WordNet

the 2nd letter of the Roman alphabet (同)b
the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen (同)type_B, group B

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/11/28 04:31:55」(JST)

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インド人民党（インドじんみんとう、英語：Bhāratīya Janatā Party, 略称：BJP, ヒンディー語：भारतीय जनता पार्टी 略称：भाजपा、英語訳：Indian People's Party）は、インドの政党。1998年から2004年までアタル・ビハーリー・ヴァージペーイー（バジパイ）を首相に同党中軸の国民民主同盟（National Democratic Alliance：NDA）連立政権を率いた。2014年からナレンドラ・モディ政権の与党。

基本姿勢

ヒンドゥトヴァとインテグラル・ヒューマニズム（英語版）を掲げているヒンドゥー至上主義政党でイスラム教やキリスト教をインドの価値観に合致しないとして批判するが、シヴ・セーナーに比べ穏健である。保守政党であるが、政教分離やカースト解消などには基本的に賛成である。

BJPの支援団体として、2つのヒンドゥー至上主義組織、ラーシュトリーヤ・スワヤンセーヴァク・サング（民族義勇団：RSS）とヴィシュヴァ・ヒンドゥー・パリシャド（英語版）（世界ヒンドゥー協会：VHP）とスワデーシー運動の団体スワデーシー・ジャガラン・マンチ（英語版）（SJM）がある。

歴史

発足まで

インドでは独立以来インド国民会議派（コングレス）が一党優位制を維持していたが、一方で民族義勇団に代表されるヒンドゥー至上主義の流れも根強く1951年にインド大衆連盟（英語版）を結成。ラージャスターン州・マハーラーシュトラ州・マディヤ・プラデーシュ州・ウッタル・プラデーシュ州など主に北西部で支持を集めていた。

その一方で1970年代から、各地での地域政党の勃興や会議派内の汚職、インディラー・ガーンディー時代の強権政治への不信感などにより会議派政権の支持が揺らぎ始めていた。1977年のローク・サバー（下院）総選挙を前に大衆連盟は、会議派の反主流派や地方分権主義者・社会主義者の集合体だったローク・ダル（英語版）と急遽合体してジャナタ党（人民党の意）を結成。ジャナタ党は選挙に勝利しモラルジー・デーサーイー（英語版）政権を樹立したが、野合した政党だったため政権獲得後に分裂し崩壊した。そこでヒンドゥー至上主義を明確にし「ヒンドゥットゥヴァに基づくジャナタ党」として再建されたのが、現在のインド人民党である。こうした経緯からまれにインド・ジャナタ党と日本語訳されることがある。

党勢の急伸

1984年のローク・サバー総選挙では2議席にとどまったが、1989年にはラール・クリシュナ・アードヴァーニー総裁の下で一挙に85議席を獲得し躍進、旧ジャナタ党の中道・左派を源流とするジャナタ・ダル主導の連立政権に共産党などと連携して閣外協力。1991年の総選挙でも120議席に前進、1996年総選挙ではついに161議席を獲得して第一党となり、ジャナタ党政権で外相だった党の有力者アタル・ビハーリー・ヴァージペーイーが大統領から組閣を要請され首相に就任。だが、この時は反対勢力の結束・抵抗によってローク・サバーの信任を受けられず、わずか13日の束の間の政権に終わった。

政権樹立

しかし1998年の総選挙で再び最多議席となる182議席を獲得し、今度は他の政党と連立に成功、ヴァージペーイー首相のもと新たに形成した国民民主同盟連立政権の中核として中央政治のトップに上り詰めた。また政権掌握直後に核実験を実施し世界中を驚かせた。1999年の総選挙でも183議席（国民民主同盟各党派の合計では303議席）を獲得し政権維持に成功した。

このBJP主導の連立政権下で、それ以前の1991年、ナラスィンハ・ラーオ国民会議政権時代から当時のマンモーハン・シン財務相の下で本格的に開始された経済自由化政策が積極的に推し進められた。IT（情報技術）産業の急成長を軸にアメリカ主導のグローバリゼーションを推進する傾向が強かった。

下野

だが2004年のローク・サバー総選挙では経済発展に沸くインドを謳った"シャイニング・インディア"をスローガンに大々的な選挙キャンペーンを行ったものの、大方の予想に反し138議席の獲得に留まり第2党に後退、ソーニヤー・ガーンディー率いるインド国民会議を中心とした統一進歩同盟（United Progressive Alliance：UPA）に政権を奪われ、マンモーハン・シン首相の誕生を許すに至った。自由化の恩恵が未だ行き渡らないまま"India Shining"のようなキャンペーンを展開したことで、かつてBJP支持層であった国民の予想以上の支持離れを招いたものとみられている。2009年のローク・サバー総選挙でも議席を減少させ116議席にとどまり、政権奪還はならなかった。

2013年の党総裁はラージナート・シン（英語版）（2013年1月就任）。

2014年インド総選挙

2014年の総選挙前に、ナレンドラ・モディがインド人民党選挙運動委員会会長就任。選挙後の党指導者の座を確実にした。選挙ではインド国民会議を向こうに回し、インド人民党が圧勝。久々の政権奪取を確実なものとしたが、上院の議席保有率は2割程度しかないため法案を単独で通す能力は無く、他党の協力が模索されている^[3]。

出典

^ Banerjee 2005, p. 3118.
^ Malik & Singh 1992, p. 318.
^ “インド次期首相候補モディ氏が融和姿勢強調、イスラム教徒へ配慮”. ロイター (ロイター通信社). (2014年5月17日) 2014年5月17日閲覧。

外部リンク

BJP公式サイト（英語）
田中宇の国際ニュース解説世界はどう動いているか
- ムンバイテロの背景
- 暴れ出すアジアの古代宗教
- インド核実験を支える危険な民族主義

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The Bharatiya Janata Party (pronounced [bʱaːrət̪iːjə dʒənət̪aː paːrʈiː] ( listen); translation: Indian People's Party; abbr. BJP) is one of the two major political parties in India, along with the Indian National Congress.^[19] As of 2016^[update], it is the country's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies, and it is the world's largest party in terms of primary membership. The BJP is a right-wing party,^[12]^[20] with close ideological and organisational links to the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

The BJP's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, formed in 1951^[21] by Syama Prasad Mookerjee. After the State of Emergency in 1977, the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election. After three years in power, the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP. Although initially unsuccessful, winning only two seats in the 1984 general election, it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections, the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996; however, it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament, and its government lasted only 13 days.

After the 1998 general election, the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) formed a government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee for a year. Following fresh elections, the NDA government, again headed by Vajpayee, lasted for a full term in office; this was the first non-Congress government to do so. In the 2004 general election, the NDA suffered an unexpected defeat, and for the next ten years the BJP was the principal opposition party. Long time Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi led it to a landslide victory in the 2014 general election. Since that election, Modi has led the NDA government as Prime Minister and as of July 2017^[update], the alliance governs 18 states.

The official ideology of the BJP is "integral humanism", first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965. The party expresses a commitment to Hindutva, and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions. The BJP advocates social conservatism and a foreign policy centred on nationalist principles. Its key issues have included the abrogation of the special status to Jammu and Kashmir, the building of a Ram temple in Ayodhya and the implementation of a uniform civil code. However, the 1998–2004 NDA government did not pursue any of these controversial issues. It instead focused on a largely neoliberal economic policy prioritising globalisation and economic growth over social welfare.

