リゾプス属
WordNet
- a genus of rot-causing fungi having columnar hemispherical aerial sporangia anchored to the substrate by rhizoids
- any of various rot causing fungi of the genus Rhizopus
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/07/28 07:03:59」(JST)
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Rhizopus |
|
Schematic diagram of Rhizopus spp. |
Scientific classification |
Kingdom: |
Fungi |
Division: |
Zygomycota |
Class: |
Mucormycotina |
Order: |
Mucorales |
Family: |
Mucoraceae |
Genus: |
Rhizopus
Ehrenb. (1820) |
Type species |
Rhizopus nigricans
Ehrenb. (1820) |
Synonyms[1] |
Crinofera Nieuwl. (1916)
Pilophora Wallr. (1833)
|
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found on a wide variety of organic substrates, including "mature fruits and vegetables",[2] jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts and tobacco. Some Rhizopus species are opportunistic agents of human zygomycosis (fungal infection) and can be fatal. Rhizopus infections may also be a complication of diabetic ketoacidosis.[3] This widespread genus includes at least eight species.[4][5]
Rhizopus 400x magnification
Rhizopus species grow as filamentous, branching hyphae that generally lack cross-walls (i.e., they are coenocytic). They reproduce by forming asexual and sexual spores. In asexual reproduction, sporangiospores are produced inside a spherical structure, the sporangium. Sporangia are supported by a large apophysate columella atop a long stalk, the sporangiophore. Sporangiophores arise among distinctive, root-like rhizoids. In sexual reproduction, a dark zygospore is produced at the point where two compatible mycelia fuse. Upon germination, a zygospore produces colonies that are genetically different from either parent.
- R. microsporus var. oligosporus is used to make tempeh, a fermented food derived from soybeans.
- R. oryzae is used in the production of alcoholic beverages in parts of Asia and Africa.
- Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) causes fruit rot on strawberry, tomato, and sweet potato and used in commercial production of fumaric acid and cortisone.
Various species, including R. stolonifer, may cause soft rot in sweet potatoes and Narcissus.
Contents
- 1 Species
- 2 See also
- 3 References
- 4 External links
Species
- Rhizopus caespitosus
- Rhizopus delemari
- Rhizopus homothallicus
- Rhizopus microsporus
- Rhizopus oryzae
- Rhizopus reflexus
- Rhizopus schipperae
- Rhizopus stolonifer
See also
- Black bread mold
- Mucormycosis
References
- ^ "Rhizopus Ehrenb. 1820". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 599. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ^ Chinn RY, Diamond RD. (1982). "Generation of chemotactic factors by Rhizopus oryzae in the presence and absence of serum: relationship to hyphal damage mediated by human neutrophils and effects of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis". Infection and Immunity 38 (3): 1123–29.
- ^ Zheng RY, Chen GQ, Huang H, Liu XY. (2007). "A monograph of Rhizopus". Sydowia 59 (2): 273–372.
- ^ Abe A, Asano K, Sone T. (2010). "A Molecular Phylogeny-Based Taxonomy of the Genus Rhizopus". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 74 (7): 1325–1331.
External links
- Rhizopus at Zygomycetes.org
- Photos of Rhizopus spp. used for tempeh-making at www.tempeh.idv.tw
UpToDate Contents
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- 1. ムコール症(接合真菌症) mucormycosis zygomycosis
- 2. 真菌性副鼻腔炎 fungal rhinosinusitis
- 3. 肺移植後の真菌感染症 fungal infections following lung transplantation
- 4. 糖尿病患者の易感染性 susceptibility to infections in persons with diabetes mellitus
- 5. 新生児における特殊な真菌感染症 unusual fungal infections in the neonate
English Journal
- A study on biochemical changes during cultivation of Rhizopus oryzae in deproteinized whey medium in relation to chitosan production.
- Chatterjee S1, Guha AK.Author information 1School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459; Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700 032, India.AbstractThe kinetics of cultivation of zygomycete filamentous fungus, Rhizopus oryzae in deproteinized whey medium in relation to chitosan production was studied here to optimize chitosan production from Rhizopus oryzae as well as utilize whey, a by-product of sweetmeat industry as a cheap source of sugar in the cultivation process. Chitosan content of Rhizopus oryzae biomass was found to be increased with time during cultivation and reached maximum (13.6%) after 72 h, and then, declined steadily. Maximum 1.13 g of chitosan was obtained from one liter of deproteinized whey medium. Concentration of lactose in the medium was observed to be reduced from 45.0 g l-1 to 11.7 g l-1 during cultivation resulting in decrease in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of whey by ~ 60% and this was important from environmental point of view before discharging whey into any water body. However, no significant change in pH or titatable acidity was noted during the entire course of cultivation, probably due to good buffering capacity of the medium. Molecular weight of chitosan varied from 130 to 230 kDa depending on the time of cultivation but no significant change in degree of deacetylation of chitosan (~ 87%) was found during cultivation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
- Letters in applied microbiology.Lett Appl Microbiol.2014 Apr 3. doi: 10.1111/lam.12259. [Epub ahead of print]
- The kinetics of cultivation of zygomycete filamentous fungus, Rhizopus oryzae in deproteinized whey medium in relation to chitosan production was studied here to optimize chitosan production from Rhizopus oryzae as well as utilize whey, a by-product of sweetmeat industry as a cheap source of sugar i
- PMID 24698442
- A Novel Antifungal Protein with Lysozyme-Like Activity from Seeds of Clitoria ternatea.
