Parathyroid hormone-like hormone |
PDB rendering based on 1bzg. |
Available structures |
PDB |
Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB |
List of PDB id codes |
1BZG, 1M5N, 3FFD, 3H3G
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Identifiers |
Symbols |
PTHLH; BDE2; HHM; PLP; PTHR; PTHRP |
External IDs |
OMIM: 168470 MGI: 97800 HomoloGene: 2113 GeneCards: PTHLH Gene |
Gene Ontology |
Molecular function |
• hormone activity
• peptide hormone receptor binding
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Cellular component |
• extracellular region
• extracellular space
• nucleus
• nucleolus
• cytoplasm
• Golgi apparatus
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Biological process |
• skeletal system development
• endochondral ossification
• osteoblast development
• adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
• cell-cell signaling
• endoderm development
• female pregnancy
• positive regulation of cell proliferation
• negative regulation of cell proliferation
• epidermis development
• regulation of gene expression
• protein processing
• positive regulation of cAMP biosynthetic process
• epithelial cell differentiation
• negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
• surfactant homeostasis
• negative regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
• cAMP metabolic process
• lung alveolus development
• mammary gland bud elongation
• nipple sheath formation
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Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
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RNA expression pattern |
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More reference expression data |
Orthologs |
Species |
Human |
Mouse |
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Entrez |
5744 |
19227 |
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Ensembl |
ENSG00000087494 |
ENSMUSG00000048776 |
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UniProt |
P12272 |
n/a |
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RefSeq (mRNA) |
NM_002820 |
NM_008970 |
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RefSeq (protein) |
NP_002811 |
NP_032996 |
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Location (UCSC) |
Chr 12:
28.11 – 28.13 Mb |
Chr 6:
147.25 – 147.26 Mb |
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PubMed search |
[1] |
[2] |
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Parathyroid hormone-related protein (or PTHrP) is a protein member of the parathyroid hormone family. It is occasionally secreted by cancer cells (breast cancer, certain types of lung cancer including squamous cell lung carcinoma). However, it also has normal functions.
Contents
- 1 Function
- 1.1 Tooth eruption
- 1.2 Mammary glands
- 1.3 Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
- 2 Genetics
- 3 Discovery
- 4 Interactions
- 5 References
- 6 Further reading
Function[edit]
PTHrP acts as an endocrine, autocrine, paracrine, and intracrine hormone. It regulates endochondral bone development by maintaining the endochondral growth plate at a constant width. It also regulates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during the formation of the mammary glands.
Tooth eruption[edit]
PTHrP is critical in the intraosseous phase of tooth eruption where it acts as a signalling molecule to stimulate local bone resorption. Without PTHrP, the bony crypt surrounding the tooth follicle will not resorb, and therefore the tooth will not erupt. In the context of tooth eruption, PTHrP is secreted by the cells of the Reduced Enamel Epithelium.
Mammary glands[edit]
It aids in normal mammary gland development.[1][2] It is necessary for maintenance of the mammary bud. Loss of PTHrP or its receptor causes the mammary bud cell fate to change back into epidermis. In lactation, it may regulate in conjunction with the calcium sensing receptor the mobilization and transfer of calcium to the milk, as well as placental transfer of calcium.
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy[edit]
PTHrP is related in function to the "normal" parathyroid hormone. When a tumor secretes PTHrP, this can lead to hypercalcemia.[3] As this is sometimes the first sign of the malignancy, hypercalcemia caused by PTHrP is considered a paraneoplastic phenomenon. PTHR1 is responsible for most cases of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.
PTHrP shares the same N-terminal end as parathyroid hormone and therefore it can bind to the same receptor, the Type I PTH receptor (PTHR1). PTHrP can simulate most of the actions of PTH including increases in bone resorption and distal tubular calcium reabsorption, and inhibition of proximal tubular phosphate transport.
However, PTHrP is less likely than PTH to stimulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production. Therefore, PTHrP does not increase intestinal calcium absorption.
Genetics[edit]
Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding two distinct isoforms have been observed. There is also evidence for alternative translation initiation from non-AUG (CUG and GUG) start sites, in-frame and downstream of the initiator AUG codon, to give rise to nuclear forms of this hormone.[4]
Discovery[edit]
The protein was first isolated in 1987 by T.J. Martin's team at the University of Melbourne. Miao et al. showed that disruption of the PTHrP gene in mice caused a lethal phenotype and distinct bone abnormalities, suggesting that PTHrP has a physiological function.