1 History
- 1.1 Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–77)
- 1.2 Janata Party (1977–80)
- 1.3 BJP (1980–present)
  - 1.3.1 Formation and early days
  - 1.3.2 Babri Masjid demolition and the Hindutva movement
  - 1.3.3 NDA government (1998–2004)
  - 1.3.4 2002 Gujarat violence
  - 1.3.5 General election defeats
  - 1.3.6 General election victory, 2014
2 General election results
3 Ideology and political positions
- 3.1 Social policies and Hindutva
- 3.2 Economic policies
- 3.3 Defence and counterterrorism
- 3.4 Foreign policy
4 Organisation and structure
5 Presence in various states
- 5.1 Current BJP and NDA governments
6 References
- 6.1 Citations
- 6.2 Sources
7 Further reading
8 External links

History

Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–77)

The BJP's origins lie in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, popularly known as the Jana Sangh, founded by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in 1951 in response to the politics of the dominant Congress party. It was founded in collaboration with the Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and was widely regarded as the political arm of the RSS.^[22] The Jana Sangh's aims included the protection of India's "Hindu" cultural identity, in addition to countering what it perceived to be the appeasement of Muslim people and the country of Pakistan by the Congress party and then-Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The RSS loaned several of its leading pracharaks, or full-time workers, to the Jana Sangh to get the new party off the ground. Prominent among these was Deendayal Upadhyaya, who was appointed General Secretary. The Jana Sangh won only three Lok Sabha seats in the first general elections in 1952. It maintained a minor presence in parliament until 1967.^[23]^[24]

The Jana Sangh's first major campaign, begun in early 1953, centred on a demand for the complete integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India.^[25] Mookerjee was arrested in May 1953 for violating orders from the state government restraining him from entering Kashmir. He died of a heart attack the following month, while still in jail.^[25] Mauli Chandra Sharma was elected to succeed Mookerjee; however, he was forced out of power by the RSS activists within the party, and the leadership went instead to Upadhyaya. Upadhyay remained the General Secretary until 1967, and worked to build a committed grassroots organisation in the image of the RSS. The party minimised engagement with the public, focusing instead on building its network of propagandists. Upadhyaya also articulated the philosophy of integral humanism, which formed the official doctrine of the party.^[26] Younger leaders, such as Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani also became involved with the leadership in this period, with Vajpayee succeeding Upadhyaya as president in 1968. The major themes on the party's agenda during this period were legislating a uniform civil code, banning cow slaughter and abolishing the special status given to Jammu and Kashmir.^[27]

After assembly elections across the country in 1967, the party entered into a coalition with several other parties, including the Swatantra Party and the socialists. It formed governments in various states across the Hindi heartland, including Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. It was the first time the Jana Sangh held political office, albeit within a coalition; this caused the shelving of the Jana Sangh's more radical agenda.^[28]

Janata Party (1977–80)

In 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi imposed a state of emergency. The Jana Sangh took part in the widespread protests, with thousands of its members being imprisoned along with other agitators across the country. In 1977, the emergency was withdrawn and general elections were held. The Jana Sangh merged with parties from across the political spectrum, including the Socialist Party, the Congress (O) and the Bharatiya Lok Dal to form the Janata Party, with its main agenda being defeating Indira Gandhi.^[24]

The Janata Party won a majority in 1977 and formed a government with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister. The former Jana Sangh contributed the largest tally to the Janata Party's parliamentary contingent, with 93 seats or 31% of its strength. Vajpayee, previously the leader of the Jana Sangh, was appointed the Minister of External Affairs.^[29]

The national leadership of the former Jana Sangh consciously renounced its identity, and attempted to integrate with the political culture of the Janata Party, based on Gandhian and Hindu traditionalist principles. According to Christophe Jaffrelot, this proved to be an impossible assimilation.^[30] The state and local levels of the Jana Sangh remained relatively unchanged, retaining a strong association with the RSS, which did not sit well with the moderate centre-right constituents of the Party.^[31] Violence between Hindus and Muslims increased sharply during the years that the Janata Party formed the government, with former Jana Sangha members being implicated in the riots at Aligarh and Jamshedpur in 1978–79. The other major constituents of the Janata Party demanded that the Jana Sangh should break from the RSS, which the Jana Sangh refused to do. Eventually, a fragment of the Janata Party broke off to form the Janata Party (Secular). The Morarji Desai government was reduced to a minority in the Parliament, forcing its resignation. Following a brief period of coalition rule, general elections were held in 1980, in which the Janata Party fared poorly, winning only 31 seats. In April 1980, shortly after the elections, the National Executive Council of the Janata Party banned its members from being 'dual members' of party and the RSS. In response, the former Jana Sangh members left to create a new political party, known as the Bharatiya Janata Party.^[32]^[29]

BJP (1980–present)

Influential figures

Syama Prasad Mookerjee, founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh

Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the first BJP prime minister (1998–2004)

Lal Krishna Advani, deputy Prime Minister under Vajpayee and one of the architects of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement

Formation and early days

Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh, the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor, with Vajpayee being its first president. Historian Ramachandra Guha writes that the early 1980s were marked by a wave of violence between Hindus and Muslims. The BJP initially moderated the Hindu nationalist stance of its predecessor the Jana Sangh to gain a wider appeal, emphasising its links to the Janata Party and the ideology of Gandhian Socialism.^[10] This was unsuccessful, as it won only two Lok Sabha seats in the elections of 1984.^[10] The assassination of Indira Gandhi a few months earlier resulted in a wave of support for the Congress which won a record tally of 403 seats, contributing to the low number for the BJP.^[33]

Babri Masjid demolition and the Hindutva movement

The failure of Vajpayee's moderate strategy led to a shift in the ideology of the party toward a policy of more hardline Hindu nationalism.^[34]^[35] In 1984, Advani was appointed president of the party, and under him it became the political voice of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. In the early 1980s, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the site of the Babri mosque in Ayodhya. The mosque had been constructed by the Mughal Emperor Babur in 1527. There is a dispute about whether a temple once stood there.^[36] The agitation was on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple had been demolished to construct the mosque.^[37] The BJP threw its support behind this campaign, and made it a part of their election platform. It won 86 Lok Sabha seats in 1989, a tally which made its support crucial to the National Front government of V. P. Singh.^[38]

In September 1990, Advani began a rath yatra (chariot journey) to Ayodhya in support of the Ram temple movement. According to Guha, the imagery employed by the yatra was "religious, allusive, militant, masculine, and anti-Muslim", and the speeches delivered by Advani during the yatra accused the government of appeasing Muslims and practising "pseudo-secularism" that obstructed the legitimate aspirations of Hindus.^[39] Advani defended the yatra, stating that it had been free of incident from Somnath to Ayodhya, and that the English media were to blame for the violence that followed.^[40] Advani was placed under preventive detention on the orders of the then Bihar chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav. A large number of kar sevaks nonetheless converged on Ayodhya. On the orders of Uttar Pradesh chief minister Mulayam Singh Yadav, 150,000 of them were detained, yet half as many managed to reach Ayodhya and some attacked the mosque. Three days of fighting with the paramilitary forces ended with the deaths of several kar sevaks. Hindus were urged by VHP to "take revenge" for these deaths, resulting in riots against Muslims across Uttar Pradesh. ^[41] The BJP withdrew its support from the V.P. Singh government, leading to fresh general elections. It once again increased its tally, to 120 seats, and won a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly.^[42]

On 6 December 1992, the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving more than 100,000 VHP and BJP activists at the site of the mosque.^[42] Under circumstances that are not entirely clear, the rally developed into a frenzied attack that ended with the demolition of the mosque.^[42] Over the following weeks, waves of violence between Hindus and Muslims erupted all over the country, killing over 2,000 people.^[42] The government briefly banned the VHP, and many BJP leaders, including Advani were arrested for making inflammatory speeches provoking the demolition.^[43]^[44] Several historians have said that the demolition was the product of a conspiracy by the Sangh Parivar, and not a spontaneous act.^[42]

