出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/10/01 16:53:12」(JST)
Bb Bb
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ラテン文字 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Bは、ラテン文字(アルファベット)の2番目の文字。ギリシャ文字のΒ(ベータ)に由来する。小文字は b 。キリル文字のБ、Вと同系である[1]。
大きく分けて2つの字形が使われる。
またフラクトゥールではのようである。
この文字が表す音素 /b/ の音価は、有声両唇閉鎖音 [b] ないし、その類似の両唇音である。
ウィクショナリーにBの項目があります。 |
ウィクショナリーにbの項目があります。 |
大文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 小文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 備考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | U+0042 |
1-3-34 |
B B |
b | U+0062 |
1-3-66 |
b b |
半角 |
B | U+FF22 |
1-3-34 |
B B |
b | U+FF42 |
1-3-66 |
b b |
全角 |
Ⓑ | U+24B7 |
‐ |
Ⓑ Ⓑ |
ⓑ | U+24D1 |
1-12-34 |
ⓑ ⓑ |
丸囲み |
🄑 | U+1F111 |
‐ |
🄑 🄑 |
⒝ | U+249D |
‐ |
⒝ ⒝ |
括弧付き |
ᴮ | U+1D2E |
‐ |
ᴮ ᴮ |
ᵇ | U+1D47 |
‐ |
ᵇ ᵇ |
上付き文字 |
𝐁 | U+1D401 |
‐ |
𝐁 𝐁 |
𝐛 | U+1D41B |
‐ |
𝐛 𝐛 |
太字 |
𝐵 | U+1D435 |
‐ |
𝐵 𝐵 |
𝑏 | U+1D44F |
‐ |
𝑏 𝑏 |
イタリック体 |
𝑩 | U+1D469 |
‐ |
𝑩 𝑩 |
𝒃 | U+1D483 |
‐ |
𝒃 𝒃 |
イタリック体太字 |
ℬ | U+212C |
‐ |
ℬ ℬ |
𝒷 | U+1D4B7 |
‐ |
𝒷 𝒷 |
筆記体 |
𝓑 | U+1D4D1 |
‐ |
𝓑 𝓑 |
𝓫 | U+1D4EB |
‐ |
𝓫 𝓫 |
筆記体太字 |
𝔅 | U+1D505 |
‐ |
𝔅 𝔅 |
𝔟 | U+1D51F |
‐ |
𝔟 𝔟 |
フラクトゥール |
𝔹 | U+1D539 |
‐ |
𝔹 𝔹 |
𝕓 | U+1D553 |
‐ |
𝕓 𝕓 |
黒板太字 |
𝕭 | U+1D56D |
‐ |
𝕭 𝕭 |
𝖇 | U+1D587 |
‐ |
𝖇 𝖇 |
フラクトゥール太字 |
𝖡 | U+1D5A1 |
‐ |
𝖡 𝖡 |
𝖻 | U+1D5BB |
‐ |
𝖻 𝖻 |
サンセリフ |
𝗕 | U+1D5D5 |
‐ |
𝗕 𝗕 |
𝗯 | U+1D5EF |
‐ |
𝗯 𝗯 |
サンセリフ太字 |
𝘉 | U+1D609 |
‐ |
𝘉 𝘉 |
𝘣 | U+1D623 |
‐ |
𝘣 𝘣 |
サンセリフイタリック |
𝘽 | U+1D63D |
‐ |
𝘽 𝘽 |
𝙗 | U+1D657 |
‐ |
𝙗 𝙗 |
サンセリフイタリック太字 |
𝙱 | U+1D671 |
‐ |
𝙱 𝙱 |
𝚋 | U+1D68B |
‐ |
𝚋 𝚋 |
等幅フォント |
記号 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 名称 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ʙ | U+0299 |
‐ |
ʙ ʙ |
LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B |
🄱 | U+1F131 |
‐ |
🄱 🄱 |
SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B |
🅑 | U+1F151 |
‐ |
🅑 🅑 |
NEGATIVE CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B |
🅱 | U+1F171 |
‐ |
🅱 🅱 |
NEGATIVE SQUARED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B |
フォネティックコード | モールス符号 |
Bravo | -・・・ |
信号旗 | 手旗信号 | 点字 |
[ヘルプ] |
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B or b (pronounced /ˈbiː/, bee)[1][2] is the 2nd letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants.
