WordNet

make plans for something; "He is planning a trip with his family"
scale drawing of a structure; "the plans for City Hall were on file" (同)architectural plan
a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished; "they drew up a six-step plan"; "they discussed plans for a new bond issue" (同)program, programme
have the will and intention to carry out some action; "He plans to be in graduate school next year"; "The rebels had planned turmoil and confusion" (同)be after
make or work out a plan for; devise; "They contrived to murder their boss"; "design a new sales strategy"; "plan an attack" (同)project, contrive, design
any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks
any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc.

PrepTutorEJDIC

『計画』,『案』,プラン,設計 / 『設計図』,『図面』;(小区域の)地図,市街図 / …‘を'『計画する』,‘の'案を立てる / …の設計図をかく,‘を'設計する / 計画を立てる
地衣(ちい);地衣類(菌類と藻類との共生体)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/14 18:01:59」(JST)

wiki en

Lichen planus is a chronic mucocutaneous disease that affects the skin, tongue, and oral mucosa. The disease presents itself in the form of papules,^[1] lesions, or rashes. Lichen planus does not involve lichens, the fungus/algae symbionts that often grow on tree trunks; the name refers to the dry and undulating, "lichen-like" appearance of affected skin. It is sometimes associated with oxidative stress,^[2]^[3] certain medications and diseases, however the underlying pathology is currently unknown.

Classification [edit]

Lichen planus may be divided into the following types:^[4]

Configuration

Annular lichen planus
Linear lichen planus

Morphology of lesion

Hypertrophic lichen planus
Atrophic lichen planus
Vesiculobullous lichen planus
Ulcerative lichen planus
Follicular lichen planus
Actinic lichen planus
Lichen planus pigmentosus

Site of involvement

Lichen planus of the palms and soles (Palmoplantar lichen planus)
Mucosal lichen planus
Lichen planus of the nails
Lichen planus of the scalp ( leading to cicatricial alopecia)
Inverse lichen planus

Special forms

Drug-induced lichen planus
Lupus erythematosus-lichen planus overlap syndrome
Lichen planus pemphigoides
Keratosis lichenoides chronica
Lichenoid reaction of graft-versus-host disease
Lichenoid keratosis
Lichenoid dermatitis

Signs and symptoms [edit]

Lichen planus affecting the lower lip.

Micrograph of lichen planus. H&E stain.

The typical rash of lichen planus is well-described by the "6 Ps": well-defined pruritic, planar, purple, polygonal papules and plaques. The commonly affected sites are near the wrist and the ankle. The rash tends to heal with prominent blue-black or brownish discoloration that persists for a long time. Besides the typical lesions, many morphological varieties of the rash may occur. The presence of cutaneous lesions is not constant and may wax and wane over time. Oral lesions tend to last far longer than cutaneous lichen planus lesions.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) may present in one of three forms.

The reticular form is the most common presentation and manifests as white lacy streaks on the mucosa (known as Wickham's striae) or as smaller papules (small raised area). The lesions tend to be bilateral and are asymptomatic. The lacy streaks may also be seen on other parts of the mouth, including the gingiva (gums), the tongue, palate and lips.The reticular form is the easiest to diagnose. The bullas lesions must be differentiated from pemphigoid, chemical burns traumatic ulcers. When they break, they appear as ulcers and need to be differentiated from squamous cell carcinoma.
The bullous form presents as fluid-filled vesicles which project from the surface.The atrophic and erosive forms must be differentiated from lichenoid drug reactions,SLE, pemphigoids and other immunobullous disease, candidiasis, erythema multiforme.
The erosive forms (Atrophic LP & Ulcerative LP) present with erythematous (red) areas that are ulcerated and uncomfortable. The erosion of the thin epithelium may occur in multiple areas of the mouth (more prominent on the posterior buccal mucosa), or in one area, such as the gums, where they resemble desquamative gingivitis. Wickham's striae may also be seen near these ulcerated areas. This form may undergo malignant transformation, although this is controversial. The malignant transformation rate is thought to be less than 1%, however it has been reported to be as high as 5%.^[5] For any persistent oral lesion of erosive lichen planus that does not respond to topical corticosteroids, a biopsy is recommended to rule out precancerous (premalignant) change or malignant transformation.

