 12 in high school or at a private university, and 3 out of 12 at a public university. In high school a 6 corresponds to 50% on an exam or in a course while in a public university, a 3 corresponds to a 60% in a course or exam. Grades of 10, 11, and 12 are considered excellent. Some private universities grade their students on a percentage basis, 60% or 70% being the passing grade.

Venezuela

Grades in Venezuela may vary according to the education level, but normally the grading system is numerical, and ranges from 00 to 20, 00 being the lowest and 20 being the highest, and 10 being the pass mark, equivalent to a "D" in the United States. This system is not required, however, and several schools in Venezuela deviate from it by following a letter-grade system similar or identical to those in the United States.

Shown here is the Venezuelan grading system in probable comparison with the United States grading system:

Venezuelan grade	American letter grade	American percentage (%)
20-18	A (excellent, highest mark)	90-100%
17-14	B (good, second to highest mark)	80-89%
13-12	C (average)	70-79%
11-10	D (lowest passable mark)	60-69%
09-00	F (failure)	0-59%

GPA in the job market

College and post-college students often wonder how much weight their GPA carries in future employment. The employer, company and industry plays the largest factor in answering this question. According to Johnny C. Taylor, Jr., senior vice president of human resources for IAC/InterActive Corp, a company with over 33,000 employees, an applicant’s GPA is the single best indicator of future success in job employment. According to the National Association of Colleges and Employers, since 2001 there has been an increase in employers looking at, and making hiring decisions based on, a candidate's GPA. In addition, Job Outlook 2005 survey reported that 70 percent of employers looked at an applicants GPA, increasing to 75 percent in 2010. Those looking at and weighing in college GPA reported that their cut off was a GPA of 3.0 or lower.

GPA is not the only factor that determines future employment. Many employers look for other pertinent characters such as leadership, teamwork, flexibility and attitude. They may also look at the reputation of the college attended and other work related experiences such as internships. In a 2010 student survey for recruiters, 45 percent of the students who had completed an internship had already received a job offer. Many of these jobs were within the company that they interned for.

Although GPA seems to be important in the hiring process, other variables may contribute to the likelihood of getting hired. If a student’s GPA is below a 3.0 or what the employer is looking for, it is suggested to calculate your GPA for only the classes within your major for your resume.

There is also criticism about using grades as an indicator in employment. Armstrong (2012) claimed that the relationship between grades and job performance is low and it's becoming lower in recent studies.

See also

• Grade inflation

References

External links

• Article: How is GPA computed in US schools? GPA Computation formula
• Online US Collegiate GPA Calculator
• WES-Online GPA Conversionguide
• ECTS grading scale in Italy
• Online Grading – Article by Campus Technology e-Magazine
• The Case Against Grades at Slate.com
• U.S. High School GPA Calculator

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 多発血管炎性肉芽腫症（ウェゲナー肉芽腫症）および顕微鏡的多発血管炎を伴う肉芽腫症
  の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis wegeners and microscopic polyangiitis
• 2. 多発血管炎性肉芽腫症（ウェゲナー肉芽腫症）および顕微鏡的多発血管炎を伴う肉芽腫症
  における初期免疫抑制療法 initial immunosuppressive therapy in granulomatosis with polyangiitis wegeners and microscopic polyangiitis
• 3. 多発血管炎性肉芽腫症（ウェゲナー肉芽腫症）および顕微鏡的多発血管炎を伴う肉芽腫症
  における維持免疫抑制療法 maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in granulomatosis with polyangiitis wegeners and microscopic polyangiitis
• 4. 多発血管炎性肉芽腫症（ウェゲナー肉芽腫症）および顕微鏡的多発血管炎を伴う
  シクロホスファミド抵抗性肉芽腫症の治療 treatment of cyclophosphamide resistant granulomatosis with polyangiitis wegeners and microscopic polyangiitis
• 5. 多発血管炎性肉芽腫症（ウェゲナー肉芽腫症）における気道病変 respiratory tract involvement in granulomatosis with polyangiitis wegeners

English Journal

• Discontinuities in the human bone-PDL-cementum complex.

