WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
any creature of exceptional size
someone or something that is abnormally large and powerful (同)goliath, behemoth, monster, colossus
a very large person; impressive in size or qualities (同)hulk, heavyweight, whale
an imaginary figure of superhuman size and strength; appears in folklore and fairy tales
an unusually large enterprise; "Walton built a retail giant"
inflammation of an artery

PrepTutorEJDIC

ground-controlled approach地上からの誘導着陸[装置]
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
『大男』;(物語・伝説の)『巨人』 / 『大人物』,偉人 / 『巨大な物』 / 巨大な,ものすごく大きい

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/23 21:56:11」(JST)

wiki en

Giant-cell arteritis (GCA or temporal arteritis or cranial arteritis) or Horton disease is an inflammatory disease of blood vessels most commonly involving large and medium arteries of the head, predominantly the branches of the external carotid artery.

It is a form of vasculitis. It typically causes inflammation of the network of small vessels (vasa vasorum) that supplies the larger arteries. GCA affects arteries of the head and neck, including the three arteries that branch out from the arch of the ascending aorta, and their branches -- the thoracic aorta, the axillary arteries, the vertebral arteries, and further on in the head in the ophthalmic and external carotid arteries (the temporal and occipital arteries). It can cause occlusion of the arteries and ischema (tissue death). ^[1]

The most serious complication is occlusion of the ophthalmic artery, a medical emergency which can cause irreversible ischema and blindness if not treated promptly. GCA is treated with glucocorticoids (steroids), which reduce the inflammation and prevent occlusion. No other drugs are effective or contribute to the effect of glucocorticoids.^[1]

The pathological mechanism seems to start when dendritic cells in the vessel wall recruit T cells and macrophages to form granulomatous infiltrate. Type 17 T helper cells involved with interleukin (IL) 6, IL-17 and IL-21 play a critical part; this pathway is suppressed with glucocorticoids.^[1]

GCA is diagnosed with biopsy of the temporal artery. While the clinical presentation, patient characteristics and blood test markers of inflammation can raise suspicion, only a temporal artery biopsy can give definite diagnosis. Some cases may not involve the temporal artery, and distinguishing between a false negative and the absence of GCA is difficult.^[1]

The name (giant cell arteritis) reflects the type of inflammatory cell involved^[2] as seen on a biopsy.

The terms "giant-cell arteritis" and "temporal arteritis" are sometimes used interchangeably, because of the frequent involvement of the temporal artery. However, it can involve other large vessels (such as the aorta in "giant-cell aortitis"^[3]). Giant-cell arteritis of the temporal artery is referred to as "temporal arteritis," and is also known as "cranial arteritis" and "Horton's disease."^[4]^:840

Signs and symptoms

It is more common in women than in men by a ratio of 2:1 and more common in those of Northern European descent, as well as those residing at higher latitudes. The mean age of onset is >55 years, and it is rare in those less than 55 years of age.

People present with:

bruits
fever
headache^[5]
tenderness and sensitivity on the scalp
jaw claudication (pain in jaw when chewing)
tongue claudication (pain in tongue when chewing) and necrosis^[6]^[7]
reduced visual acuity (blurred vision)
acute visual loss (sudden blindness)
diplopia (double vision)
acute tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
polymyalgia rheumatica (in 50%)

The inflammation may affect blood supply to the eye and blurred vision or sudden blindness may occur. In 76% of cases involving the eye, the ophthalmic artery is involved causing arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.^[8] Loss of vision in both eyes may occur very abruptly and this disease is therefore a medical emergency.

Associated conditions

The disorder may coexist (in a half of cases) with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), which is characterized by sudden onset of pain and stiffness in muscles (pelvis, shoulder) of the body and is seen in the elderly. GCA and PMR are so closely linked that they are often considered to be different manifestations of the same disease process. Other diseases related with temporal arteritis are systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and severe infections.

Giant-cell arteritis can involve branches of the aorta as well leading to aortic aneurysm. For this reason patients should be followed with serial chest X-rays

Diagnosis

Physical exam

Palpation of the head reveals prominent temporal arteries with or without pulsation.
The temporal area may be tender.
Decreased pulses may be found throughout the body

Evidence of ischemia may be noted on fundal exam.