The microscopic appearance of lichen planus is pathognomonic for the condition

Hyperparakeratosis with thickening of the granular cell layer
Development of a "saw-tooth" appearance of the rete pegs
Degeneration of the basal cell layer with Civatte or colloid body formation. These result from degenerating epithelial cells.
Infiltration of lymphocytic inflammatory cells into the subepithelial layer of connective tissue
epithelial connective tissue interphase weakens resulting in formation of histological cleft known as Max. Joseph's space.

Lichen planus may also affect the genital mucosa – vulvovaginal-gingival lichen planus. It can resemble other skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.

Rarely, lichen planus shows esophageal involvement, where it can present with erosive esophagitis and stricturing. It has also been hypothesized that it is a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.^{[citation needed]}

Clinical experience suggests that Lichen planus of the skin alone is easier to treat as compared to one which is associated with oral and genital lesions.

Nail & hair loss is irreversible.^{[citation needed]}

Cause [edit]

See also: List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions

Lichen planus is not contagious^[6] and does not involve any known pathogen. Some lichen planus-type rashes (known as lichenoid reactions) occur as allergic reactions to medications for high blood pressure, heart disease and arthritis, in such cases termed drug-induced lichenoid reactions. These lichenoid reactions are referred to as lichenoid mucositis (of the mucosa) or dermatitis (of the skin). Lichen planus has been reported as a complication of chronic hepatitis C virus infection and can be a sign of chronic graft-versus-host disease of the skin (Lichenoid reaction of graft-versus-host disease).^[7] It has been suggested that true lichen planus may respond to stress, where lesions may present on the mucosa or skin during times of stress in those with the disease. Lichen planus affects women more than men (at a ratio of 3:2), and occurs most often in middle-aged adults. The involvement of the mucous membranes is seen frequently and usually is asymptomatic, but occasionally, LP can be complicated by extensive painful erosions.^[8] Lichen planus in children is rare.

Reactions to amalgam fillings may contribute to the oral lesions very similar to lichen planus, and a systematic review found that many of the lesions resolved after the fillings were replaced with another material.^[9]

Lichen planus can be part of Grinspan's syndrome.

Treatment [edit]

Care of OLP is within the scope of oral medicine speciality. Currently there is no cure for lichen planus but there are certain types of medicines used to reduce the effects of the inflammation. Lichen planus may go into a dormant state after treatment. There are also reports that lichen planus can flare up years after it is considered cured.^{[citation needed]}

Medicines used to treat lichen planus include:

Oral and topical steroids.
Oral retinoids
immunosuppressant medications
hydroxychloroquine
tacrolimus
dapsone

Non-drug treatments:

UVB NarrowBand Phototherapy^[10]
Aloe vera^[11]
Purslane^[12]

References [edit]

^ "lichen planus" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Scrobotă, I.; Mocan, T.; Cătoi, C.; Bolfă, P.; Mureşan, A.; Băciuţ, G. (2011). "Histopathological aspects and local implications of oxidative stress in patients with oral lichen planus". Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie 52 (4): 1305–1309. PMID 22203938. edit
^ Aly, D. G.; Shahin, R. S. (2010). "Oxidative stress in lichen planus". Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Panonica, et Adriatica 19 (1): 3–11. PMID 20372767. edit
^ Daoud, Mazen S.; Mark R. Pittelkow (2003). "Chapter 49: Lichen Planus". In Freedberg et al. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 466. ISBN 0-07-138067-1.
^ http://www.sciencedirect.com.library1.unmc.edu:2048/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM8-45SRJPY-CH&_user=5135862&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000066374&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=5135862&md5=d4f6c9ef15153595d79a30cf0bdf96d4
^ Penn State College of Medicine - Lichen Planus
^ Cervoni E. "Hepatitis C." The Lancet, Volume 351, Issue 9110, Pages 1209 - 1210, 18 April 1998 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79162-5
^ Yu TC, Kelly S, Weinberg J, Scheinfeld NS. Isolated lichen planus of the lower lip. Cutis. 2003;7:210-2. PMID 12661749
^ Issa Y, Brunton PA, Glenny AM, Duxbury AJ (November 2004). "Healing of oral lichenoid lesions after replacing amalgam restorations: a systematic review". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 98 (5): 553–65. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.12.027. PMID 15529127.
^ Pavlotsky F, Nathansohn N, Kriger G, Shpiro D, Trau H (April 2008). "Ultraviolet-B treatment for cutaneous lichen planus: our experience with 50 patients". Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 24 (2): 83–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2008.00344.x. PMID 18353088.
^ Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, Sarakarn P (March 2008). "The efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial". Br. J. Dermatol. 158 (3): 573–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08370.x. PMID 18093246.
^ Agha-Hosseini F, Borhan-Mojabi K, Monsef-Esfahani HR, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Etemad-Moghadam S, Karagah A (Feb 2010). "Efficacy of purslane in the treatment of oral lichen planus". Phytother Res. 24 (2): 240–4. doi:10.1002/ptr.2919. PMID 19585472.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lichen planus