A 2009 report, authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan, found that 68 people were responsible for the demolition, mostly leaders from the BJP.^[44] Among those named were Vajpayee, Advani, and Murli Manohar Joshi. The report also criticised Kalyan Singh, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh during the demolition.^[44] He was accused of posting bureaucrats and police officers who would stay silent during the demolition.^[44] Anju Gupta, an Indian Police Service officer in charge of Advani's security, appeared as a prominent witness before the commission. She said that Advani and Joshi made provocative speeches that were a major factor in the mob's behaviour.^[45]

In the parliamentary elections in 1996, the BJP capitalised on the communal polarisation that followed the demolition to win 161 Lok Sabha seats, making it the largest party in parliament.^[46] Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister, but was unable to attain a majority in the Lok Sabha, forcing the government to resign after 13 days.^[46]

NDA government (1998–2004)

A coalition of regional parties formed the government in 1996, but this grouping was short lived, and mid-term polls were held in 1998. The BJP contested the elections leading a coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), which contained its existing allies like the Samata Party, the Shiromani Akali Dal, the Shiv Sena in addition to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and the Biju Janata Dal. Among these regional parties, the Shiv Sena was the only one which had an ideology similar to the BJP; Amartya Sen, for example, called the coalition an "ad hoc" grouping.^[47]^[48] The NDA had a majority with outside support from the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) and Vajpayee returned as Prime Minister.^[49] However, the coalition ruptured in May 1999 when the leader of AIADMK, Jayalalitha, withdrew her support, and fresh elections were held again.^[50]

On 13 October 1999, the NDA, without the AIADMK, won 303 seats in parliament and thus an outright majority. The BJP had its highest ever tally of 183. Vajpayee became Prime Minister for the third time; Advani became Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister. This NDA government lasted its full term of five years. Its policy agenda included a more aggressive stance on defence and terror as well as neo-liberal economic policies.^[51]

In 2001, Bangaru Laxman, then the BJP president, was filmed accepting a bribe of ₹100,000 (equivalent to ₹280,000 or US$4,300 in 2016)^[52] to recommend the purchase of hand-held thermal imagers for the Indian Army to the Defence Ministry, in a sting operation by Tehelka journalists.^[53]^[54] The BJP was forced to make him resign and he was subsequently prosecuted. In April 2012, he was sentenced to four years in prison.^[55]

2002 Gujarat violence

On 27 February 2002, a train carrying Hindu pilgrims was burned outside the town of Godhra, killing 59 people. The incident was seen as an attack upon Hindus, and sparked off massive anti-Muslim violence across the state of Gujarat that lasted several weeks.^[56] The death toll estimated was as high as 2000, while 150,000 were displaced.^[57] Rape, mutilation, and torture were also widespread.^[57]^[58] The then-Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi and several high-ranking government officials were accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as were police officers who allegedly directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim-owned properties.^[59] In April 2009, a Special Investigation Team (SIT) was appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate and expedite the Gujarat riots cases. In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by the SIT and BJP MLA Maya Kodnani, who later held a cabinet portfolio in the Modi government, was convicted of having orchestrated one of the riots and sentenced to 28 years imprisonment.^[60]^[61] Scholars such as Paul Brass, Martha Nussbaum and Dipankar Gupta have said that there was a high level of state complicity in the incidents.^[62]^[63]^[64]

General election defeats

Vajpayee called for elections in early 2004, six months ahead of schedule. The NDA's campaign was based on the slogan "India Shining", which sought to depict it as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country.^[65] However, the NDA unexpectedly suffered a heavy defeat, winning only a 186 seats in the Lok Sabha, compared to the 222 of the Congress and its allies. Manmohan Singh succeeded Vajpayee as Prime Minister as the head of the United Progressive Alliance. The NDA's failure to reach out to rural Indians was provided as an explanation for its defeat, as was its divisive policy agenda.^[65]^[66]

In May 2008, the BJP won the state elections in Karnataka. This was the first time that the party won assembly elections in any South Indian state. In the 2009 general elections, its strength in the Lok Sabha was reduced to 116 seats. It lost the next assembly election in 2013.^[67]

General election victory, 2014

Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India, following the 2014 Indian general election.

In the 2014 Indian general election, the BJP won 282 seats, leading the NDA to a tally of 336 seats in the 543-seat Lok Sabha.^[68] Narendra Modi was sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014.^[69]^[70]

The vote share of the BJP was 31% of all votes cast, a low figure relative to the number of seats it won.^[71] This was the first instance since 1984 of a single party achieving an outright majority in the Indian Parliament^[72] and the first time that it achieved a majority in the Lok Sabha on its own strength. Support was concentrated in the Hindi-speaking belt in North-central India.^[71] The magnitude of the victory was not predicted by most opinion and exit polls.^[71]

Political analysts have suggested several reasons for this victory, including the popularity of Modi, and the loss of support for the Congress due to the corruption scandals in its previous term.^[73] The BJP was also able to expand its traditionally upper-caste, upper-class support base and received significant support from middle-class and Dalit people, as well as among Other Backward Classes.^[74]^[71] Its support among Muslims remained low; only 8% of Muslim voters voted for the BJP.^[74]^[71] The BJP was also very successful at mobilising its supporters, and raising voter turnout among them.^[71]

General election results

The Bharatiya Janata Party was officially created in 1980, and the first general election it contested was in 1984, in which it won only two Lok Sabha seats. Following the election in 1996, the BJP became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for the first time, but the government it formed was short-lived.^[46] In the elections of 1998 and 1999, it remained the largest party, and headed the ruling coalition on both occasions.^[51] In the 2014 general election, it won an outright majority in parliament. From 1991 onwards, a BJP member has led the Opposition whenever the party was not in power.^[75] For the electoral results of the BJP's predecessors, see the JP and BJS articles.

Year	General election	Seats won	Change in seats	% of votes	Vote swing	Ref.
Indian general election, 1984	8th Lok Sabha	2	2	7.74	–	^[76]
Indian general election, 1989	9th Lok Sabha	85	83	11.36	3.62	^[77]
Indian general election, 1991	10th Lok Sabha	120	35	20.11	8.75	^[78]
Indian general election, 1996	11th Lok Sabha	161	41	20.29	0.18	^[79]
Indian general election, 1998	12th Lok Sabha	182	21	25.59	5.30	^[80]
Indian general election, 1999	13th Lok Sabha	182	0	23.75	1.84	^[81]
Indian general election, 2004	14th Lok Sabha	138	44	22.16	1.69	^[82]
Indian general election, 2009	15th Lok Sabha	116	22	18.80	3.36	^[83]
Indian general election, 2014	16th Lok Sabha	282	166	31.34	12.54	^[84]

Ideology and political positions

Social policies and Hindutva

The official philosophy of the BJP is "Integral humanism," a philosophy first formulated by Deendayal Upadhyaya in 1965, who described it as advocating an "indigenous economic model that puts the human being at center stage."^[85]^[86] It is committed to Hindutva, an ideology articulated by Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. According to the party, Hindutva is cultural nationalism favouring Indian culture over westernisation, thus it extends to all Indians regardless of religion.^[10] However, scholars and political analysts have called their Hindutva ideology an attempt to redefine India and recast it as a Hindu country to the exclusion of other religions, making it a Hindu nationalist party in a general sense.^[42]^[10]^[87]^[88] The BJP has slightly moderated its stance after the NDA was formed in 1998, due to the presence of parties with a broader set of ideologies.^[42]^[51]

The BJP's Hindutva ideology has been reflected in many of its government policies. It supports the construction of the Ram temple at the site of the Babri Mosque.^[87] This issue was its major poll plank in the 1991 general elections.^[87] However, the demolition of the mosque during a BJP rally in 1992 resulted in a backlash against it, leading to a decline of the temple's prominence in its agenda.^[87] The education policy of the NDA government reorganised the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and tasked it with extensively revising the textbooks used in Indian schools.^[89] Various scholars have stated that this revision, especially in the case of history textbooks, was a covert attempt to "saffronise" Indian history.^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92] The NDA government introduced Vedic astrology as a subject in college curricula, despite opposition from several leading scientists.^[93]