• Hurng JM, Kurylo MP, Marshall GW, Webb SM, Ryder MI, Ho SP.SourceDivision of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
• Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2011 Oct;32(29):7106-17. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
• A naturally graded interface due to functional demands can deviate toward a discontinuous interface, eventually decreasing the functional efficiency of a dynamic joint. It is this characteristic feature in a human bone-tooth fibrous joint bone-PDL-tooth complex that will be discussed through histoch
• PMID 21774982

Japanese Journal

• 13C-NMR studies of the paramagnetic and charge-ordered states of the organic superconductor β"-(BEDT-TTF)3Cl2・2H2O under pressure

• Nagata Sanato,Ogura Takashi,Kawamoto Atsushi,Taniguchi Hiromi
• Physical Review B 84(3), 035105, 2011-07-15
• … We accessed 13C-NMR on β"-(BEDT-TTF)3Cl2・2H2O at ambient pressure and under pressure up to 1.6 GPa. … The salt finally exhibits superconductivity at 1.6 GPa, spin-gap behavior observed at (T1T)^[-1] below 1.3 GPa suddenly disappears, whereas the NMR spectrum predicts that charge disproportionation coexists with superconductivity. …
• NAID 120003207611

Related Links

• GPA - Wikipedia

GPA（Grade Point Average、グレード・ポイント・アベレージ）は、各科目の成績から 特定の方式によって算出された学生の成績評価値のこと、あるいはその成績評価方式の ことをいう。欧米の大学や高校などで一般的に使われており、留学の際など学力を測る ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「多発血管炎性肉芽腫症」「血管炎」「成長促進活性」
拡張検索	「EGPA」
関連記事	「G」「GP」

「多発血管炎性肉芽腫症」

　　[★]

英

granulomatosis with polyangiitis GPA

同

(国試)ウェゲナー肉芽腫症 Wegener肉芽腫症、ウェゲナー肉芽腫 Wegener's granulomatosis, Wegener granulomatosis, WG

関

難病、血管炎、小型血管炎、抗好中球細胞質抗体関連血管炎 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis AAV

疾患概念の変遷
1994	CHCC	川崎病	結節性多発動脈炎	顕微鏡的多発血管炎	Churg-Strauss症候群	Wegener肉芽腫症
2012	CHCC	川崎病	結節性多発動脈炎	顕微鏡的多発血管炎	好酸球性多発血管炎性肉芽腫症	多発血管炎性肉芽腫症

概念

• 難病であり、特定疾患治療研究事業に指定されている。
• 全身性に小動脈以下に壊死性肉芽腫性血管炎を生じる疾患で、特に鼻、肺、腎に出現する上気道症状、下気道症状、腎症が三主徴とされる
• 病理的には上気道・肺に壊死性肉芽腫、腎臓では半月体形成腎炎が認められる。
• PR3-ANCA陽性が特徴的である。

定義

CHCC 2012

通常、上気道および下気道を障害する壊死性肉芽腫性炎症で、主に小型血管から中型血管(例えば毛細血管、細静脈 または細動脈、動脈そして静脈)も障害する壊死性血管炎。壊死性糸球体腎炎は非常によくみられる。

疫学

• 性別：男女比1:1で性差はなし。
• 年齢：中年に多い。男性では30-60歳代、女性では50-60歳代が多い

病因

• 詳細には分かっていない。
• 日本ではHLA抗原との相関は見られない。
• III型アレルギーとIV型アレルギーなどの免疫機構が関与すると考えられている。
• PR3-ANCAや炎症性サイトカインにより好中球が活性化して、活性酸素や蛋白分解酵素が血管壁に固着した好中球より放出され、血管炎や肉芽腫性炎を起こすと考えられている。

病型

• 全身型：以下の症状が全て出現
• 限局型(不全型?)：以下の症状の一部が出現

病理

参考2

• 1. 上気道、肺、腎臓の巨細胞を伴う壊死性肉芽腫性炎
• 2. 免疫グロブリン沈着を伴わない壊死性半月体形成腎炎
• 3. 小・細動脈の壊死性肉芽腫性血管炎

経過

参考2

• 症状はELKの順に出現し、難治性の鼻炎、副鼻腔炎に続いて咳嗽、血痰、胸痛を来たし、発熱、体重減少、腎不全を呈するようになる。

症状

参考2

上気道の症状

E

• 鼻：鞍鼻(鼻中隔の破壊による)、膿性鼻漏、出血
• 眼：眼痛、視力低下、眼球突出(副鼻腔の骨破壊が起きた場合)　　「肉芽腫性強膜ぶどう膜炎」も起こる。眼球炎、頭蓋骨の骨破壊も起きうる。
• 耳：中耳炎
• 口腔・咽頭：潰瘍、嗄声、気道閉塞　　咽喉頭潰瘍も起きうる。