Laboratory tests

LFTs, liver function tests, are abnormal particularly raised ALP- alkaline phosphatase
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, an inflammatory marker, >60 mm/hour (normal 1–40 mm/hour).
C-reactive protein, another inflammatory marker, is also commonly elevated.
Platelets may also be elevated.

Biopsy

Histopathology of giant cell vasculitis in a cerebral artery. Elastica-stain.

The gold standard for diagnosing temporal arteritis is biopsy, which involves removing a small part of the vessel and examining it microscopically for giant cells infiltrating the tissue. Since the blood vessels are involved in a patchy pattern, there may be unaffected areas on the vessel and the biopsy might have been taken from these parts. Unilateral biopsy of a 1.5–3 cm length is 85-90% sensitive (1 cm is the minimum).^[9] So, a negative result does not definitely rule out the diagnosis. Thus, currently biopsy is only considered confirmatory for the clinical diagnosis, or one of diagnostic criteria.^[7]

Imaging studies

Radiological examination of the temporal artery with ultrasound yields a halo sign. Contrast enhanced brain MRI and CT is generally negative in this disorder. Recent studies have shown that 3T MRI using super high resolution imaging and contrast injection can non-invasively diagnose this disorder with high specificity and sensitivity.^[10]

Treatment

Corticosteroids, typically high-dose prednisone (1 mg/kg/day), must be started as soon as the diagnosis is suspected (even before the diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy) to prevent irreversible blindness secondary to ophthalmic artery occlusion. Steroids do not prevent the diagnosis from later being confirmed by biopsy, although certain changes in the histology may be observed towards the end of the first week of treatment and are more difficult to identify after a couple of months.^[11] The dose of prednisone is lowered after 2–4 weeks, and slowly tapered over 9–12 months. Tapering may require two or more years. Oral steroids are at least as effective as intravenous steroids,^[12] except in the treatment of acute visual loss where intravenous steroids appear to offer significant benefit over oral steroids.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Weyand CM and Goronzy JJ (July 3, 2014). "Giant-Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica". N Engl J Med 371 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1214825.
^ "giant cell arteritis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Walter MA, Melzer RA, Graf M, Tyndall A, Müller-Brand J, Nitzsche EU (May 2005). "[18F]FDG-PET of giant-cell aortitis". Rheumatology (Oxford) 44 (5): 690–1. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh551. PMID 15728420.
^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
^ Moutray TN, Williams MA, Best JL (August 2008). "Suspected giant cell arteritis: a study of referrals for temporal artery biopsy" (PDF). Can. J. Ophthalmol. 43 (4): 445–8. doi:10.1139/i08-070. PMID 18711459.
^ Sainuddin S, Saeed NR (December 2008). "Acute bilateral tongue necrosis – a case report". Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46 (8): 671–2. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2008.03.027. PMID 18499311.
^ ^a ^b Zadik Y, Findler M, Maly A, et al. (January 2011). "A 78-year-old woman with bilateral tongue necrosis". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 111 (1): 15–9. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.09.001. PMID 21176820.
^ Hayreh (April 3, 2003). "Ocular Manifestations of GCA". University of Iowa Health Care. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
^ Ypsilantis E, et al. (November 2011). "Importance of specimen length during temporal artery biopsy". Br J Surg 98 (11): 1556–1560. doi:10.1002/bjs.7595. PMID 21706476.
^ Bley TA, Uhl M, Carew J, et al. (October 2007). "Diagnostic value of high-resolution MR imaging in giant cell arteritis". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 (9): 1722–7. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0638. PMID 17885247.
^ Font RL, Prabhakaran VC (2007). "Histological parameters helpful in recognising steroid-treated temporal arteritis: an analysis of 35 cases". The British journal of ophthalmology 91 (2): 204–9. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.101725. PMC 1857614. PMID 16987903.
^ "BestBets: Steroids and Temporal Arteritis".
^ Chan CC, Paine M, O'Day J (September 2001). "Steroid management in giant cell arteritis". Br J Ophthalmol 85 (9): 1061–4. doi:10.1136/bjo.85.9.1061. PMC 1724128. PMID 11520757.

External links

Giant Cell Arteritis article at University of Iowa
Polymyalgia rheumatica article from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis - PrimeHealthChannel.com

PMRGCAuk - UK charity offering support, raising awareness, promoting research

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の診断 diagnosis of giant cell temporal arteritis
2. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の治療 treatment of giant cell temporal arteritis
3. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of giant cell temporal arteritis
4. 巨細胞（側頭）動脈炎の病因 pathogenesis of giant cell temporal arteritis
5. Overview of and approach to the vasculitides in adults

English Journal

Incidence of listeriosis and related mortality among groups at risk of acquiring listeriosis.

