- 同
- 免疫グロブリンD immunoglobulin D IgD
WordNet
- the 9th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)i
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 『私は』私が
- iodineの化学記号
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/11/26 17:03:34」(JST)
[Wiki ja表示]
免疫グロブリンD(Immunoglobulin D、IgD)は、免疫グロブリンMとともに未成熟のB細胞表面に存在するタンパク質の約1%を占める、抗体タンパク質の一つである。血清中の分泌タンパク質としても極微量存在する。分泌IgDは、δクラスの2つの重鎖と2つのIg軽鎖からなる単量体である。
機能
IgDの機能としては、脾臓中の未成熟B細胞が活性化の準備が整った時のシグナルとなる。
[Wiki en表示]
Some antibodies form polymers that bind to multiple antigen molecules.
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an antibody isotype that makes up about 1% of proteins in the plasma membranes of mature B-lymphocytes where it is usually coexpressed with another cell surface antibody called IgM. IgD is also produced in a secreted form that is found in very small amounts in blood serum. Secreted IgD is produced as a monomeric antibody with two heavy chains of the delta (δ) class, and two Ig light chains.
Contents
- 1 Function
- 2 Method of coexpression
- 3 Research applications
- 4 External links
- 5 References
Function
IgD's function has always been a puzzle in immunology since its discovery in 1964. IgD is present in species from cartilaginous fish to human (probably with the exception of birds).[1] This nearly ubiquitous appearance in species with an adaptive immune system demonstrates that IgD is as ancient as IgM and suggests the notion that IgD has important immunological functions.
In B cells, IgD's function is to signal the B cells to be activated. By being activated, they are ready to take part in the defense of the body in the immune system. During B-cell differentiation, IgM is the exclusive isotype expressed by immature B cells. IgD starts to be expressed when the B-cell exits the bone marrow to populate peripheral lymphoid tissues. When a B-cell reaches its mature state, it co-expresses both IgM and IgD. It is not well understood whether IgM and IgD antibodies are functionally different on B cells. Cδ Knockout mice (mice that have been genetically altered so that they do not produce IgD) have no major B-cell intrinsic defects. IgD may have some role in allergic reactions.
Recently, IgD was found to bind to basophils and mast cells and activate these cells to produce antimicrobial factors to participate in respiratory immune defense in humans.[2] It also stimulates basophils to release B-cell homeostatic factors. This is consistent with the reduction in the number of peripheral B cells, reduced serum IgE level and defective primary IgG1 response in IgD knockout mice.
Method of coexpression
In the human Heavy-Chain Locus, 3' of the V-D-J cassette is a series of C (for constant) genes, each conferring to an Ig isotype. The Cμ (IgM) gene is 3' and closest to the V-D-J cassette, with the Cδ gene appearing 3' to Cμ.
A Primary mRNA transcript will contain the transcribed V-D-J cassette, and the Cμ and Cδ genes, with introns in between them.
Alternative splicing can then occur, causing a selection of either Cμ or Cδ to appear on the functional mRNA (μ mRNA and δ mRNA respectively). Alternative splicing is thought to be possible due to two Polyadenylation sites, one appearing between the Cμ and Cδ, and the other 3' of Cδ (polyadenylation in the latter site would cause Cμ to be spliced away along with the intron). The precise mechanism of how the polyadenylation site is chosen remains unclear.
The resulting functional mRNA will have the V-D-J and C regions contiguous, and its translation will generate either a μ heavy chain or δ heavy chain. The heavy chains then couple with either κ or λ light chains to create the final IgM or IgD antibody.
Research applications
In research, purified antibodies are used in many applications. IgD antibodies for research applications can be found directly from antibody suppliers, or through use of a specialist search engine like CiteAb. Research antibodies are most commonly used to identify and locate intracellular and extracellular proteins.