Interactions[edit]
Parathyroid hormone-related protein has been shown to interact with KPNB1[5][6] and Arrestin beta 1.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ Hens JR, Dann P, Zhang JP, Harris S, Robinson GW, Wysolmerski J (March 2007). "BMP4 and PTHrP interact to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction". Development (Cambridge, England) 134 (6): 1221–30. doi:10.1242/dev.000182. PMID 17301089.
- ^ Hens JR, Wysolmerski JJ (2005). "Key stages of mammary gland development: Molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the embryonic mammary gland". Breast Cancer Research : BCR 7 (5): 220–4. doi:10.1186/bcr1306. PMC 1242158. PMID 16168142.
- ^ Broadus AE, Mangin M, Ikeda K, Insogna KL, Weir EC, Burtis WJ, Stewart AF (September 1988). "Humoral hypercalcemia of cancer. Identification of a novel parathyroid hormone-like peptide". The New England Journal of Medicine 319 (9): 556–63. doi:10.1056/NEJM198809013190906. PMID 3043221.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: PTHLH parathyroid hormone-like hormone".
- ^ Cingolani, Gino; Bednenko Janna, Gillespie Matthew T, Gerace Larry (Dec. 2002). "Molecular basis for the recognition of a nonclassical nuclear localization signal by importin beta". Mol. Cell (United States) 10 (6): 1345–53. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00727-X. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 12504010.
- ^ Lam, M H; Hu W, Xiao C Y, Gillespie M T, Jans D A (Mar. 2001). "Molecular dissection of the importin beta1-recognized nuclear targeting signal of parathyroid hormone-related protein". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (United States) 282 (2): 629–34. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.4607. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 11401507.
- ^ Conlan, Lindus A; Martin T John, Gillespie Matthew T (Sep. 2002). "The COOH-terminus of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) interacts with beta-arrestin 1B". FEBS Lett. (Netherlands) 527 (1–3): 71–5. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03164-2. ISSN 0014-5793. PMID 12220636.
Further reading[edit]
- Miao D, Li J, Xue Y, Su H, Karaplis AC, Goltzman D (August 2004). "Parathyroid hormone-related peptide is required for increased trabecular bone volume in parathyroid hormone-null mice". Endocrinology 145 (8): 3554–62. doi:10.1210/en.2003-1695. PMID 15090463.
- Casey ML, MacDonald PC (1997). "The endothelin-parathyroid hormone-related protein vasoactive peptide system in human endometrium: modulation by transforming growth factor-beta". Hum. Reprod. 11 Suppl 2: 62–82. PMID 8982748.
- Lam MH, Thomas RJ, Martin TJ et al. (2000). "Nuclear and nucleolar localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein". Immunol. Cell Biol. 78 (4): 395–402. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00919.x. PMID 10947864.
- Fiaschi-Taesch NM, Stewart AF (2003). "Minireview: parathyroid hormone-related protein as an intracrine factor--trafficking mechanisms and functional consequences". Endocrinology 144 (2): 407–11. doi:10.1210/en.2002-220818. PMID 12538599.
- Jans DA, Thomas RJ, Gillespie MT (2003). "Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP): a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein with distinct paracrine and intracrine roles". Vitam. Horm. Vitamins & Hormones 66: 345–84. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(03)01010-0. ISBN 978-0-12-709866-1. PMID 12852260.
- Maioli E, Fortino V, Pacini A (2005). "Parathyroid hormone-related protein in preeclampsia: a linkage between maternal and fetal failures". Biol. Reprod. 71 (6): 1779–84. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.104.030932. PMID 15286039.
- Fenton AJ, Kemp BE, Kent GN et al. (1991). "A carboxyl-terminal peptide from the parathyroid hormone-related protein inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts". Endocrinology 129 (4): 1762–8. doi:10.1210/endo-129-4-1762. PMID 1915066.
- Fenton AJ, Kemp BE, Hammonds RG et al. (1991). "A potent inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption within a highly conserved pentapeptide region of parathyroid hormone-related protein; PTHrP[107-111]". Endocrinology 129 (6): 3424–6. doi:10.1210/endo-129-6-3424. PMID 1954916.
- Moniz C, Burton PB, Malik AN et al. (1991). "Parathyroid hormone-related peptide in normal human fetal development". J. Mol. Endocrinol. 5 (3): 259–66. doi:10.1677/jme.0.0050259. PMID 2288637.