Lichen planus at the Open Directory Project

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 扁平苔癬 lichen planus
2. 外陰部の扁平苔癬 vulvar lichen planus
3. 口腔扁平苔癬：病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 oral lichen planus pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis
4. 口腔扁平苔癬：マネージメントおよび予後 oral lichen planus management and prognosis
5. 苔癬型薬疹（薬剤誘発性扁平苔癬) lichenoid drug eruption drug induced lichen planus

English Journal

"Melanocytic Nests Arising in Lichenoid Inflammation": Reappraisal of the Terminology "Melanocytic Pseudonests".

Chung HJ1, Simkin AD, Bhawan J, Wolpowitz D.
The American Journal of dermatopathology.Am J Dermatopathol.2015 Dec;37(12):940-3. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0000000000000305.
Pseudonests or pseudomelanocytic nests represent aggregates of cells and cell fragments, including keratinocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and occasional melanocytes. Pseudomelanocytic nests in the setting of lichenoid inflammation can mimic atypical melanocytic proliferations. Several reports docu
PMID 26588340

The role of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 in the pathogenesis of cutaneous lichen planus.

El-Rifaie AA1, Rashed LA2, Doss RW1.
Clinical and experimental dermatology.Clin Exp Dermatol.2015 Dec;40(8):903-7. doi: 10.1111/ced.12663. Epub 2015 May 17.
BACKGROUND: Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory disease of the skin and mucous membranes. Autoimmunity has been suggested as a possible cause of this disease. The cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1, COX-2) are the key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Prostaglandin E2 (
PMID 25980490

Lichen planus pemphigoides associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Jang SH1, Yun SJ1, Lee SC1, Lee JB1.
Clinical and experimental dermatology.Clin Exp Dermatol.2015 Dec;40(8):868-71. doi: 10.1111/ced.12530. Epub 2014 Dec 26.
Lichen planus pemphigoides (LPP) is a rare autoimmune dermatosis with the features of both lichen planus (LP) and bullous pemphigoid (BP). Although in rare cases, LPP has been associated with several medications and conditions, it is generally considered an idiopathic disorder, and its pathogenesis
PMID 25546603

Japanese Journal

Stress as an etiologic co-factor in recurrent aphthous ulcers and oral lichen planus

Journal of Oral Science 58(2), 237-240, 2016
NAID 130005158869

ソフトコンピューティングを利用した口腔粘膜疾患診断支援システムの開発

日本口腔診断学会雑誌 29(1), 13-22, 2016
NAID 130005148371

Clinical profile of 108 cases of oral lichen planus

Journal of Oral Science 58(1), 43-47, 2016
NAID 130005139534

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「C型肝炎」「扁平苔癬」
関連記事	「plan」

「C型肝炎」

Lichen planus
	Classification and external resources
	; Lichen planus affecting the shins.
ICD-10	L43
ICD-9	697.0
DiseasesDB	7452
MedlinePlus	000867
eMedicine	derm/233 derm/663
MeSH	D008010

　　[★]

英: hepatitis C HC
関: C型肝炎ウイルス、慢性肝炎、肝炎。C型慢性肝炎。非A非B型肝炎

まとめ

RNAウイルスでありエンベロープを有するフラビウイルスに属するC型肝炎ウイルスの感染により生じる肝炎である。潜伏期は60日程度であり、発症は潜行性である。感染経路は血液の接触に夜物が多い。劇症化することは稀(0.1%)であるが、非常に慢性化しやすい(85%)。慢性化例では肝機能の低下・荒廃を来しついには肝細胞癌を生じる。日本に多い1b型(70%)はインターフェロンが奏効しにくい。治療はインターフェロンとリバビリンである。予防は感染源との接触を避けることである。