Taking a position against what it calls the "pseudo-secularism" of the Congress party, the BJP instead supports "positive secularism".^[87] Vajpayee laid out the BJP's interpretation of Mahatma Gandhi's doctrine of Sarva Dharma Sambhava and contrasted it with what he called European secularism.^[94] He had said that Indian secularism attempted to see all religions with equal respect, while European secularism was independent of religion, thus making the former more "positive".^[95] The BJP supports a uniform civil code, which would apply a common set of personal laws to every citizen regardless of their personal religion, replacing the existing laws which vary by religious community. According to historian Yogendra Malik, this ignores the differential procedures required to protect the cultural identity of the Muslim minority.^[10]^[87] The BJP favours the abrogation of Article 370 of the Indian constitution, which grants a greater degree of autonomy to the Jammu and Kashmir in recognition of the unusual circumstances surrounding its accession to the Indian union.^[10]

The BJP opposes illegal migration into India from Bangladesh.^[88] The party states that this migration, mostly in the states of Assam and West Bengal, threatens the security, economy and stability of the country.^[88] Academics have pointed out that the BJP refers to Hindu migrants from Bangladesh as refugees, and reserves the term "illegal" for Muslim migrants.^[88] Academic Michael Gillan writes that this is an attempt to use an emotive issue to mobilise Hindu sentiment in a region where the party has not been historically successful.^[88]^[96]

In 2013, the Supreme Court of India reinstated the controversial Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which, among other things, criminalises homosexuality. There was a popular outcry, although clerics, including Muslim religious leaders, stated that they supported the verdict.^[97]^[98] BJP president Rajnath Singh said that the party supported section 377, because it believed that homosexuality was unnatural,^[99] though its stand has softened after its victory in the 2014 general elections.^[100]Senior party members including Arun Jaitley and Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician) openly support the rights of gender and sexual minorities in India. Vanathi Srinivasan BJP leader from Tamil Nadu launched the first book on LGBTQIA and Genderqueer in Tamil penned by Gopi Shankar Madurai.^[101]^[102]^[103]^[104]

Economic policies

The BJP's economic policy has changed considerably since its founding. There is a significant range of economic ideologies within the party. In the 1980s, like the Jana Sangh, it reflected the thinking of the RSS and its affiliates. It supported swadeshi (the promotion of indigenous industries and products) and a protectionist export policy. However, it supported internal economic liberalisation, and opposed the state-driven industrialisation favoured by the Congress.^[105]

During the 1996 elections, the BJP shifted its stance away from protectionism and towards globalisation; its election manifesto recommended increasing foreign investment in priority sectors, while restricting it in others. When the party was in power in 1998, it shifted its policy even further in favour of globalisation. The tenure of the NDA saw an unprecedented influx of foreign companies in India.^[105] This was criticised by the left parties and the BJP's affiliates (the RSS and the Swadeshi Jagran Manch).^[105] The communist parties said that the BJP was attempting to appease the World Bank and the United States government through its neoliberal policies.^[105] Similarly, the RSS stated that the BJP was not being true to its swadeshi ideology.^[105]

The two NDA governments in the period 1998-2004 introduced significant deregulation and privatisation of government owned enterprises. It also introduced tariff-reducing measures. These reforms built off of the initial economic liberalisation introduced by the Congress government in the early 1990s.^[106] India's GDP growth increased substantially during the tenure of the NDA. The 2004 campaign slogan "India Shining" was based on the party's belief that the free market would bring prosperity to all sectors of society.^[107] After its unexpected defeat, commentators said that it was punished for neglecting the needs of the poor and focusing too much on its corporate allies.^[65]^[66]^[108]

This shift in the economic policies of the BJP was also visible in state governments, especially in Gujarat, where the BJP held power for 16 years.^[109] Modi's government, in power from 2002 to 2014, followed a strongly neo-liberal agenda, presented as a drive towards development.^[110]^[111] Its policies have included extensive privatisation of infrastructure and services, as well as a significant rollback of labour and environmental regulations. While this was praised by the business community, commentators criticised it as catering to the BJP's upper class constituency instead of the poor.^[110]^[112]

Defence and counterterrorism

Compared to the Congress, the BJP takes a more aggressive and nationalistic position on defence policy and terrorism.^[113]^[114] The Vajpayee-led NDA government carried out nuclear weapons tests, and enacted the Prevention of Terrorism Act, which later came under heavy criticism.^[113]^[114] It also deployed troops to evict infiltrators from Kargil, and supported the United States' War on Terror.^[115]

Although previous Congress governments developed the capability for a nuclear weapons test, the Vajpayee government broke with India's historical strategy of avoiding it and authorised Pokhran-II, a series of five nuclear tests in 1998.^[113] The tests came soon after Pakistan tested a medium-range ballistic missile. They were seen as an attempt to display India's military prowess to the world, and a reflection of anti-Pakistan sentiment within the BJP.^[113]

The Vajpayee government ordered the Indian armed forces to expel the Pakistani soldiers occupying Kashmir territory, later known as the Kargil War.^[116]^[117] Although the government was later criticised for the intelligence failures that did not detect Pakistani presence, it was successful in ousting them from the previously Indian-controlled territory.^[116]^[117] The Vajpayee administration also offered political support to the US War on Terror, in the hope of better addressing India's issues with terrorism and insurgency in Kashmir. This led to closer defence ties with the US, including negotiations for the sale of weapons.^[115]

After the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001, the NDA government passed the Prevention of Terrorism Act.^[114] The aim of the act was to improve the government's ability to deal with terrorism.^[114] It initially failed to pass in the Rajya Sabha; therefore, the NDA took the extraordinary step of convening a joint session of the Parliament, where the numerical superior Lok Sabha allowed the bill to pass.^[114] The act was subsequently used to prosecute hundreds of people accused of terrorism.^[114] However, it was criticised by opposition parties and scholars for being an infringement upon civil liberties, and the National Human Rights Commission stated that it had been used to target Muslims.^[114] It was later repealed by the Congress-led UPA government in 2004.^[118]

Foreign policy

The historical stance of the BJP towards foreign policy, like the Jana Sangh, was based on an aggressive Hindu nationalism combined with economic protectionism.^[119] The Jana Sangh was founded with the explicit aim of reversing the partition of India; as a result, its official position was that the existence of Pakistan was illegitimate.^[119] This antagonism toward Pakistan remains a significant influence on the BJP's ideology.^[119]^[120] The party and its affiliates have strongly opposed India's long standing policy of nonalignment, and instead advocate closeness to the United States.^[119]

The Vajpayee government's foreign policy in many ways represented a radical shift from BJP orthodoxy, while maintaining some aspects of it.^[105]^[120] Its policy also represented a significant change from the Nehruvian idealism of previous governments, opting instead for realism.^[121] His party criticised him for adopting a much more moderate stance with Pakistan. In 1998, he made a landmark visit to Pakistan, and inaugurated the Delhi–Lahore Bus service.^[119] Vajpayee signed the Lahore Declaration, which was an attempt to improve Indo-Pakistani relations that deteriorated after the 1998 nuclear tests.^[119] However, the presence of Pakistani soldiers and militants in the disputed Kashmir territory was discovered a few months later, causing the 1999 Kargil War. The war ended a couple of months later, with the expulsion of the infiltrators two months later, without any shift in the Line of Control that marked the de facto border between the two countries.^[119] Despite the war, Vajpayee continued to display a willingness to engage Pakistan in dialogue. This was not well received among the BJP cadre, who criticised the government for being "weak".^[119] This faction of the BJP asserted itself at the post-Kargil Agra summit, preventing any significant deal from being reached.^[119]

