planning

• n.

• 設計、計画

関

design、engineer、enterprise、plan、program、programme、project、schema、scheme

　 　 　

WordNet

1. an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action; "the planning was more fun than the trip itself"
2. the act or process of drawing up plans or layouts for some project or enterprise
3. the cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening; "his planning for retirement was hindered by several uncertainties" (同)preparation, provision
4. transfer (ideas or principles) from one domain into another
5. a planned undertaking (同)projection
6. put or send forth; "She threw the flashlight beam into the corner"; "The setting sun threw long shadows"; "cast a spell"; "cast a warm light" (同)cast, contrive, throw
7. regard as objective (同)externalize, externalise
8. present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc.; "He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism"; "She proposed a new theory of relativity" (同)propose
9. throw, send, or cast forward; "project a missile" (同)send off
10. cause to be heard; "His voice projects well"
11. communicate vividly; "He projected his feelings"
12. draw a projection of
13. project on a screen; "The images are projected onto the screen"
14. plan something for a specific role or purpose or effect; "This room is not designed for work"
15. the act of working out the form of something (as by making a sketch or outline or plan); "he contributed to the design of a new instrument" (同)designing
16. a decorative or artistic work; "the coach had a design on the doors" (同)pattern, figure
17. a preliminary sketch indicating the plan for something; "the design of a building"
18. an arrangement scheme; "the awkward design of the keyboard made operation difficult"; "it was an excellent design for living"; "a plan for seating guests" (同)plan
19. make a design of; plan out in systematic, often graphic form; "design a better mousetrap"; "plan the new wing of the museum" (同)plan
20. conceive or fashion in the mind; invent; "She designed a good excuse for not attending classes that day"
21. create designs; "Dupont designs for the house of Chanel"
22. create the design for; create or execute in an artistic or highly skilled manner; "Chanel designed the famous suit"
23. intend or have as a purpose; "She designed to go far in the world of business"
24. make plans for something; "He is planning a trip with his family"
25. scale drawing of a structure; "the plans for City Hall were on file" (同)architectural plan
26. a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished; "they drew up a six-step plan"; "they discussed plans for a new bond issue" (同)program, programme
27. have the will and intention to carry out some action; "He plans to be in graduate school next year"; "The rebels had planned turmoil and confusion" (同)be after
28. make or work out a plan for; devise; "They contrived to murder their boss"; "design a new sales strategy"; "plan an attack" (同)project, contrive, design
29. write a computer program (同)programme
30. a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation; "the program lasted more than two hours" (同)programme
31. a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need; "he proposed an elaborate program of public works"; "working mothers rely on the day care program" (同)programme
32. an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event; "you cant tell the players without a program" (同)programme
33. (computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute; "the program required several hundred lines of code" (同)programme, computer_program, computer programme
34. arrange a program of or for; "program the 80th birthday party" (同)programme
35. design as an engineer; "He engineered the water supply project"
36. a person who uses scientific knowledge to solve practical problems (同)applied scientist, technologist
37. the operator of a railway locomotive (同)locomotive engineer, railroad engineer, engine_driver
38. a purposeful or industrious undertaking (especially one that requires effort or boldness); "he had doubts about the whole enterprise" (同)endeavor, endeavour
39. readiness to embark on bold new ventures (同)enterprisingness, initiative, go-ahead
40. an organization created for business ventures; "a growing enterprise must have a bold leader"
41. the branch of architecture dealing with the design and organization of urban space and activities
42. a commission delegated to propose plans for future activities and developments

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. …‘を'『計画する』,企画する / (ねらって)…‘を'『投げる』;…‘を'発射する / (…に)〈光・影・映像など〉‘を'投げかける,投影する,映写する;〈声〉‘を'かける《+『名』+『on』(『onto』)+『名』》 / (他の人に〈‘自分の考え・気持ち〉‘を'投げかけて伝える《+『名』+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / (想像して,…の時間・場所・情況などの中へ)…‘を'置いてみる《+『名』+『in』(『into』)+『名』》 / (得られた情報らよって)…‘を'予報する,予測する / 『突き出る』,出っ張る / 『計画』,企画,案 / 計画的な仕事;研究課題;(大ががりな)事業 / 《米》=housing project
2. {C}(形式・構造などの)略図,見取り図,設計図 / 〈C〉『図案』,意匠,模様 / 〈U〉図案法,意匠術 / 〈C〉(…の)『計画』,企画,目的《+『for』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》(…への)たくらみ,下心《+『against』(『on』,『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈構造など〉‘を'『設計する』 / …‘の'『下絵を描く』,図案を描く / …‘を'『計画する』,頭の中で考える(plan) / …‘を'『予定する』
3. 『計画』,『案』,プラン,設計 / 『設計図』,『図面』;(小区域の)地図,市街図 / …‘を'『計画する』,‘の'案を立てる / …の設計図をかく,‘を'設計する / 計画を立てる
4. 『技師』,技術家 / 《米》(特に鉄道の)『機関士』 / 巧みに事を処理する人,手腕家 / (陸軍の)工兵;(海軍の)機関士官 / (技師として)…‘を'設計する,建設する / …‘を'巧みに処理する,工作する
5. 〈C〉(特に勇気を要したり困難を伴う)『事業』,企て(project);大仕事 / 〈U〉『進取の気性』,冒険心 / 〈C〉商事会社(business firm)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/11 11:20:47」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Forethought" redirects here. For the defunct software company, see Forethought, Inc.

Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. It involves the creation and maintenance of a plan, such as psychological aspects that require conceptual skills. There are even a couple of tests to measure someone’s capability of planning well. As such, planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior.

Also, planning has a specific process and is necessary for multiple occupations (particularly in fields such as management, business, etc.). In each field there are different types of plans that help companies achieve efficiency and effectiveness. An important, albeit often ignored aspect of planning, is the relationship it holds to forecasting. Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like for multiple scenarios. Planning combines forecasting with preparation of scenarios and how to react to them. Planning is one of the most important project management and time management techniques. Planning is preparing a sequence of action steps to achieve some specific goal. If a person does it effectively, he can reduce much the necessary time and effort of achieving the goal. A plan is like a map. When following a plan, he can always see how much he has progressed towards his project goal and how far he is from his destination.

Planning topics

Psychological aspects

The Striatum; part of the basal ganglia; neural pathways between the striatum and the frontal lobe have been implicated in planning function.

Planning is one of the executive functions of the brain, encompassing the neurological processes involved in the formulation, evaluation and selection of a sequence of thoughts and actions to achieve a desired goal. Various studies utilizing a combination of neuropsychological, neuropharmacological and functional neuroimaging approaches have suggested there is a positive relationship between impaired planning ability and damage to the frontal lobe.

A specific area within the mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex located in the frontal lobe has been implicated as playing an intrinsic role in both cognitive planning and associated executive traits such as working memory.

Disruption of the neural pathways, via various mechanisms such as traumatic brain injury, or the effects of neurodegenerative diseases between this area of the frontal cortex and the basal ganglia specifically the striatum (cortico-striatal pathway), may disrupt the processes required for normal planning function.

Individuals who were born Very Low Birth Weight (<1500 grams) and Extremely Low BirthWeight (ELBW) are at greater risk for various cognitive deficits including planning ability.

Neuropsychological tests

Animation of a four disc version of the Tower of Hanoi.

There are a variety of neuropsychological tests which can be used to measure variance of planning ability between the subject and controls.

• Tower of Hanoi (TOH-R), a puzzle invented in 1883 by the French mathematician Édouard Lucas. There are different variations of the puzzle, the classic version consists of three rods and usually seven to nine discs of subsequently smaller size. Planning is a key component of the problem solving skills necessary to achieve the objective, which is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying the following rules:
  • Only one disk may be moved at a time.
  • Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the rods and sliding it onto another rod, on top of the other disks that may already be present on that rod.
  • No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.

Screenshot of the PEBL psychology software running the Tower of London test

• Tower of London (TOL) is another test that was developed in 1992 (Shallice 1992) specifically to detect deficits in planning as may occur with damage to the frontal lobe. Test participants with damage to the left anterior frontal lobe demonstrated planning deficits (i.e., greater number of moves required for solution).

In test participants with damage to the right anterior, and left or right posterior areas of the frontal lobes showed no impairment. The results implicating the left anterior frontal lobes involvement in solving the TOL were supported in concomitant neuroimaging studies which also showed a reduction in regional cerebral blood flow to the left pre-frontal lobe. For the number of moves, a significant negative correlation was observed for the left prefrontal area: i.e. subjects that took more time planning their moves showed greater activation in the left prefrontal area.

Planning in public policy

Public policy planning includes environmental, land use, regional, urban and spatial planning. In many countries, the operation of a town and country planning system is often referred to as "planning" and the professionals which operate the system are known as "planners".

It is a conscious as well as sub-conscious activity. It is "an anticipatory decision making process" that helps in coping with complexities. It is deciding future course of action from amongst alternatives. It is a process that involves making and evaluating each set of interrelated decisions. It is selection of missions, objectives and "translation of knowledge into action." A planned performance brings better results compared to an unplanned one. A manager's job is planning, monitoring and controlling. Planning and goal setting are important traits of an organization. It is done at all levels of the organization. Planning includes the plan, the thought process, action, and implementation. Planning gives more power over the future. Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and who should do it. This bridges the gap from where the organization is to where it wants to be. The planning function involves establishing goals and arranging them in logical order.

Planning process

Example of planning process framework.