概念

C型肝炎ウイルスによる感染症である。
五類感染症(全数把握)
C型肝炎ウイルスの感染により生じる。C型急性肝炎はA型やB型に比べて自覚症状は軽く劇症化することは稀であるが、70%程度の例でC型慢性肝炎に移行する(A-E型肝炎の中で最高)。以前は非A非B型肝炎と呼ばれており、同定されたのは1989年で、検出系が確立されたのは1988年である。

疫学

慢性肝炎の70-80%を占める

C型肝炎患者＋持続感染者(キャリア)：150-200万人(参考1)
C型肝炎患者数：C型ウイルス肝炎の総患者数は34万7千人(2005年10月時点, 『患者調査』【Z41-842】2005年版　上巻（全国編）p.652)(参考5)

病原体

C型肝炎ウイルス：遺伝子型(1b型: 70%、2a型: 20%、2b型: 8-10%)

感染経路

血液感染：輸血(第二世代HCV抗体導入後は輸血後肝炎の発生はほとんどない)、針刺し事故、入れ墨、覚醒剤の回し打ち。頻度が比較的多い
性的接触：B型肝炎ウイルスに比較すると頻度は少ない。
垂直感染：低率

経過

自然治癒は稀
10-30年の経過で肝硬変　→　肝細胞癌

癌化には5,11,17番染色体の染色体異常が関わっている？
HCVの初感染から30年間以上経過している患者では年間の肝細胞癌発症率は1-4%である(HIM.1963)
C型肝炎を背景に肝細胞癌を発症した場合、C型肝炎ウイルスを駆逐し、肝細胞癌が治癒した後であっても発癌リスクは変わらない、らしい(出典不明)

症状

慢性肝炎では多くの場合症状が無くトランスアミナーゼ上昇のみで、長い経過の中で肝硬変や肝細胞癌を発症する。

合併症

essential mixed cryoblobulinemia(免疫複合体が関与している。まれらしい)(HIM.1963)
免疫複合体とは関係ないもの：シェーグレン症候群、lichen planus, 晩発性皮膚ポルフィリン症 (HIM.1963)

検査

免疫血清学検査

1. HCV抗体

感染後三ヶ月で検出される

2. HCVコア抗体：コア粒子
3. E2/NS-1抗体：エンベロープ
4. NS抗体、C100-3抗体C-33c抗体、NS5抗体：被構造タンパク

核酸増幅検査

NATによるHCV-RNAの検出。ウインドウ期は1-2週間

病態の評価 - 目的別

肝障害の評価　→　ALT
残存肝機能　　→　血小板数(肝臓で産生されるトロンボポエチンを反映するはず)
治療効果判定　→　HCV-RNA

治療

インターフェロンとリバビリンの併用が有効な治療法とされたが、HCVが排除され肝炎が治癒する確率は40～50%程度であった。

近年核酸アナログの開発により、肝炎の治療が進展してきた。

抗ウイルス薬 - C型肝炎

一般名		略号	販売名	作用点
アスナプレビル	asunaprevir	ASV	スンベプラ	HCV NS3/4Aプロテアーゼ阻害
エルバスビル	elbasvir	EBR	エレルサ	HCV NS5A阻害
グラゾプレビル	grazoprevir	GZR	グラジナ	HCV NS3/4Aプロテアーゼ阻害
グレカプレビル・ピブレンタスビル	glecaprevir/pibrentasvir	GLE/PIB	マヴィレット配合	HCV NS3/4Aプロテアーゼ阻害・HCV NS5A阻害
ソホスブビル	sofosbuvir	SOF	ソバルディ	核酸アナログ
ソホスブビル・ベルパタスビル	sofosbuvir/velpatasvir	SOF/VEL	エプクルーサ配合	核酸アナログ
ダクラタスビル	daclatasvir	DCV	ダクルインザ	HCV NS5A複製複合体阻害
リバビリン	ribavirin	RBV	レベトール、コペガス	核酸アナログ
レジパスビル・ソホスブビル	sofosbuvir/ledipasvir	SOF/LDV	ハーボニー配合	HCV NS5A阻害・核酸アナログ