Organisation and structure

The BJP is the world's largest political party by primary membership, having 100 million registered members as of April 2015.^[1]^[122] The organisation of the BJP is strictly hierarchical, with the president being the highest authority in the party.^[86] Until 2012, the BJP constitution mandated that any qualified member could be national or state president for a single three-year term.^[86] This was amended to a maximum of two consecutive terms.^[123] Below the president is the national executive, which contains a variable number of senior leaders from across the country. It is the higher decision making body of the party. Its members are several vice-presidents, general-secretaries, treasurers and secretaries, who work directly with the president.^[86] An identical structure, with an executive committee led by a president, exists at the state, regional, district and local level.^[86]

The BJP is a cadre-based party. It has close connections with other organisations with similar ideology, such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad. The cadres of these groups often supplement the BJP's. Its lower members are largely derived from the RSS and its affiliates, loosely known as the Sangh Parivar:^[86]

The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (All India Student's Union), the students' wing of the RSS.^[86]
The Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (Indian Farmer's Union), the farmers' division.^[86]
The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Indian Labourers Union), the labour union associated with the RSS.^[86]

The party has subsidiary organisations of its own, such as:

The BJP Mahila Morcha (BJP Women's Front), its women's division.^[86]
The Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (Indian People's Youth Front), its youth wing.^[86]
The BJP Minority Morcha (BJP Minority Front), its minority division.^[86]

Presence in various states

Current ruling parties in the states and union territories of India

BJP

Coalition with BJP

INC

Coalition with INC

Other parties

As of July 2017^[update], the BJP has Chief Ministers in thirteen states:

Arunachal Pradesh
Assam (with Asom Gana Parishad and Bodoland People's Front)
Chhattisgarh
Goa (with Goa Forward Party and Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party)
Gujarat
Haryana
Jharkhand (with All Jharkhand Students Union)
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra (with Shiv Sena)
Manipur (with Naga People's Front, National People's Party and Lok Janshakti Party)
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand

In five other states, it shares power with other political parties. In all these states, the BJP is junior ally in the ruling alliance. The states are:

Andhra Pradesh (with Telugu Desam Party)
Bihar (with Janata Dal (United), Lok Janshakti Party, Rashtriya Lok Samta Party and Hindustani Awam Morcha)
Jammu and Kashmir (with Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party and Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference)
Nagaland (with Naga People's Front)
Sikkim (with Sikkim Democratic Front)

In the past, the BJP has also been the sole party in power in the following states

Delhi
Himachal Pradesh
Karnataka

It has been a part of the government in the following states as a junior ally being a part of coalition governments in the past:

Odisha (with Biju Janata Dal)
Puducherry (with All India N.R. Congress)
Punjab (with Shiromani Akali Dal)

It has never been a part of the government in the following states:

Kerala
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Tamil Nadu
Telangana (However, BJP ruled the Telangana region as Andhra Pradesh with its ally Telugu Desam Party before the state was bifurcated.)
Tripura
West Bengal

It also has a regional political alliance in the North-East named the North-East Democratic Alliance.^[124]^[125]^[126]^[127]

Current BJP and NDA governments

No	State/UT	NDA govt. Since	Chief Minister	CM's Party	CM Since	Seats in Assembly	Ref(s)
1	Gujarat	28 February 1998	Vijay Rupani	BJP	7 August 2016	123/182	^[128]
2	Chhattisgarh	7 December 2003	Raman Singh	BJP	7 December 2003	49/90	^[129]
3	Madhya Pradesh	4 December 2003	Shivraj Singh Chouhan	BJP	29 November 2005	166/230	^[130]
4	Nagaland	8 March 2008	T. R. Zeliang	NPF	19 July 2017	50/60	^[131]
5	Goa	6 March 2012	Manohar Parrikar	BJP	14 March 2017	22/40	^[132]
6	Rajasthan	8 December 2013	Vasundhara Raje	BJP	13 December 2013	160/200	^[133]
7	Andhra Pradesh	16 May 2014	N. Chandrababu Naidu	TDP	8 June 2014	108/175	^[134]
8	Haryana	19 October 2014	Manohar Lal Khattar	BJP	26 October 2014	47/90	^[135]
9	Maharashtra	19 October 2014	Devendra Fadnavis	BJP	31 October 2014	186/288	^[136]
10	Jharkhand	23 December 2014	Raghubar Das	BJP	28 December 2014	47/81	^[137]
11	Jammu and Kashmir	23 December 2014	Mehbooba Mufti	JKPDP	4 April 2016	55/87	^[138]
12	Assam	24 May 2016	Sarbananda Sonowal	BJP	24 May 2016	86/126	^[125]^[126]^[127]
13	Sikkim	24 May 2016	Pawan Kumar Chamling	SDF	12 December 1994	21/32	^[125]^[126]^[127]
14	Arunachal Pradesh	16 September 2016	Pema Khandu	BJP	16 September 2016	49/60	^[139]
15	Manipur	15 March 2017	N. Biren Singh	BJP	15 March 2017	32/60	^[140]
16	Uttarakhand	18 March 2017	Trivendra Singh Rawat	BJP	18 March 2017	57/70	^[141]
17	Uttar Pradesh	19 March 2017	Yogi Adityanath	BJP	19 March 2017	325/403	^[142]
18	Bihar	27 July 2017	Nitish Kumar	JDU	27 July 2017	129/243

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External links

Official website

English Journal

Astrocyte origin of activity-dependent release of ATP and glutamate in hippocampal slices: real-time measurement utilizing microelectrode biosensors.

Sershen H.SourceNathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
British journal of pharmacology.Br J Pharmacol.2012 Nov;167(5):1000-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02072.x.
It is well known that astrocytic and neuronal transmitter release processes are important for signalling, and that activity-dependent release of adenosine nucleotides and transmitters occurs after stimulation. Neurons and astrocytes can account for the source of ATP efflux. In this issue of the BJP,
PMID 22703189

Structural Insights into the Subclass B3 Metallo-β-Lactamase, SMB-1, and the Mode of Inhibition by the Common Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitor, Mercaptoacetate.

Wachino JI, Yamaguchi Y, Mori S, Kurosaki H, Arakawa Y, Shibayama K.SourceDepartment of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2012 Oct 15. [Epub ahead of print]
A novel subclass B3 metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), SMB-1, recently identified from a Serratia marcescens clinical isolate, showed a higher hydrolytic activity against a wide range of β-lactams than did the other subclass B3 MBLs-BJP-1 and FEZ-1, from environmental bacteria. To identify the mechanism u
PMID 23070156

Japanese Journal

免疫固定法システムHydrasysによる非濃縮尿におけるBence Jones蛋白の検出

老沼弘俊,簗瀬直穂美,佐藤理一郎 [他]
臨床検査 57(1), 99-103, 2013-01
NAID 40019532065

KL-6が高値を示し予後不良であったBJP-λ型多発性骨髄腫

中川靖章,飯塚浩光,西山小百合,阿部有,日下さやか,関根理恵子,鈴木憲史
臨床血液 53(5), 521-525, 2012-05-30
NAID 10030831363

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「多発性骨髄腫」「尿蛋白」「ベンスジョーンズ蛋白」
拡張検索	「BJP型骨髄腫」
関連記事	「B」