Researchers using antibodies in their work need to record them correctly in order to allow their research to be reproducible (and therefore tested, and qualified by other researchers). Less than half of research antibodies referenced in academic papers can be easily identified.[3] A paper published in F1000 in 2014 provided researchers with a guide for reporting research antibody use.[4]
External links
- Immunoglobulin D at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
References
- ^ Ohta, Yuko; Martin Flajnik (2006-07-11). "IgD, like IgM, is a primordial immunoglobulin class perpetuated in most jawed vertebrates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (28): 10723–10728. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601407103. PMC 1636022. PMID 16818885. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ Chen, Kang; Weifeng Xu, Melanie Wilson, Bing He, Norman W Miller, Eva Bengten, Eva-Stina Edholm, Paul A Santini, Poonam Rath, April Chiu, Marco Cattalini, Jiri Litzman, James B Bussel, Bihui Huang, Antonella Meini, Kristian Riesbeck, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles, Alessandro Plebani, Andrea Cerutti (2009). "Immunoglobulin D enhances immune surveillance by activating antimicrobial, proinflammatory and B cell-stimulating programs in basophils". Nat Immunol 10 (8): 889–898. doi:10.1038/ni.1748. ISSN 1529-2908. PMC 2785232. PMID 19561614.
- ^ ""On the reproducibility of science: unique identification of research resources in the biomedical literature"". PeerJ. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ^ ""Reporting research antibody use: how to increase experimental reproducibility"". F1000research. 23 August 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Immunology: Lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement
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Lymphoid |
Antigens
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- Antigen presentation/Professional APCs: Dendritic cell
- Macrophage
- B cell
- Immunogen
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Antibodies
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- Antibody
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Polyclonal antibodies
- Autoantibody
- Microantibody
- Polyclonal B cell response
- Allotype
- Isotype
- Idiotype
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Immunity vs.
tolerance
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- action: Immunity
- Autoimmunity
- Alloimmunity
- Allergy
- Hypersensitivity
- Inflammation
- Cross-reactivity
- inaction: Tolerance
- Central
- Peripheral
- Clonal anergy
- Clonal deletion
- Tolerance in pregnancy
- Immunodeficiency
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Immunogenetics
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- Affinity maturation (Somatic hypermutation
- Clonal selection)
- V(D)J recombination
- Junctional diversity
- Immunoglobulin class switching
- MHC/HLA
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Lymphocytes |
- Cellular (T cell)
- Humoral (B cell)
- NK cell
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Substances |
- Cytokines
- Opsonin
- Cytolysin
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Complement |
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cell/phys/auag/auab/comp, igrc
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Antibodies
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Antibodies |
- Heavy chain
- IgA
- IgD
- IgE
- IgG
- IgM
- IgY
- Heavy-chain antibody/IgNAR
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- see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins
B proteins: BY STRUCTURE: membrane, globular (en, ca, an), fibrous
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cell/phys/auag/auab/comp, igrc
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UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
English Journal
- Manipulating mIgD-expressing B cells with anti-migis-δ monoclonal antibodies.
- Chen NY, Hung AF, Lin CJ, Chen JB, Chu HM, Yu HM, Chang HY, Chang TW.SourceGenomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Molecular immunology.Mol Immunol.2013 Mar;53(3):187-97. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.010. Epub 2012 Sep 1.
- Surface IgD and IgM doubly positive cells comprise the major population of B cells in the human immune system. The heavy chain of membrane-bound IgD (mδ) differs from that of IgD (δ) in that mδ contains a C-terminal membrane-anchor peptide. Our group previously proposed that the N-terminal extrac
- PMID 22944457
- Induction of immunological memory response by vaccination with TM4SF5 epitope-CpG-DNA-liposome complex in a mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model.
- Kwon S, Kim D, Park BK, Wu G, Park MC, Ha YW, Kwon HJ, Lee Y.SourceCenter for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea.
- Oncology reports.Oncol Rep.2013 Feb;29(2):735-40. doi: 10.3892/or.2012.2130. Epub 2012 Nov 9.
- The innovation of a peptide vaccine strategy may contribute to the development of efficacious and convenient cancer vaccines. Recently, we formulated an efficacious peptide vaccine without carriers using the natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA and a special liposo
- PMID 23138455
- Impact of anti-interleukin-6 receptor blockade on circulating T and B cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Shirota Y, Yarboro C, Fischer R, Pham TH, Lipsky P, Illei GG.SourceCorrespondence to Dr Gabor G Illei, Sjögren's Syndrome Clinic, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 1N 110, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; illeig@mail.nih.gov.