治療フローチャート

C型肝炎ウイルスの遺伝子型	DAA治療歴のない慢性肝炎
C型肝炎ウイルスの遺伝子型	一般名		備考
1型	SOF/LDV	sofosbuvir/ledipasvir	腎障害では禁
	EBR+GZR	elbasvir+grazoprevir
	GLE/PIB	glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
2型	SOF+RBV	sofosbuvir+ribavirin	腎障害では禁
	GLE/PIB	glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
	SOF/LDV	sofosbuvir/ledipasvir	腎障害では禁

C型肝炎ウイルスの遺伝子型	DAA治療歴のない代償性肝硬変
C型肝炎ウイルスの遺伝子型	一般名		備考
1型	SOF/LDV	sofosbuvir/ledipasvir	腎障害では禁
	EBR+GZR	elbasvir+grazoprevir
	GLE/PIB	glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
2型	SOF+RBV	sofosbuvir+ribavirin	腎障害では禁
	GLE/PIB	glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
	SOF/LDV	sofosbuvir/ledipasvir	腎障害では禁

治療に影響を及ぼす因子

HCV RNA(少ない方が良い)、遺伝子型(2型が良好)、線維化(軽度)、年齢、性別、血小板。(参考(3))
年齢<45、感染期間が短い、HCV RNAが少ないこと、遺伝子型が1型でないこと(HIM.1095)
HCV-RNA量、HCB遺伝子型、肝組織化の程度(QB.B-282)

B型肝炎とC型肝炎の比較

	B型肝炎	C型肝炎	ソース
感染の特徴	慢性の肝細胞障害、 integrationによる変異誘発？	慢性の肝細胞障害	根拠なし
劇症化	0.1-1％	0.1％	HIM
慢性化率	1-10％	85％	HIM
キャリア化	稀。通常、母子感染でおこる		医学辞書
肝細胞癌患者中	約20％	約70％	QB.B-281
肝細胞癌患者年齢	若年発症		QB.B-281
肝細胞癌発症形式	突発あり	緩徐進展	QB.B-281
遺伝子型	B型肝炎ウイルス#遺伝子型
	A型、C型	1b型、2a型,、2b型
	日本ではC型多く、重症化しやすいが、慢性化しにくい。しかし、インターフェロン奏効しにくく、肝細胞癌発症しやすい。	日本では1b型多い。インターフェロン奏効しづらい(15%)。平均は2型は奏効しやすい(80%以上でウイルス排除)
治療	インターフェロンラミブジンアデフォビルエンテカビルテルビブジン	ペグインターフェロン＋リバビリン

参考

1. C型肝炎

http://www.c-kan.net/

2. 独立行政法人国立国際医療研究センター肝炎情報センター│Ｃ型肝炎およびC型肝炎ウイルス

http://www.ncgm.go.jp/center/forcomedi_hcv.html

3. [PPT]C型肝炎の病態と治療

http://kousei-hosp.com/C-PPT.pdf

4. C型肝炎治療ガイドライン - 日本肝臓学会

https://www.jsh.or.jp/medical/guidelines/jsh_guidlines/hepatitis_c

5. C型肝炎について - 国立国会図書館リサーチナビ

http://rnavi.ndl.go.jp/research_guide/entry/theme-honbun-400257.php

6. IDWR：感染症の話　C型肝炎

http://idsc.nih.go.jp/idwr/kansen/k04/k04_12.html

「扁平苔癬」

　　[★]

ラ: lichen planus
同: 扁平紅色苔癬 lichen ruber planus、紅色苔癬 lichen ruber
関: 角化症

概念

頂上に白色の角質(鱗屑)をつけた多角形の、境界明瞭な灰青色から紫紅色調の扁平隆起性紅斑または丘疹を特徴とする、角化異常を示す皮膚疾患

四肢屈側や口腔に扁平で隆起した灰青色～紫紅色の局面を形成

病因

特発性
薬剤性：

潜在性に進行する(insidiously)。体部のどこ病変がでもみられる。口腔粘膜の病変は30-70%の症例でみられる。粘膜病変は有痛性であり、潰瘍化する。ベーターブロッカー、メチルドパ、ペニシラミン、キニジン、NSAID、ACE阻害薬、SU薬、カルバマゼピン、金製剤、リチウム、キニンが本疾患と関連している。(参考1)
薬剤、化学物質、金属アレルギーでも起こりうる(NDE.251)。