「多発性骨髄腫」

Bharatiya Janata Party
Bharatiya Janata Party
Abbreviation	BJP
President	Amit Shah
Parliamentary Chairperson	Narendra Modi
Lok Sabha leader	Narendra Modi; (Prime Minister)
Rajya Sabha leader	Arun Jaitley; (Finance Minister)
Founded	6 April 1980 (37 years ago)
Preceded by	Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951−1977); Janata Party (1977−1980)
Headquarters	11 Ashoka Road,; New Delhi-110001
Newspaper	Kamal Sandesh
Youth wing	Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
Women's wing	BJP Mahila Morcha
Peasant's wing	BJP Kisan Morcha
Minority wing	BJP Minority Morcha
Membership	110 million (July 2015)
Ideology	Hindu nationalism; Hindutva; Conservatism; National conservatism; Social conservatism; Economic nationalism; Right-wing populism; Gandhian socialism; Integral humanism
Political position	Right-wing
International affiliation	International Democratic Union; Asia Pacific Democrat Union
Colours	Saffron
ECI Status	National Party
Alliance	National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
Seats in Lok Sabha	279 / 545 (currently 541 members + 1 Speaker)
Seats in Rajya Sabha	57 / 245 (currently 243 members)
Election symbol
Website
	www.bjp.org
	Politics of India; Political parties; Elections;

インドの政党
インド人民党; भारतीय जनता पार्टी
総裁	アミット・シャー
成立年月日	1980年4月6日
ローク・サバー議席数	282 / 545
ラージヤ・サバー議席数	42 / 245
政治的思想・立場	ヒンドゥー至上主義; 右翼; 保守主義
公式サイト	Bharatiya Janata Party
国際組織	世界ヒンドゥー協会
	テンプレートを表示

　　[★]

英: multiple myeloma, MM
同: 形質細胞性骨髄腫、plasma cell myeloma、カーラー病 Kahler disease、カーラー-ボゾーロ症候群 Kahler-Bozzolo syndrome
関: 単クローン性免疫グロブリン血症

first aid step1 2006 p.219,296

概念

免疫グロブリン産生細胞である形質細胞が腫瘍化し、骨髄を主体として増殖する疾患

病因

腫瘍細胞の増殖と生存：形質細胞と骨髄間質細胞の産生するIL-6の作用による (APT.77)
遺伝子、染色体：t(4;15), which jyxtaposes the IgH locus with fibroblast growth factor receptor 3(FGFR3) gene

疫学

罹患率：10万人に対して約2人
60歳以上の高齢者に多い。50-60歳でピーク

病変形成＆病理

骨融解：骨髄腫細胞がosteoclast-activating factor(OAF)を分泌することによる　→　punched out defect
骨髄：異常形質細胞の増加

症候

全身倦怠、貧血　←　貧血による症状
腰痛
(進行した例)

病的骨折や骨融解(骨融解像)などの骨病変　→腰痛・背部痛、高カルシウム血症
腎機能障害：蛋白尿

易感染性

骨病変 (WCH.2561)

骨病変は少なくとも70%の患者に見られ、精度の高い検査方法では殆どの患者で発病変が見いだされる。四肢が冒されるかもしれないが、もっとも頻度が高いのは脊柱である。動きや体重の加重により痛みが増悪するのが特徴である。

椎体圧迫骨折や腫瘤により脊椎圧迫症状をきたしうる　→　対麻痺、膀胱直腸症状

腰痛 (WCH.2561)

5-10%の患者で背中痛を訴える。この痛みは動きと関連しており、咳、くしゃみ、体重の加重によって悪化する。患者は堅苦しく歩き、検査台やx線の台の乗り降りをするのが非常に困難である。

合併症

アミロイドーシスを合併することがある

検査

血算

赤血球：中程度の正球性赤血球貧血
ときに、白血球減少・血小板減少

血液生化学

血清総蛋白量：増加
アルブミン：減少
γグロブリン(=免疫グロブリン)↑
血清蛋白分画Mスパイク出現

腫瘍化した形質細胞(骨髄腫細胞)がIgG、IgA、IgD、IgEを産生 (IgMを単クローン性に産生する場合は別の病名がつく。)

CRP：陰性

Ca：上昇　→　高カルシウム血症　(骨融解)
ALP：上昇　(骨融解)

血液塗沫標本

赤血球の連銭形成：M蛋白(γグロブリンは正に帯電。Mタンパクもおそらく正に帯電)
骨髄腫細胞は稀　→　多数なら形質細胞性白血病

免疫グロブリン

正常な免疫グロブリン：低下　→　易感染性(ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli)
Mタンパクとして増殖してるγグロプリンの頻度：IgG(50-60%) > IgA > Bence-Jones protein

骨髄検査

細胞表面抗原

CD38(+), CD56(+), CD19(-)。(⇔正常な形質細胞：CD56(-), CD19(+)
多発性骨髄腫においてCD56(+)は70%、CD56(-)は30%

骨髄穿刺

異型性の形質細胞が有核細胞の10％以上認められ，細胞表面抗原検査にて単クローン性形質細胞と同定されることによりなされる。

骨髄内で形質細胞が単クローン性に増加

→血清中に単クローン性免疫グロブリン↑(=M蛋白)

尿中に免疫グロブリンのL鎖(κ,λ鎖)出現

ベンス・ジョーンズタンパク質

血清蛋白電気泳動

ガンマグロブリン分画に急峻なピーク(M-peak)

[show details]

尿検査

Bence Jonesタンパク(BJP)が出現

単純X写真

頭部：頭蓋骨の打ち抜き像 punched-out lesion
腰部：脊椎の圧迫骨折

[show details]

骨シンチグラム

陰性(骨形成反応がないため)

診断

診断基準(2003年)

Mタンパク + (高カルシウム血症 + 腎機能障害 + 貧血 + 骨病変) CRAB(calcium, renal insufficiency, anemia, bone lesion)

病期

参考3 YN.G-68

International staging system, ISSが未知いられる。
血清アルブミンとβ2ミクログロブリンの値で予後を予測する者である。

β2ミクログロブリン (mg/L)	5.5	Stage III
		Stage II
	3.5		Stage I
	0
		0	3.5
		アルブミン(g/dL)

Stage I：アルブミン3.5g/dl以上、β2ミクログロブリン3.5mg/L未満
Stage II： Stage I ～ Stage III
Stage III： β2ミクログロブリン5.5以上

Stage別平均余命：I 62ヶ月、II 44ヶ月、III 29ヶ月

治療

(参考1)

治療方針：初期治療、維持療法、再発・難反応期治療がある。
初期治療：

化学療法：MP療法と多剤併用療法があるが、後者は奏効率は高いが生存期間延長効果がないため、一般的にはMP療法を行う。化学療法のみで治癒は困難であり、プラトー(臓器障害を認めない状態が3ヶ月以上持続)に達した後に維持療法を行う。

骨髄移植適応無し

骨髄移植適応有り

VAD療法(ビンクリスチン、ドキソルビシン、デキサメタゾン)
デキサメタゾン大量療法：デキサメタゾン

自己末梢血幹細胞移植

維持療法：

インターフェロン：無事象生存期間、全生存期間の中央値はそれぞれ6ヶ月、7ヶ月の延長効果があったが、副作用を考慮し必ずしも推奨されない。
プレドニゾロン：50mg投与隔日投与でで有効性が認められたが、副作用の発現リスクが高くなるため日本ではあまり行われていない。

再発・難反応例：

サリドマイド(認可？？)：単剤で30%、デキサメタゾンとの併用で40-50％、化学療法との併用では50-60％の奏効率が報告されている。
ボルテゾミブ(認可？？)：デキサメタゾンとの併用が推奨されている。副作用は末梢神経障害、血小板減少。
レナリドマイド(認可？？)：サリドマイド誘導体。サリドマイドに比べて効果は高く、末梢神経障害、消化器症状、神経症状、DVT等の副作用が軽い。

支持療法

骨病変：

放射線療法：20Gyの少量で効果が出現
ビスホスホネート製剤：クロドロネート、パミドロネート、ゾレドロネートの使用が推奨されている。
鎮痛：WHOの癌疼痛治療法に応じて