Goulet V, Hebert M, Hedberg C, Laurent E, Vaillant V, De Valk H, Desenclos JC.SourceInstitut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clin Infect Dis.2012 Mar;54(5):652-60. Epub 2011 Dec 9.
Background. Listeriosis is a foodborne disease of significant public health concern that primarily affects persons with recognized underlying conditions or diseases that impair cell-mediated immunity. The degree of risk posed by the different underlying conditions is crucial to prioritize preventi
PMID 22157172

Effect of race/ethnicity on risk, presentation and course of connective tissue diseases and primary systemic vasculitides.

Piram M, Maldini C, Mahr A.SourceaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Hospital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris 7-Paris Diderot, Paris bDepartment of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
Current opinion in rheumatology.Curr Opin Rheumatol.2012 Mar;24(2):193-200.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Understanding the effects of race/ethnicity on the risk and expression of systemic rheumatic diseases has potential clinical implications and provides insight into their etiopathogeneses. This review summarizes knowledge of the effects of race/ethnicity on the following nine condi
PMID 22249352

Japanese Journal

インフルエンザ・ワクチン接種後に顕微鏡的多発血管炎と側頭動脈炎を合併した稀な一例

小西舞,小荒田秀一,山口健,田代知子,副島幸子,末松梨絵,井上久子,多田芳史,大田明英,長澤浩平
日本臨床免疫学会会誌 = Japanese journal of clinical immunology 34(3), 154-161, 2011-06-30
NAID 10029432164

乳房内に腫瘤を形成した巨細胞性動脈炎の1例

玉田修吾,相良安昭,馬場信一,松山義人,雷哲明,大井恭代
日本臨床外科学会雑誌 = The journal of the Japan Surgical Association 72(1), 10-14, 2011-01-25
NAID 10028120074

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「側頭動脈炎」「血管炎」「GCA」「巨細胞動脈炎」
関連記事	「giant」「cell」

「側頭動脈炎」

Giant-cell arteritis
	Classification and external resources
	The arteries of the face and scalp.
ICD-10	M31.5-M31.6
ICD-9	446.5
OMIM	187360
DiseasesDB	12938
MedlinePlus	000448
eMedicine	neuro/592
MeSH	D013700

　　[★]

英: temporal arteritis, TA
同: 巨細胞性動脈炎 giant-cell arteritis giant cell arteritis GCA、頭蓋動脈炎 cranial arteritis、ホートン症候群 Horton syndrome、ホートン動脈炎 Horton arteritis
関: 虚血性視神経症。血管炎

概念

日本内科学会雑誌106巻10号

大型血管炎に分類される。
慢性肉芽腫性動脈炎
高齢者に好発
男女比4:7
例外なく50歳以上に発症し70歳代が最多。
リウマチ性多発筋痛症に合併することが多い。

頭痛、側頭動脈の疼痛を主症状とし、発熱、筋肉痛、体重減少、貧血などの全身症状を伴う原因不明の血管炎。
特に側頭動脈の病変が主体で、大動脈やその分枝の病変も10～15%に認められる。
側頭動脈にしばしば巨細胞浸潤を認めることから、巨細胞性動脈炎(giant cell　arteritis; GCA)、Horton(ホートン)動脈炎あるいは頭蓋動脈炎(cranial　arteritis)とも呼ばれる。
頭痛、視力障害、側頭動脈の発赤・腫脹・疼痛・索状肥厚・拍動減少などがあり、側頭動脈の生検組織に巨細胞性動脈炎の所見が認められれば診断は確定する。
顎が咀嚼時などに疲労して痛む顎跛行は外上顎動脈の阻血症状であり本症に特徴的である。
視力障害は内頸動脈の分枝である毛様体動脈の障害により生じる。

疫学

年齢：65歳以上(CASES)。50歳以上にほぼ特異的(exclusively)(HIM.2126)
性別：女性＞男性
人種：黒人には稀。南ヨーロッパでは少ないが、スカンジナビア(半島？)の人に多い。
50歳以上の発症率(annual incidence rates)：6.9-32.8/10万人
合併：リウマチ性多発筋痛症と側頭動脈炎は合併しやすい