- Annals of the rheumatic diseases.Ann Rheum Dis.2013 Jan;72(1):118-28. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201310. Epub 2012 Aug 2.
- BACKGROUND: Circulating plasmablasts/plasma cells and activated B and T cells are increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Interleukin (IL)-6 induces differentiation of B cells into antibody-forming cells and of T cells into effector cells.OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that blocking I
- PMID 22858586
Japanese Journal
- 症例報告 全身性アミロイドーシスを合併したIgDλ型多発性骨髄腫
Related Links
- IGD is a research and training charity that helps the food and consumer goods industry deliver the needs of the public. ... Supply Chain Summit 2014 IGD’s Supply Chain Summit is the leading FMCG event for supply chain ...
- IgD (免疫グロブリンD):血清IgDの測定は、特にIgD型骨髄腫(形質細胞腫)と原因不明の周期性発熱を伴う高IgD血症の場合に重要になります。
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 36歳の女性. 2日前から出現した呼吸困難と茶褐色の喀痰とを主訴に来院した。半年前から時々喘鳴を伴う呼吸困難と咳嗽とが発作性に出現し、自宅近くの診療所で気管支拡張薬と副腎皮質ステロイド吸入薬とを処方されていた。意識は清明。体温37.0℃。脈拍96/分、整。血圧114/68mmHg。全肺野にwheezesを聴取する。赤沈30mm/1時間。血液所見: 赤血球 390万、Hb 11.2g/dl、Ht 37%、白血球 11,000(桿状核好中球3%、分葉核好中球41%、好酸球28%、好塩基球1%、単球2%、リンパ球25%)、血小板 32万。血液生化学所見に異常を認めない。胸部エックス線写真(別冊No.10A)と経気管支肺生検組織のH-E染色標本(別冊No.10B)とを別に示す。
- この病態に関与する免疫グロブリンはどれか。2つ選べ。
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [104E052]←[国試_104]→[104E054]
[★]
- 27歳の男性。腹痛と発疹とを主訴に来院した。3日前から腹痛と両下肢の赤い発疹とを生じた。両下腿から足背に浸潤を触れ、硝子圧試験で消退しない発疹が多発している。皮膚の病理組織学的検索で真皮上層に血管周囲性の炎症性細胞浸潤を認める。同時に蛍光抗体直接法を施行したところ免疫グロブリンの沈着を認める。下腿の写真(別冊No.12A)と皮膚生検組織の蛍光抗体直接法の写真(別冊No.12B)とを別に示す。
- 沈着している免疫グロブリンはどれか。
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [105I054]←[国試_105]→[105I056]
[★]
- ヒト免疫グロブリンとその特徴の組合せで正しいのはどれか。2つ選べ。
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [110E036]←[国試_110]→[110E038]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [098G043]←[国試_098]→[098G045]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [100G050]←[国試_100]→[100G052]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [107D009]←[国試_107]→[107D011]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [108E031]←[国試_108]→[108E033]
[★]
- 母体の抗SS-A抗体のクラスで新生児の心拍数に異常をきたすのはどれか。
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [109B021]←[国試_109]→[109B023]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [106B029]←[国試_106]→[106B031]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [096E027]←[国試_096]→[096E029]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [097E031]←[国試_097]→[097E033]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [105B020]←[国試_105]→[105B022]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [105G005]←[国試_105]→[105G007]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [101B046]←[国試_101]→[101B048]
[★]
[正答]
※国試ナビ4※ [102E010]←[国試_102]→[102E012]
[★]
- 英
- immunoglobulin, Ig
- 同
- 抗体
- 商
- HBグロブリン、ヴェノグロブリン、ガンマーグロブリン、ガンマガード、ガンマグロブリン、グロブリン、グロベニン-I、サイモグロブリン、サングロポール、ゼットブリン、テタノセーラ、テタノブリン、テタノブリンIH、はぶ抗毒素、ヒスタグロビン、ベニロン-I、ヘパトセーラ、ヘブスブリン、ヘブスブリンIH、ポリグロビン、まむし抗毒素、抗Dグロブリン、抗D人免疫グロブリン、抗HBs人免疫グロブリン、破傷風グロブリン
- 関
- 免疫、T細胞受容体、リンパ球抗原受容体
- IgM、IgD、IgG、IgA、IgE
構造
- H鎖とL鎖からなり、Igドメインをそれぞれ4つ(IgMとIgEは5つ)、2つもつ。
胎児の免疫グロブリン
- 胎児は母胎より免疫グロブリンをもらうが、生後六ヶ月で消失する (標準予防策実践マニュアル 南江堂 第2刷 p.12)
- 自分で抗体を作る能力は3-6歳で完成する (標準予防策実践マニュアル 南江堂 第2刷 p.12)
免疫グロブリンの特性 (IMM.161)
抗体
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IgG1
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IgG2
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IgG3
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IgG4
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IgM
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IgA1
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IgA2
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IgD
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IgE
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重鎖
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γ1
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γ2
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γ3
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γ4
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μ
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α1
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α2
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δ
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ε
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分子量
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146
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146
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165
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146
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970
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160
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160
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184
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188
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補体活性化(古典的経路)
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++
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+
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+++
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-
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++++
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-
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-
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-
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-
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補体活性化(代替経路)
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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+
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-
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-