- Hammonds RG, McKay P, Winslow GA et al. (1989). "Purification and characterization of recombinant human parathyroid hormone-related protein". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (25): 14806–11. PMID 2549037.
- Yasuda T, Banville D, Hendy GN, Goltzman D (1989). "Characterization of the human parathyroid hormone-like peptide gene. Functional and evolutionary aspects". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (13): 7720–5. PMID 2708388.
- Suva LJ, Mather KA, Gillespie MT et al. (1989). "Structure of the 5' flanking region of the gene encoding human parathyroid-hormone-related protein (PTHrP)". Gene 77 (1): 95–105. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(89)90363-6. PMID 2744490.
- Mangin M, Webb AC, Dreyer BE et al. (1988). "Identification of a cDNA encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide from a human tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (2): 597–601. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.2.597. PMC 279598. PMID 2829195.
- Moseley JM, Kubota M, Diefenbach-Jagger H et al. (1987). "Parathyroid hormone-related protein purified from a human lung cancer cell line". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (14): 5048–52. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.14.5048. PMC 305244. PMID 2885845.
- Mangin M, Ikeda K, Dreyer BE, Broadus AE (1989). "Isolation and characterization of the human parathyroid hormone-like peptide gene". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (7): 2408–12. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.7.2408. PMC 286922. PMID 2928340.
- Thiede MA, Strewler GJ, Nissenson RA et al. (1988). "Human renal carcinoma expresses two messages encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide: evidence for the alternative splicing of a single-copy gene". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (13): 4605–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.13.4605. PMC 280483. PMID 3290897.
- Suva LJ, Winslow GA, Wettenhall RE et al. (1987). "A parathyroid hormone-related protein implicated in malignant hypercalcemia: cloning and expression". Science 237 (4817): 893–6. doi:10.1126/science.3616618. PMID 3616618.
- Campos RV, Zhang L, Drucker DJ (1995). "Differential expression of RNA transcripts encoding unique carboxy-terminal sequences of human parathyroid hormone-related peptide". Mol. Endocrinol. 8 (12): 1656–66. doi:10.1210/me.8.12.1656. PMID 7708054.
- Holick MF, Ray S, Chen TC et al. (1994). "A parathyroid hormone antagonist stimulates epidermal proliferation and hair growth in mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (17): 8014–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.17.8014. PMC 44535. PMID 8058749.
- Seitz PK, Cooper KM, Ives KL et al. (1993). "Parathyroid hormone-related peptide production and action in a myoepithelial cell line derived from normal human breast". Endocrinology 133 (3): 1116–24. doi:10.1210/en.133.3.1116. PMID 8396010.
- Li H, Seitz PK, Selvanayagam P et al. (1996). "Effect of endogenously produced parathyroid hormone-related peptide on growth of a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2)". Endocrinology 137 (6): 2367–74. doi:10.1210/en.137.6.2367. PMID 8641188.
PDB gallery
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1bzg: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF HUMAN PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN (1-34) IN NEAR-PHYSIOLOGICAL SOLUTION, NMR, 30 STRUCTURES
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1m5n: Crystal structure of HEAT repeats (1-11) of importin b bound to the non-classical NLS(67-94) of PTHrP
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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins / ligands
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Growth factors |
- Endothelial growth factor
- Epidermal growth factor
- Fibroblast growth factor
- Nerve growth factor
- Platelet-derived growth factor
- Transforming growth factor beta superfamily
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Ephrin |
- EFNA1
- EFNA2
- EFNA3
- EFNA4
- EFNA5
- EFNB1
- EFNB2
- EFNB3
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Other |
- Adipokine
- Agouti signaling protein
- Agouti-related protein
- Angiogenic protein
- CCN intercellular signaling protein
- Cysteine-rich protein 61
- Connective tissue growth factor
- Nephroblastoma overexpressed protein
- Cytokine
- Endothelin
- Hedgehog protein
- Interferon
- Kinin
- Parathyroid hormone-related protein
- Semaphorin
- Somatomedin
- Tolloid-like metalloproteinase
- Tumor necrosis factor
- Wnt protein
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see also extracellular ligand disorders
B trdu: iter (nrpl/grfl/cytl/horl), csrc (lgic, enzr, gprc, igsr, intg, nrpr/grfr/cytr), itra (adap, gbpr, mapk), calc, lipd; path (hedp, wntp, tgfp+mapp, notp, jakp, fsap, hipp, tlrp)
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