リウマチ性多発筋痛症：10-20%(HIM.2126)　…(経過中に発症)→　側頭動脈炎
リウマチ性多発筋痛症：10-20%(REU.210)　→　＋　リウマチ性多発筋痛症
側頭動脈炎：25%(CASES),40-50%(HIM.2126), 35-50%(REU.210)　→　＋　リウマチ性多発筋痛症

リウマチ性多発筋痛症と側頭動脈炎は、ある広い疾患のスペクトルに含まれるという考えがある。らしい。

遺伝(HIM.2126)

HLA-DR4：家族内集積が見られた
側頭動脈炎とHLA-DRB1 locusが関連(特にHLA-DRB1*04)

病態生理

冒される血管：中程度から大きい動脈(全身の血管を冒すが、大動脈弓とその枝に多い)。例えば頚動脈の１～多枝(特に側頭動脈)。
側頭動脈が冒されるが、全身の中～大型の血管も冒されている。ただし症状は見られないことがある。(HIM.2126)
単核球が血管壁に浸入し巨細胞を形成　→　内膜が増殖、内弾性板の破壊　→　狭窄・閉塞＆末梢組織の虚血

(実験データに基づくと)側頭動脈炎は抗原の存在が原因　→　Tリンパ球・マクロファージ、樹状細胞の活動により発症
血管壁に浸入したT細胞のTCRを遺伝的に解析すると、多様性が失われていたらしい　→　血管壁になんらかの抗原が存在することを示唆(HIM.2126)
血管の外膜(CD4+ T細胞が活性化して一斉にマクロファージに分化するばしょ)が本疾患の発症機序の始まりである？ (HIM.2126)
病変部に移動してきたT細胞は主にIL-2とIFN-γ(overt arteritisへの進展を伴うことを示唆)を産生する (HIM.2126)

症状

典型的な臨床像：50歳以上の患者で発熱、貧血、高ESR、頭痛(HIM.2126)
その他：不定愁訴(malaise)、全身倦怠感(fatigue)、食欲不振、体重減少、多汗？(sweats)、関節痛、およびリウマチ性多発筋痛症の関連症状(HIM.2126)

頭痛：側頭動脈を冒されている患者では主要な症状。動脈の圧痛・結節を伴っていることがあり、病初期では拍動を触れるが後期には閉塞する。(HIM.2126)
頭皮痛・顎跛行・舌跛行も起こることがある。(HIM.2126)
眼　：未治療では虚血性視神経症により失明。ほとんどの患者では失明に先行して頭部の症状や眼に関連した症状が出現する。 (HIM.2126)
その他(まれな？)の合併症：四肢の跛行、脳梗塞、心筋梗塞、内臓臓器の梗塞 (HIM.2126)
血管：大動脈瘤のリスク↑。病後期において大動脈解離とそれによる死亡につながる。

初診時にはリウマチ性多発筋痛症や側頭動脈炎の症状を訴える

リウマチ性多発筋痛症：近位筋の痛みと凝り(stiffness)。特に朝に著明。筋脱力のような症状が出るかもしれない(may simulate muscle weakness)(CASES)
側頭動脈炎　　　　　：冒された血管領域の激しい頭痛

全身症状：不定愁訴、体重減少、夜汗(CASE)

REU.212

全身症状 50%

発熱(15%で高熱39-40℃)
倦怠
体重減少

頭痛 60-75%

側頭部、後頭部

顎跛行 35-50%
眼症状 25-50%

かすみ
一過性黒内障 amaurosis fugax
複視
失明

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12910568

巨細胞性動脈炎の臨床症状

	発症時(%)	経過中(%)
発熱	25	33
体重減少	24	26
側頭部痛	58	80
脳梗塞	2	12
咬筋跛行	6	15
リウマチ性多発筋痛症	28	30
視力障害	32	44
虚血性視神経炎	17	21
失明	3	7

uptodate

全身症状：発熱(1/2の患者で見られる。大抵微熱だが15%の例では39℃を超える)、倦怠感、体重減少
頭痛：2/3の症例で認められる。痛みがある部位は側頭部だけでなく、前頭部、後頭部、片側性、全般性いずれでもありうる。
顎跛行：1/2の症例で認められる。咀嚼時の下顎痛や咀嚼時の下顎疲労がありうる。
眼病変