Egyptian Pr |
Phoenician bēt |
Greek beta |
Etruscan B |
Roman B |
Runic beorc |
Uncial B |
Insular B |
Blackletter B |
Antiqua B |
Modern Roman B |
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Old English was originally written in runes, whose equivalent letter was beorc ⟨ᛒ⟩, meaning "birch". Beorc dates to at least the 2nd-century Elder Futhark, which is now thought to have derived from the Old Italic alphabets' ⟨ 𐌁 ⟩ either directly or via Latin ⟨⟩.
The uncial ⟨⟩ and half-uncial ⟨⟩ introduced by the Gregorian and Irish missions gradually developed into the Insular scripts' ⟨⟩. These Old English Latin alphabets supplanted the earlier runes, whose use was fully banned under King Canute in the early 11th century. The Norman Conquest popularized the Carolingian half-uncial forms which latter developed into blackletter ⟨ ⟩. Around 1300, letter case was increasingly distinguished, with upper- and lower-case B taking separate meanings. Following the advent of printing in the 15th century, Germany and Scandinavia continued to use forms of blackletter (particularly Fraktur), while England eventually adopted the humanist and antiqua scripts developed in Renaissance Italy from a combination of Roman inscriptions and Carolingian texts. The present forms of the English cursive B were developed by the 17th century.
The Roman ⟨B⟩ derived from the Greek capital beta ⟨Β⟩ via its Etruscan and Cumaean variants. The Greek letter was an adaptation of the Phoenician letter bēt ⟨𐤁⟩.[3] The Egyptian hieroglyph for the consonant /b/ had been an image of a foot and calf ⟨ ⟩,[4] but bēt (Phoenician for "house") was a modified form of a Proto-Sinaitic glyph ⟨ ⟩ probably adapted from the separate hieroglyph Pr ⟨ ⟩ meaning "house".[5][n 1] The Hebrew letter beth ⟨ב⟩ is a separate development of the Phoenician letter.[3]
By Byzantine times, the Greek letter ⟨Β⟩ came to be pronounced /v/,[3] so that it is known in modern Greek as víta (still written βήτα). The Cyrillic letter ve ⟨В⟩ represents the same sound, so a modified form known as be ⟨Б⟩ was developed to represent the Slavic languages' /b/.[3] (Modern Greek continues to lack a letter for the voiced bilabial plosive and transliterates such sounds from other languages using the digraph/consonant cluster ⟨μπ⟩, mp.)
In English, ⟨b⟩ denotes the voiced bilabial stop /b/, as in bib. In English, it is sometimes silent. This occurs particularly in words ending in ⟨mb⟩, such as lamb and bomb, some of which originally had a /b/ sound, while some had the letter ⟨b⟩ added by analogy (see Phonological history of English consonant clusters). The ⟨b⟩ in debt, doubt, subtle and related words was added in the 16th century as an etymological spelling, intended to make the words more like their Latin originals (debitum, dubito, subtilis).
As /b/ is one of the sounds subject to Grimm's Law, words which have ⟨b⟩ in English and other Germanic languages may find their cognates in other Indo-European languages appearing with ⟨bh⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨f⟩ or ⟨φ⟩ instead.[3] For example, compare the various cognates of the word brother.
Many other languages besides English use ⟨b⟩ to represent a voiced bilabial stop.
In Estonian, Icelandic, and Chinese Pinyin, ⟨b⟩ does not denote a voiced consonant. Instead, it represents a voiceless /p/ that contrasts with either a geminated /p:/ (in Estonian) or an aspirated /pʰ/ (in Pinyin, Danish and Icelandic) represented by ⟨p⟩. In Fijian ⟨b⟩ represents a prenasalized /mb/, whereas in Zulu and Xhosa it represents an implosive /ɓ/, in contrast to the digraph ⟨bh⟩ which represents /b/. Finnish uses ⟨b⟩ only in loanwords.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, [b] is used to represent the voiced bilabial stop phone. In phonological transcription systems for specific languages, /b/ may be used to represent a lenis phoneme, not necessarily voiced, that contrasts with fortis /p/ (which may have greater aspiration, tenseness or duration).