C型肝炎ウイルス (参考1)
骨髄移植：

慢性GVHD：ドナーのT細胞による宿主表皮基底層に対する障害による。

病理

錯角化を伴わない過角化。真皮上層に帯状のリンパ球浸潤(CD4+ T細胞)。基底層に液状変性。　⇔　乾癬：acanthosis+parakeratosis
基底細胞の障害に伴う異常角化を来たし、外観上、扁平隆起性の紫紅色紅斑や丘疹がみられる。 (NDE.251)

症状

皮膚、爪、粘膜(口腔粘膜)、外陰、陰茎に皮疹が出現する。皮膚には扁平で隆起した灰青色～紫色の局面を形成 (NDE.250)
時に掻痒感 (NDE.251)
びらん、潰瘍を形成すれば疼痛 (参考1)

failpicload@./t_image/101/101H006.JPG

身体所見

Kobner現象(ケブネル現象)陽性

掻破したところに皮疹が出現する現象

Wickham線条がみれる。

治療

薬剤性の場合は原因薬剤の中止。
ステロイド軟膏、タクロリムス軟膏

参考

1. [charged] Lichen planus - uptodate [1]
2. Lichen Planus | Health | Patient UK

http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Lichen-Planus.htm

国試

101H024

「plan」

　　[★]

n.

計画、予定、プラン

v.

計画する、予定する

関: design、destine、enterprise、planning、predetermine、program、programme、project、prospective、schedule、schema、scheme

[1] "lichen planus" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

[2] Scrobotă, I.; Mocan, T.; Cătoi, C.; Bolfă, P.; Mureşan, A.; Băciuţ, G. (2011). "Histopathological aspects and local implications of oxidative stress in patients with oral lichen planus". Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie 52 (4): 1305–1309. PMID 22203938. edit

[3] Aly, D. G.; Shahin, R. S. (2010). "Oxidative stress in lichen planus". Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Panonica, et Adriatica 19 (1): 3–11. PMID 20372767. edit

[Fitz2-4] Daoud, Mazen S.; Mark R. Pittelkow (2003). "Chapter 49: Lichen Planus". In Freedberg et al. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 466. ISBN 0-07-138067-1.

[5] ttp://www.sciencedirect.com.library1.unmc.edu:2048/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WM8-45SRJPY-CH&_user=5135862&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000066374&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=5135862&md5=d4f6c9ef15153595d79a30cf0bdf96d4

[6] Penn State College of Medicine - Lichen Planus

[7] Cervoni E. "Hepatitis C." The Lancet, Volume 351, Issue 9110, Pages 1209 - 1210, 18 April 1998 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79162-5

[8] Yu TC, Kelly S, Weinberg J, Scheinfeld NS. Isolated lichen planus of the lower lip. Cutis. 2003;7:210-2. PMID 12661749

[pmid15529127-9] Issa Y, Brunton PA, Glenny AM, Duxbury AJ (November 2004). "Healing of oral lichenoid lesions after replacing amalgam restorations: a systematic review". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 98 (5): 553–65. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.12.027. PMID 15529127.

[10] Pavlotsky F, Nathansohn N, Kriger G, Shpiro D, Trau H (April 2008). "Ultraviolet-B treatment for cutaneous lichen planus: our experience with 50 patients". Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 24 (2): 83–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0781.2008.00344.x. PMID 18353088.

[pmid18093246-11] Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, Sarakarn P (March 2008). "The efficacy of aloe vera gel in the treatment of oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial". Br. J. Dermatol. 158 (3): 573–7. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08370.x. PMID 18093246.

[12] Agha-Hosseini F, Borhan-Mojabi K, Monsef-Esfahani HR, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Etemad-Moghadam S, Karagah A (Feb 2010). "Efficacy of purslane in the treatment of oral lichen planus". Phytother Res. 24 (2): 240–4. doi:10.1002/ptr.2919. PMID 19585472.

Lichen planus
Classification and external resources
Lichen planus affecting the shins.
ICD-10	L43
ICD-9	697.0
DiseasesDB	7452
MedlinePlus	000867
eMedicine	derm/233 derm/663
MeSH	D008010

匿名

検索

案内

lichen planus