一過性視力消失
永続性視力消失

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6205276/

頭痛：鋭く燃えるような激しい痛み

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4173245/
頭痛：夜間に痛みが生じて寝ることができない例がある。

検査

血液

一般

貧血(中等度)(CASES)。低色素～正色素の貧血(HIM.2126)
白血球：減少

生化学

クレアチンキナーゼ：正常　←　筋炎だったら上昇。筋逸脱酵素の上昇はみられない(HIM.2126)。
肝酵素：わずかに上昇(CASES)。肝機能の異常は通常みられ、特にALPが上昇(HIM.2126)。

免疫

IgG、補体上昇例が報告されている。

炎症

ESR：亢進(少なくとも40 mm/h)(CASES)

診断

症状と検査所見で疑う

ESRの上昇やリウマチ性多発筋痛症様の症状の出現で側頭動脈炎を疑う(CASES)。
発熱　＋　貧血　＋　高ESR　＋　頭痛　＋　50歳以上　＋　その他の症状(不定愁訴、疲労、食欲不振、体重減少、多汗、関節痛、±リウマチ性多発筋痛症の関連症状) (HIM.2126)

確定診断は側頭動脈生検 (HIM.2126)
確定診断のための生検は、「頭痛 + 側頭動脈炎疑い」で施行。

→側頭動脈の生検(側頭動脈炎の病変は斑状(patchy)なので見つからないことも(CASES)。だけど確定診断になって治療方針が決まるから良いではないか)
病変は斑状に存在するので、3-5cmをまとめて生検した方が感度が上がる。
眼に症状が徴候が出ていたらすぐに生検をし、治療を遅らせるべきではない。糖質コルチコイド投与後14日後でも血管炎の存在を証明できる。糖質コルチコイドに対する反応性が良いことも診断のたすけとなる

鑑別診断「近位筋の筋力低下とこわばり」(CASES p.208)

多発筋炎、全身性血管炎、SLE、パーキンソン症候群、甲状腺機能低下症・甲状腺機能亢進症、骨軟化症

治療

糖質コルチコイド投与(ex. プレドニゾロン)

できるだけすぐに。生検の結果が来る前にでも(CASES)
ESRを指標としてtaperingさせる。2年程度の継続が必要。

合併症

失明：毛様体動脈への障害(→視神経炎)、中心網膜動脈の閉塞による

予後

生命予後は良好で、疾患がない人と変わりがない(REU.215)。

予防

参考

1. HIM.2126
2. [charged] Clinical manifestations of giant cell (temporal) arteritis - uptodate [1]
3. 難病情報

http://www.nanbyou.or.jp/upload_files/File/041-201704-kijyun.pdf

「血管炎」

　　[★]

英: angiitis
関: 脈管炎 vasculitis　vasculitides、血管内膜炎、血管炎症候群

分類

CHCC2012

large vessel vasculitis LVV 大型血管炎	Takayasu arteritis TAK 高安動脈炎
	giant cell arteritis GCA 巨細胞性動脈炎
medium vessel vasculitis MVV 中型血管炎	polyarteritis nodosa PAN 結節性多発動脈炎
	Kawasaki disease KD 川崎病
small vessel vasculitis SVV 小型血管炎	antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis AAV 抗好中球細胞質抗体関連血管炎	microscopic polyangiitis MPA 顕微鏡的多発血管炎
		granulomatosis with polyangiitis GPA 多発血管炎性肉芽腫症(Wegener肉芽腫症)
		eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis EGPA 好酸球性多発血管炎性肉芽腫症(Churg-Strauss症候群)
	immune complex SVV 免疫複合体性小型血管炎	anti-glomerular basement membrane disease 抗糸球体基底膜抗体病(抗GBM病)
		cryoglobulinemic vasculitis CV クリオグロブリン血症性血管炎
		IgA vasculitis IgAV IgA血管炎(Henoch-Schonlein紫斑病)
		hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis HUV 低補体血症性蕁麻疹様血管炎(抗C1q血管炎)
variable vessel vasculitis VVV 多様な血管を侵す血管炎	Behcet's disease BD Behcet病
	Cogan's syndrome CS Cogan症候群
single-organ vasculitis SOV 単一臓器血管炎	cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis 皮膚白血球破砕性血管炎
	cutaneous arteritis 皮膚動脈炎
	primary central nervous system vasculitis 原発性中枢神経系血管炎
	isolated aortitis 限局性大動脈炎
vasculitis associated with systemic disease 全身性疾患関連血管炎	lupus vasculitis ループス血管炎
	rheumatoid vasculitis リウマトイド血管炎
	sarcoid vasculitis サルコイド血管炎
vasculitis associated with probable etiology 推定病因を有する血管炎	hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis C型肝炎ウイルス関連クリオグロブリン血症性血管炎
	hepatitis B virus-associated vasculitis B型肝炎ウイルス関連血管炎
	syphilis-associated aortitis 梅毒関連大動脈炎
	drug-associated immune complex vasculitis 薬剤関連免疫複合体性血管炎
	drug-associated ANCA-associated vasculitis 薬剤関連ANCA関連血管炎
	cancer-associated vasculitis がん関連血管炎