B is also a musical note. In English-speaking countries, it represents Si, the 12th note of a chromatic scale built on C. In Central Europe and Scandinavia, "B" is used to denote B-flat and the 12th note of the chromatic scale is denoted "H". Archaic forms of 'b', the b quadratum (square b, ♮) and b rotundum (round b, ♭) are used in musical notation as the symbols for natural and flat, respectively.
In Contracted (grade 2) English braille, 'b' stands for "but" when in isolation.
Character | B | b | ||
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Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B | LATIN SMALL LETTER B | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 66 | U+0042 | 98 | U+0062 |
UTF-8 | 66 | 42 | 98 | 62 |
Numeric character reference | B | B | b | b |
EBCDIC family | 194 | C2 | 130 | 82 |
ASCII 1 | 66 | 42 | 98 | 62 |
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Bravo | –··· |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | Braille dots-12 |
The ISO basic Latin alphabet
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国試過去問 | 「084B061」 |
リンク元 | 「食道」「補体」「D因子」「B因子」 |
拡張検索 | 「B. melitensis」「Borrelia garinii」「splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma」 |
O:食道入口部 esophageal orifice | |||
Ce: 頚部食道 cervical esophagus | |||
S: 胸骨上縁 margin of the sternum | |||
Te: 胸部食道 thoracic esophagus | Ut: 胸部上部食道 upper thoracic esophagus | ||
Mt: 胸部中部食道 middle thoracic esophagus | ↑ | B: 気管分岐部下縁 tracheal bifurcation | |
↓ | |||
Lt: 胸部下部食道 lower thoracic esophagus | ↑ | ||
D: 横隔膜 diaphragm | |||
H: 食道裂孔 esophageal hiatus | |||
Ae: 腹部食道 abdominal esophagus | ↓ | ||
EGJ: 食道胃接合部 esophagogastric junction |
部位 | 名称 | 筋肉 | 神経 | 運動性 | シナプスする構造 | 最終的な伝達物質 | 運動 | |
上部1/3 | 上食道括約部 | UES | 横紋筋 | 舌咽神経、迷走神経(疑核) | 随意性 | 運動終板のアセチルコリン受容体 | アセチルコリン | 弛緩 |
平滑筋 | 迷走神経 | 不随意性 | 壁内コリン作動性運動神経 | |||||
下端部 | 下食道括約部 | LES | 平滑筋 | 迷走神経 | 不随意性 | 壁内非アドレナリン作動性抑制運動神経 | NO, VIP | 弛緩 |
交感神経 | 平滑筋α受容体 | アドレナリン | 収縮 |
層構造 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||||||||
器官 | 単層扁平上皮 | 単層立方上皮 | 単層円柱上皮 | 角化重層扁平上皮 | 非角化重層扁平上皮 | 上皮表層の構成細胞 | 粘膜固有層 | 腺の構成細胞 | 粘膜筋板 | 粘膜下組織 (大抵、粗結合組織) |
筋層 | 漿膜(結合組織+単層扁平上皮) 外膜(結合組織のみ) | |||
食道 | ○ | 食道噴門腺 (咽頭付近と胃付近に局在)、粘液腺 |
粘液細胞 (スムーズに食べ物を流す) |
縱層 (縦走筋のみ) |
固有食道腺(粘液腺、管状胞状、ペプシノーゲン、リゾチーム) | 内輪筋層 外縱筋層 (食道上1/3:骨格筋、食道中1/3:骨格筋、平滑筋、食道下1/3:平滑筋) |
外膜(横隔膜まで) 漿膜 |
pathway | start | first step |
classical pathway | antigen-antibody complex | C1q, C1r, C1s, C4, C2 |
lectin pathway | mannose-binding lectin or ficolin binds carbohydrate on pathogen surface | MBL/ficolin, MASP-2, C4, C2 |
alternative pathway | pathogen surface | C3, B, D |
3つの経路は共通してC3 convertaseを生成。C3 convertaseはC3→C3a+C3b C3a: C3a is a peptide mediator of local inflammation C3b: C3b binds covalently to the bacterial cell membrane and opsonizes the bacteria
C5 convertaseはC3bにC3 convertaseが結合してできる C5 converaseはC5→C5a+C5b C5a: powerful peptide mediator of inflammation C5b: C5b,C6,C7,C8,C9: membrane-attack complex
.