Patrick Montana and Bruce Charnov outline a three-step result-oriented process for planning:

1. Choosing a destination
2. Evaluating alternative routes, and
3. Deciding the specific course of your plan.

In organizations, planning is a management process, concerned with defining goals for company's future direction and determining on the missions and resources to achieve those targets. To meet the goals, managers may develop plans such as a business plan or a marketing plan. Planning always has a purpose. The purpose may be achievement of certain goals or targets.

Main characteristics of planning in organizations are:

Planning increases the efficiency of an organization. It reduces the risks involved in modern business activities. It utilizes with maximum efficiency the available time and resources. The concept of planning is to identify what the organization wants to do by using the four questions which are "where are we today in terms of our business or strategy planning? Where are we going? Where do we want to go? How are we going to get there?..." ⟨⟩

See also

• Automated planning and scheduling
• Architectural planning
• Business plan
• Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment
• Comprehensive planning
• Contingency planning
• Economic planning
• Enterprise architecture planning
• Environmental planning
• Event planning
• Family planning
• Financial planning
• Futures studies
• Land use planning
• Landscape planning
• Lesson planning
• Life planning
• Marketing plan
• Network resource planning
• Operational planning
• Planning fallacy
• Project management
• Regional planning
• Site planning
• Spatial planning
• Strategic planning
• Succession planning
• Time management
• Urban planning

References

Further reading

• Allmendinger, Phil; Gunder, Michael (2005). "Applying Lacanian Insight and a Dash of Derridean Deconstruction to Planning's 'Dark Side'". Planning Theory 4: 87–112. doi:10.1177/1473095205051444. 
• Bazin, A. (2012). Bilateral and multilateral planning: Best practices and lessons learned. Strategos.
• Das, J P, Binod C Kar, Rauno K Parrila. Cognitive Planning: The Psychological Basis of Intelligent Behaviour. Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd; illustrated edition. English ISBN 0-8039-9287-4 ISBN 978-0-8039-9287-0
• Gunder, Michael (2003). "Passionate Planning for the Others' Desire: An Agonistic Response to the Dark Side of Planning". Progress in Planning 60 (3): 235–319. doi:10.1016/s0305-9006(02)00115-0. 
• Murgante B. (2012). "Wiki-Planning: The Experience of Basento Park In Potenza (Italy)". In Borruso G., Bertazzon S., Favretto A. Murgante B., Torre C. Geographic Information Analysis for Sustainable Development and Economic Planning: New Technologies. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference IGI Global. pp. 345–359. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-1924-1.ch023. 
• Pløger, John (2001). "Public Participation and the Art of Governance". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 28 (2): 219–241. doi:10.1068/b2669. 
• Roy, Ananya (2008). "Post-Liberalism: On the Ethico-Politics of Planning". Planning Theory 7 (1): 92–102. doi:10.1177/1473095207087526. 
• Tang, Wing-Shing (2000). "Chinese Urban Planning at Fifty: An Assessment of the Planning Theory Literature". Journal of Planning Literature 14 (3): 347–366. doi:10.1177/08854120022092700. 
• Yiftachel, Oren, 1995, "The Dark Side of Modernism: Planning as Control of an Ethnic Minority," in Sophie Watson and Katherine Gibson, eds., Postmodern Cities and Spaces (Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell), pp. 216–240.
• Yiftachel, Oren (1998). "Planning and Social Control: Exploring the Dark Side". Journal of Planning Literature 12 (4): 395–406. doi:10.1177/088541229801200401. 
• Yiftachel, Oren (2006). "Re-engaging Planning Theory? Towards South-Eastern Perspectives". Planning Theory 5 (3): 211–222. doi:10.1177/1473095206068627. 

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「計画」「plan」「schema」「design」「program」
拡張検索	「administration planning」

「計画」

　　[★]

英

plan、planning、design、project、program、programme、scheme、schema、enterprise、plan、program、programme

関

シェーマ、設計、デザイン、投射、突出、プログラム、模式図、予定、投影、スキーム、図式、スキーマ、プラン、プロジェクト、事業

「plan」

　　[★]

• n.

• 計画、予定、プラン

• v.

• 計画する、予定する

関

design、destine、enterprise、planning、predetermine、program、programme、project、prospective、schedule、schema、scheme

　 　 　 　 　 　

「schema」

　　[★]

模式図、図式、計画、(ドイツ語読み)ェーマ、スキーマ

関

design、enterprise、plan、planning、program、programme、project、schematic diagram、scheme

　 　

「design」

　　[★]

• デザイン、計画、設計、ザインする

関

engineer、enterprise、plan、planning、program、programme、project、schema、scheme

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「program」

　　[★]

• n.

• プログラム、計画

• v.

• プログラムする、計画する

関

design、enterprise、plan、planning、programme、project、schema、scheme

　 　 　 　 　 　

「administration planning」

　　[★]

• 投与設計

関

administration plan