高カルシウム血症：

口渇・意識障害など明らかな臨床症状：生理食塩水＋ビスホスホネート点滴静注。ステロイドやカルシトニンを併用すると有効な場合もある。
腎障害：M蛋白による尿細管の障害、高カルシウム血症、高尿酸血症、アミロイドーシス、尿路感染症、骨髄腫細胞浸潤などで腎障害をきたす。輸液、アシドーシス補正、電解質補正、血液透析。腎障害がある場合の化学療法には腎障害の少ないVAD療法()かデキサメタゾン大量療法が推奨される。

過粘稠度症候群：

血漿交換療法、ダブル濾過法、段階濾過法

アミロイドーシス：

心臓、腎臓、消化管、舌等の臓器に沈着し、臓器障害をきたす。約30%の症例にみられるが、有償状は10%未満。予後を規定する心機能をモニターするため、心エコーでフォローする。アミロイドーシス自体に対する有効な治療はなく、原疾患の治療を早くすることが必要である。

参考

1. 多発性骨髄腫の治療 - がん情報サービス

http://ganjoho.jp/public/cancer/data/myeloma_therapy.html

2. [charged] 多発性骨髄腫の臨床的特徴、検査所見、および診断 - uptodate [1]
3. [charged] 多発性骨髄腫における病期分類および予後研究 - uptodate [2]

国試

105I072、104A033

「尿蛋白」

　　[★]

英: urine protein, urinary protein, protein in urine
同: 尿中タンパク質、尿タンパク
関: 蛋白尿、尿蛋白/クレアチニン比

尿蛋白の生化学

1/3は血清アルブミン
1/3はアルブミン以外の小分子蛋白質
1/3は尿細管上皮細胞中のタム-ホースフォール蛋白質（ムコ蛋白質）

基準値

24時間蓄尿

40-100 mg/day

運動、体位、精神的ストレスによって変動しうる

20-120 mg/day (臨床検査法提要第32版 p.1806)
<150 mg/day (HIM.A-11)

生理的な尿蛋白

起立性蛋白尿：体位による。糸球体濾過圧が高まる？
機能性蛋白尿：運動、発熱、ストレス

診断

24時間蓄尿：150 mg/日以上で異常。1 g/day以上で糸球体疾患疑い。　ネフローゼ症候群の診断基準は3.5g/day以上
随時尿：30 mg/dl以上で異常

尿蛋白量と診断の目安

内科診断リファレンス.350

尿蛋白
150mg/日未満	健常者の基準(15mg/dL 10dL)
300mg/日	糖尿病性腎症の顕性タンパク尿の定義
1000mg/日	起立性タンパク尿や熱性タンパク尿などの良性タンパク尿の上限 (血尿があるときは500mg/日のタンパク尿で腎疾患を考慮)
1500-3000mg/日	尿細管障害によるタンパク尿の限界で、これ以上は糸球体疾患と考える。

腎前性

低分子タンパク質の過剰産生

腎性(腎実質性)

糸球体毛細血管の障害、内圧亢進、尿細管障害

腎後性

下部尿路系の炎症、結石、腫瘍

下部尿路系の尿路結石
腎盂腫瘍
尿管腫瘍
膀胱腫瘍

尿蛋白による尿細管の障害

尿蛋白→尿細管での過剰吸収・蓄積→尿細管間質へのマクロファージ・T細胞の浸潤→(in vitroでは尿細管細胞をアルブミンと共存させるとMCP-1・炎症性サイトカイン(TNF, IL-1, LPS, 変性IgG)を分泌→間質炎症反応→間質線維化→腎瘢痕

臨床関連

異常値の出るメカニズム第5版 p.177改

	分子量 (kDa)	糖質 (%)	機能
β2ミクログロブリン	11	0	構造タンパク・HLAのL鎖
リゾチーム	15	0	消化殺菌酵素
レチノール結合蛋白	20	0	ビタミンA担体
免疫グロブリンL鎖	22	0	構造タンパク質
α1ミクログロブリン	30	20	輸送担体
α1酸性糖タンパク	44	38	急性相蛋白
アルブミン	67	0	膠質浸透圧維持、輸送担体

検査

試験紙法

随時尿で施行可能。感度が低い。
強アルカリ性で偽陽性　　　←　　アルカリ性で青変する試薬を使用
X線造影剤で偽陽性はでない。
Bence Jones蛋白に対しては偽陰性

24時間蓄尿

尿の生化学的な分析を行う。

検査法の比較(QB E-134)

	煮沸法	スルフォサリチル酸法	試験紙法
原理	蛋白質の熱変性による混濁 (特異性が高い)	蛋白と酢酸の不溶性塩による混濁	指示薬の蛋白誤差を利用
感度	5mg/dl	1.5-2mg/dl (鋭敏)	5-20 mg/dl
偽陽性	ヨード造影剤トルブタミドペニシリン系抗菌薬セフェム系抗菌薬		リン酸塩を含むアルカリ性尿第4級アンモニウム化合物 (防腐剤、洗浄剤)EDTAのことか？
偽陰性	リン酸塩を含むアルカリ性尿		低分子タンパク尿(BJP等)

試験紙法による蛋白尿の評価

参考1

尿蛋白：± = 15 mg/dL。1+ = 30 mg/dL。2+ = 100 mg/dL。3+ = 300mg/dL　　←　赤字はメーカー間で差が少ないらしい。

1+では蛋白尿が存在すると考えて良い水準。

参考

1. CKD診察ガイド2009

http://www.jsn.or.jp/jsn_new/iryou/kaiin/free/primers/pdf/CKDguide2009.pdf

「ベンスジョーンズ蛋白」

　　[★]

英: Bence Jones protein, BJP
同: ベンス・ジョーンズ蛋白、ベンスジョーンズ蛋白質、ベンスジョーンズタンパク、Bence Jonesタンパク、Bence Jones蛋白、Bence-Jones蛋白

概念

尿中に排泄される
モノクローナルな抗体のL鎖
κ型とλ型がある
単量体(24 kDa)か2量体(48 kDa)で存在
尿からは試験紙法では検出できず、スルホサリチル酸法により検出される

BJPが出現する疾患

OLM.32

多発性骨髄腫

IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE, BJP型

原発性マクログロブリン血症

IgM

H鎖病

γ鎖病、μ鎖病

慢性リンパ性白血病
non Hodgkinリンパ腫
アミロイドーシス
MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance)

血清中、尿中に増加

「BJP型骨髄腫」

　　[★]

英: BJP-type myeloma
関: ベンスジョーンズタンパク、多発性骨髄腫

「B」

　　[★]

気管分岐部下緑
補体のalternative pathwayに関わる蛋白質

Mg2+存在下でC3, B, Dが反応してC3bBbとなり、これがC3転換酵素(C3bBb)あるいはC5転換酵素(C3bBb3b)を形成する。これらはP(properdin)と結合して活性化し、それぞれC3、C5を活性化する

[FOOTNOTEBanerjee20053118-1] Banerjee 2005, p. 3118.

[FOOTNOTEMalikSingh1992318-2] Malik & Singh 1992, p. 318.