肺の症状

L

壊死性肉芽腫性病変の多発による結節影や空洞の形成。肺炎様陰影、血性胸水などもみられる。

• 血痰、咳嗽、呼吸困難

腎の症状

K

急速進行性糸球体腎炎(病理的には巣状分節状糸球体腎炎～半月体形成性糸球体腎炎)による症状

• 血尿、蛋白尿、急速な腎不全、浮腫、高血圧

その他症状

• 全身症状：発熱、体重減少
• 紫斑、多関節炎、上強膜炎、多発神経炎、虚血性心疾患(狭心症、心筋梗塞)、消化管出血(吐血、下血)、胸膜炎

検査

• 血液生化学

• 白血球：増加
• CRP：上昇
• BUN：上昇
• クレアチニン：上昇

• 血清学的検査

• PR3-ANCA=C-ANCA(←cytoplasmicの略)：陽性

• 尿検査

• 血尿、タンパク尿

• 画像検査

• 胸部単純X線写真：結節性陰影
• 胸部単純CT：結節性陰影

治療

• 免疫抑制薬(シクロホスファミド、アザチオプリン)と大量の副腎皮質ステロイドを併用。

(副作用)シクロホスファミド：骨髄抑制、出血性膀胱炎。副腎皮質ステロイド：種々

• 病状に応じて漸減し、一剤の維持療法とする。

予後

• 未治療で数ヵ月から1-2年で死亡
• 発症早期の免疫抑制療法による加療で高率に寛解

症候スペクトル

病態	レイノー現象	抗核抗体	リウマトイド因子	抗好中球細胞質抗体	皮疹	皮下結節	関節炎	筋炎	漿膜炎	自己抗体
										PR-3 ANCA
病理	壊死性血管炎	糸球体腎炎	間質性肺炎	心炎	唾液腺炎	オニオンスキン病変	ワイヤーループ病変	ヘマトキシリン体	LE細胞

参考

• 1. 難病

http://www.nanbyou.or.jp/entry/210

• 2. 認定基準

http://www.nanbyou.or.jp/upload_files/006_s.pdf

「血管炎」

　　[★]

英

angiitis

関

脈管炎 vasculitis　vasculitides、血管内膜炎、血管炎症候群

分類

CHCC2012

large vessel vasculitis LVV 大型血管炎	Takayasu arteritis TAK 高安動脈炎
	giant cell arteritis GCA 巨細胞性動脈炎
medium vessel vasculitis MVV 中型血管炎	polyarteritis nodosa PAN 結節性多発動脈炎
	Kawasaki disease KD 川崎病
small vessel vasculitis SVV 小型血管炎	antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis AAV 抗好中球細胞質抗体関連血管炎	microscopic polyangiitis MPA 顕微鏡的多発血管炎
		granulomatosis with polyangiitis GPA 多発血管炎性肉芽腫症(Wegener肉芽腫症)
		eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis EGPA 好酸球性多発血管炎性肉芽腫症(Churg-Strauss症候群)
	immune complex SVV 免疫複合体性小型血管炎	anti-glomerular basement membrane disease 抗糸球体基底膜抗体病(抗GBM病)
		cryoglobulinemic vasculitis CV クリオグロブリン血症性血管炎
		IgA vasculitis IgAV IgA血管炎(Henoch-Schonlein紫斑病)
		hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis HUV 低補体血症性蕁麻疹様血管炎(抗C1q血管炎)
variable vessel vasculitis VVV 多様な血管を侵す血管炎	Behcet's disease BD Behcet病
	Cogan's syndrome CS Cogan症候群
single-organ vasculitis SOV 単一臓器血管炎	cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis 皮膚白血球破砕性血管炎
	cutaneous arteritis 皮膚動脈炎
	primary central nervous system vasculitis 原発性中枢神経系血管炎
	isolated aortitis 限局性大動脈炎
vasculitis associated with systemic disease 全身性疾患関連血管炎	lupus vasculitis ループス血管炎
	rheumatoid vasculitis リウマトイド血管炎
	sarcoid vasculitis サルコイド血管炎
vasculitis associated with probable etiology 推定病因を有する血管炎	hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis C型肝炎ウイルス関連クリオグロブリン血症性血管炎
	hepatitis B virus-associated vasculitis B型肝炎ウイルス関連血管炎
	syphilis-associated aortitis 梅毒関連大動脈炎
	drug-associated immune complex vasculitis 薬剤関連免疫複合体性血管炎
	drug-associated ANCA-associated vasculitis 薬剤関連ANCA関連血管炎
	cancer-associated vasculitis がん関連血管炎

参考

• 血管炎症候群 - 日本内科学会雑誌第103巻第10号

• 1. 血管炎症候群の診療ガイドライン

http://www.j-circ.or.jp/guideline/pdf/JCS2008_ozaki_h.pdf

• 血管炎・血管障害診療ガイドライン 2016 年改訂版 - 日本皮膚科学会

https://www.dermatol.or.jp/uploads/uploads/files/vasculitisGL.pdf

「成長促進活性」

　　[★]

英

growth promoting activity GPA

• growth promoting activityの和訳であるがコンセンサスがとれているか不明。

「EGPA」

　　[★] 好酸球性多発血管炎性肉芽腫症

「G」

　　[★]

• グアニン guanine
• グアノシン guanosine
• グリシン glycine

　

「GP」

　　[★]

• 糖タンパク質

関

glycoprotein