参考

血管炎症候群 - 日本内科学会雑誌第103巻第10号

1. 血管炎症候群の診療ガイドライン

http://www.j-circ.or.jp/guideline/pdf/JCS2008_ozaki_h.pdf

血管炎・血管障害診療ガイドライン 2016 年改訂版 - 日本皮膚科学会

https://www.dermatol.or.jp/uploads/uploads/files/vasculitisGL.pdf

「GCA」

　　[★]

「巨細胞動脈炎」

　　[★]

英: giant cell arteritis
関: 巨細胞性動脈炎

「giant」

　　[★]

adj.

巨大な

関: colossal、huge、hugely、mega、prodigious、vast

「cell」

　　[★] 細胞　　　　　　　

[NEJM-2014-1] Weyand CM and Goronzy JJ (July 3, 2014). "Giant-Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica". N Engl J Med 371 (1): 50–57. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1214825.

[2] "giant cell arteritis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

[pmid15728420-3] Walter MA, Melzer RA, Graf M, Tyndall A, Müller-Brand J, Nitzsche EU (May 2005). "[18F]FDG-PET of giant-cell aortitis". Rheumatology (Oxford) 44 (5): 690–1. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh551. PMID 15728420.

[Andrews-4] James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.

[pmid18711459-5] Moutray TN, Williams MA, Best JL (August 2008). "Suspected giant cell arteritis: a study of referrals for temporal artery biopsy" (PDF). Can. J. Ophthalmol. 43 (4): 445–8. doi:10.1139/i08-070. PMID 18711459.

[6] Sainuddin S, Saeed NR (December 2008). "Acute bilateral tongue necrosis – a case report". Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46 (8): 671–2. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2008.03.027. PMID 18499311.

[pmid21176820-7] Zadik Y, Findler M, Maly A, et al. (January 2011). "A 78-year-old woman with bilateral tongue necrosis". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 111 (1): 15–9. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.09.001. PMID 21176820.

[8] Hayreh (April 3, 2003). "Ocular Manifestations of GCA". University of Iowa Health Care. Retrieved 2007-10-15.

[9] Ypsilantis E, et al. (November 2011). "Importance of specimen length during temporal artery biopsy". Br J Surg 98 (11): 1556–1560. doi:10.1002/bjs.7595. PMID 21706476.

[pmid17885247-10] Bley TA, Uhl M, Carew J, et al. (October 2007). "Diagnostic value of high-resolution MR imaging in giant cell arteritis". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 (9): 1722–7. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0638. PMID 17885247.

[pmid16987903-11] Font RL, Prabhakaran VC (2007). "Histological parameters helpful in recognising steroid-treated temporal arteritis: an analysis of 35 cases". The British journal of ophthalmology 91 (2): 204–9. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.101725. PMC 1857614. PMID 16987903.

[12] "BestBets: Steroids and Temporal Arteritis".

[13] Chan CC, Paine M, O'Day J (September 2001). "Steroid management in giant cell arteritis". Br J Ophthalmol 85 (9): 1061–4. doi:10.1136/bjo.85.9.1061. PMC 1724128. PMID 11520757.

Giant-cell arteritis
Classification and external resources
The arteries of the face and scalp.
ICD-10	M31.5-M31.6
ICD-9	446.5
OMIM	187360
DiseasesDB	12938
MedlinePlus	000448
eMedicine	neuro/592
MeSH	D013700

匿名

検索

案内

giant cell arteritis