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v t e Bharatiya Janata Party
Party Presidents	Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1980–86) Lal Krishna Advani (1986–91) Murli Manohar Joshi (1991–93) Lal Krishna Advani (1993–98) Kushabhau Thakre (1998–2000) Bangaru Laxman (2000–01) Jana Krishnamurthi (2001–02) Venkaiah Naidu (2002–04) Lal Krishna Advani (2004–06) Rajnath Singh (2006–09) Nitin Gadkari (2009–13) Rajnath Singh (2013–14) Amit Shah (2014–present)
Current vice presidents	Avinash Rai Khanna Prabhat Jha Dr. Vinay Sahasrabuddhe Renu Devi Om Prakash Mathur Shyam Jaju
Other prominent leaders	Sushma Swaraj Arun Jaitley Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Sunderlal Patwa Ravi Shankar Prasad Pramod Mahajan Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Sushil Kumar Modi Himanta Biswa Sarma Ram Naik
Prime ministers	Atal Bihari Vajpayee Narendra Modi
Current chief ministers	Vijay Rupani Vasundhara Raje Shivraj Singh Chouhan Raman Singh Manohar Parrikar Manohar Lal Khattar Devendra Fadnavis Raghubar Das Sarbananda Sonowal Pema Khandu N. Biren Singh Trivendra Singh Rawat Yogi Adityanath
Spokespersons	Syed Shahnawaz Hussain Dr. Sudhanshu Trivedi M. J. Akbar Meenakshi Lekhi Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri Siddharth Nath Singh Nalin Kohli Sambit Patra Anil Baluni G. V. L. Narsimha Rao Gopal Krishna Agarwal Siddhartha Bhattacharya Gaurav Bhatia Shaina NC Nupur Sharma
General secretaries	P. Muralidhar Rao Ram Madhav Saroj Pandey Bhupender Yadav Kailash Vijayvargiya Anil Jain Dr. Arun Singh Ram Lal
Political wings	Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha BJP Mahila Morcha BJP SC Morcha BJP ST Morcha BJP OBC Morcha BJP Minority Morcha BJP Kisan Morcha
Related organisations	Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Bharatiya Jana Sangh Janata Party Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
Others	Hindutva Integral humanism

v t e Sangh Parivar (RSS Family of Organisations)
Organisations	Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Bharatiya Janata Party Swadeshi Jagaran Manch Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Vishwa Hindu Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Hindu Vivek Kendra Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Hindu Munnani Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Balagokulam Vivekananda Kendra Rashtra Sevika Samiti Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Ekal Vidyalaya
Sarsanghchalak	Keshav Baliram Hedgewar (1925–1930 and 1931–1940) Laxman Vasudev Paranjpe (1930–1931) Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar (1940–1973) Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras (1973–1994) Rajendra Singh (1994–2000) K. S. Sudarshan (2000–2009) Mohan Bhagwat (2009–present)
Other Major figures	Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Balkrishna Shivram Moonje Syama Prasad Mukherjee Deendayal Upadhyaya Prabhakar Balwant Dani Babasaheb Apte S. S. Apte Moropant Pingley Madhukar Rao Bhagwat Eknath Ranade H. V. Sheshadri Dattopant Thengadi Nanaji Deshmukh Atal Bihari Vajpayee Lal Krishna Advani Murli Manohar Joshi Jana Krishnamurthi Kushabhau Thakre Narendra Modi Arun Jaitley K. N. Govindacharya Rama Jois Bal Thackeray Swami Karpatri Chinmayananda Saraswati Ashok Singhal Giriraj Kishore Praveen Togadia Ram Madhav Ramchandra Das Paramhans
Independent authors	Sita Ram Goel Ram Swarup Girilal Jain Dharampal Ram Gopal Balraj Madhok Raj Krishna Harsh Narain Swaraj Prakash Gupta Ramesh Nagaraj Rao Malati Shendge Arun Shouri Abhas Chatterjee K. S. Lal N. S. Rajaram David Frawley Koenraad Elst François Gautier Christophe Jaffrelot K. D. Sethna Subhash Kak Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti D. P. Agrawal Rajiv Dixit
Philosophy	Hindutva Hindu nationalism Gandhian socialism Integral humanism Akhand Bharat Uniform civil code Indigenous Aryans
Hindu nationalism	Hindutva Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement Bangabhumi Hindu Rashtra Panun Kashmir Banga Sena
Topics	Persecution of Hindus Shuddhi Ram Janmabhoomi Shah Bano case Ghar Wapsi

v t e Political parties in India
Current national coalitions	National Democratic Alliance United Progressive Alliance Third Front Janata Parivar
Former national coalitions	Janata Party National Front United Front
Recognised national parties	All India Trinamool Congress Bahujan Samaj Party Bharatiya Janata Party Communist Party of India Communist Party of India (Marxist) Indian National Congress Nationalist Congress Party
Recognised state parties	Aam Aadmi Party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam All India Forward Bloc All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen All India United Democratic Front Asom Gana Parishad Biju Janata Dal Bodoland People's Front Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Indian National Lok Dal Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Janata Dal (Secular) Janata Dal (United) Jharkhand Mukti Morcha Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) Kerala Congress Kerala Congress (Mani) Lok Jan Shakti Party Maharashtra Navnirman Sena Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party Manipur Peoples Party Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Meghalaya Democratic Party Mizo National Front Mizoram People's Conference Muslim League Kerala State Committee Naga People's Front National People's Party N.R. Congress Pattali Makkal Katchi People's Party of Punjab Rashtriya Janata Dal Rashtriya Lok Dal Rashtriya Lok Samta Party Revolutionary Socialist Party Samajwadi Party Shiromani Akali Dal Shiv Sena Sikkim Democratic Front Telangana Rashtra Samithi Telugu Desam Party United Democratic Party Uttarakhand Kranti Dal YSR Congress Party Mahan Dal Zoram Nationalist Party
Other parties in parliament	Apna Dal (Sonelal) Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi Jan Adhikar Party Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) Swabhimani Paksha Swatantra Bharat Paksh
Unrecognised parties or parties with limited presence	Apna Dal All India Muslim Forum Arunachal Congress Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh Bharatiya Awam Party Chhattisgarh Janata Congress Communist Marxist Party Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra) Gorkha Janmukti Morcha Hindu Sena Hindustani Awam Morcha Indian Federal Democratic Party Indian National Congress (Socialist) Indian National League Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra Jana Sena Party Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy Jharkhand Party Karnataka Janata Paksha Kerala Congress (Balakrishna Pillai) Kerala Congress (Jacob) Kerala Congress (Secular) Kerala People's Party Kongunadu Munnetra Peravai Lok Satta Party Naam Tamilar Katchi People's Guardian Peoples Republican Party Peoples’ Resurgence and Justice Alliance Perunthalaivar Makkal Katchi Pragatisheel Indira Congress Professionals Party of India Puthiya Tamilagam Puducherry Munnetra Congress Republican Party of India (Gavai) Republican Party of India (Athvale) Republican Party of India (Kamble) Republican Party of India (Democratic) Republican Party of India (Khobragade) Revolutionary Socialist Party (Baby John) Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik) Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) Sikkim Krantikari Morcha Tamizhaga Vazhvurimai Katchi United Goans Democratic Party Welfare Party of India
Former political parties	Janata Dal Justice Party Praja Socialist Party Swatantra Party
Portal:Politics List of political parties Politics of India

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基本姿勢

歴史

発足まで

党勢の急伸

政権樹立

下野

2014年インド総選挙

出典

関連項目

外部リンク

wiki en

Contents

History

Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1951–77)

Janata Party (1977–80)

BJP (1980–present)

Formation and early days

Babri Masjid demolition and the Hindutva movement

NDA government (1998–2004)

2002 Gujarat violence

General election defeats

General election victory, 2014

General election results

Ideology and political positions

Social policies and Hindutva

Economic policies

Defence and counterterrorism

Foreign policy

Organisation and structure

Presence in various states

Current BJP and NDA governments

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

English Journal

Japanese Journal

Related Links

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「多発性骨髄腫」

概念

病因

疫学

病変形成＆病理

症候

骨病変 (WCH.2561)

腰痛 (WCH.2561)

合併症

検査

血算

血液生化学

血液塗沫標本

免疫グロブリン

骨髄検査

骨髄穿刺

血清蛋白電気泳動

尿検査

単純X写真

骨シンチグラム

診断

診断基準(2003年)

病期

治療

参考

国試

「尿蛋白」

尿蛋白の生化学

基準値

24時間蓄尿

生理的な尿蛋白