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-
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胎盤通過
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+++
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+
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++
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±
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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食細胞FcRへの結合
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+
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-
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+
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±
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-
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+
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+
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-
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+
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肥満細胞・好塩基球への結合
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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+++
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staphylococcal Protein Aとの反応性
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+
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+
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±
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+
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-
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-
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-
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-
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-
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免疫グロブリンの遺伝子再構成 (IMM.144)
多様性の獲得機構
- 多数のV遺伝子
- VJとJDV遺伝子の組み換え
- 組み換え時の不正確性(塩基欠損、付加、N塩基)(CDR3)
- 体細胞突然変異(CDR1,CDR2)
- H鎖とL鎖の組み合わせ
シグナル伝達
基準値
- 小児基準値研究班(編):日本人小児の臨床検査基準値。日本公衆衛生協会、1997
- SPE.704
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IgG
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IgA
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IgM
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♂
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♀
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♂
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♀
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♂
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♀
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1ヶ月
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400 ~ 1030
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ー ~ 24
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21 ~ 96
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6ヶ月
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290 ~ 950
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8 ~ 50
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46 ~ 176
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1歳
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460 ~ 1220
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470 ~ 1210
|
16 ~ 128
|
14 ~ 98
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57 ~ 260
|
81 ~ 314
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3歳
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530 ~ 1340
|
540 ~ 1340
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25 ~ 174
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22 ~ 150
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63 ~ 279
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86 ~ 332
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6歳
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630 ~ 1490
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650 ~ 1530
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45 ~ 258
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38 ~ 238
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72 ~ 305
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92 ~ 353
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12歳
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750 ~ 1660
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790 ~ 1740
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71 ~ 352
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63 ~ 373
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72 ~ 306
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100 ~ 380
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成人
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680 ~ 1620
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84 ~ 438
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380 ~ 1620
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臨床関連
免疫グロブリンの量的変化による疾患
[★]
- 同
- 免疫グロブリンE immunoglobulin E IgE、γE、gamma E
- 関
- 免疫グロブリン、I型アレルギー。高IgE血症、低IgE血症
- IgM、IgD、IgG、IgA
- レアギン、皮膚感作抗体、同種細胞親和性抗体
IgE産生の調節
IgEの性質
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IgE
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IgG1
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H鎖のIgドメイン数
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5
|
4
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分子量(kDa)
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188
|
146
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炭化水素の比率(%)
|
12
|
2-3
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血液(血清)中の半減期(days)
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2.5
|
21
|
- IgEは組織移行性が高い。FcεRIの結合部位はN末端から2,3番目のC領域である。
IgEが異常値を呈する病態 OLM.390 LAB.853
- 肺塞栓、心筋梗塞、脳梗塞(CBT QB vol3 p.320)
高値
[★]
- 関
- 免疫グロブリン
- IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA
臨床関連
[★]
- 英
- immunoglobulin D、IgD
[★]
[★]
免疫グロブリン immunoglobulin