- K A1, K S.Author information 1Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Kannur, Kerala, 670 661, India.AbstractAn antifungal protein with a molecular mass of 14.3 kDa was isolated from the seeds of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) and designated as Ct protein. The antifungal protein was purified using different methods including ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 column. Ct protein formed a single colourless rod-shaped crystal by hanging drop method after 7 days of sample loading. The protein showed lytic activity against Micrococcus luteus and broad-spectrum, fungicidal activity, particularly against the most clinically relevant yeasts, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. It also exerted an inhibitory activity on mycelial growth in several mould species including Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp., and Sclerotium sp. The present study adds to the literature on novel seed proteins with antifungal activity.
- Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.Appl Biochem Biotechnol.2014 Apr 2. [Epub ahead of print]
- An antifungal protein with a molecular mass of 14.3 kDa was isolated from the seeds of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) and designated as Ct protein. The antifungal protein was purified using different methods including ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose
- PMID 24691882
- Analyzing the relation between the microbial diversity of DaQu and the turbidity spoilage of traditional Chinese vinegar.
- Li P1, Li S, Cheng L, Luo L.Author information 1School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.AbstractVinegar is a traditional fermented condiment, and the microbial diversity of DaQu makes the quality of vinegar products. Recently, turbidity spoilage of vinegar sharply tampered with the quality of vinegar. In this study, the relation between the microbial diversity of DaQu and turbidity spoilage of vinegar was analyzed by plating technique, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The 16S rRNA sequencing and DGGE analysis indicated that Bacillus (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus thuringiensis) and Lactobacillus (including Lactobacillus acidipiscis and Lactobacillus pobuzihii) species were the dominant contaminants in vinegar products. Meanwhile, DGGE analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in DaQu belonged to genera Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Weissella, Saccharopolyspora, Enterobacter, and Pantoea. However, only two yeast species (Pichia kudriavzevii and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera) and seven mold species including Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus candidus, Rhizopus microspores, Eurotium herbariorum, Absidia corymbifera, and Eupenicillium javanicum were detected in the DaQu. The population level of fungi was below 5 log CFU/g in DaQu. The chemical and physical properties of vinegar and sediments were also determined. On the basis of a combined microbial diversity-chemical analysis, we demonstrated that turbidity spoilage of vinegar was a result of cooperation among the low population level and abundance of fungal species in DaQu, the suitable climate conditions, and the contaminants in vinegar. This is the first report to analyze the relation between the microbial diversity of DaQu and turbidity spoilage of vinegar.
- Applied microbiology and biotechnology.Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.2014 Apr 2. [Epub ahead of print]
- Vinegar is a traditional fermented condiment, and the microbial diversity of DaQu makes the quality of vinegar products. Recently, turbidity spoilage of vinegar sharply tampered with the quality of vinegar. In this study, the relation between the microbial diversity of DaQu and turbidity spoilage of
- PMID 24691870
Japanese Journal
- 急性リンパ性白血病地固め療法中に肺病変より脊椎硬膜外膿瘍を発症した接合菌症
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciensとRhizopus cohniiの混合培養系を用いたグルコアミラーゼ生産
Related Links
- 製剤の調査資料 2006年臨床 2004年臨床 [出典] 山口恵三、石井良和、岩田守弘、他:Meropenemを含む各種注射用抗菌薬に対する2004年臨床分離株の感受性サーベイランス。
- 115 ノ ー ト Rhizopusの培養環境がRhizopus培養液中の 酵母アルコール耐性に及ぼす影響 門倉 利守*・畠井 悟・本多 宏明・中里 厚実・金子 太吉・竹田 正久 (2006年10月10日受付 2006年12月25日受理) Influence of ...
- Rhizopus. 9 likes · 0 talking about this. Rhizopus is a genus of common saprobic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found on a wide variety of organic substrates, including "mature fruits and vegetables ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- fungus, (pl.)fungi
- 同
- かび、菌類 Mycota
- 関
- 微生物学、真菌症、抗真菌薬
細菌、真菌、藻類、原虫
- いずれも単細胞生物
- 細菌は核を持たないが、それ以外は核を持つ
- 細胞壁の多糖:細菌はペプチドグリカンなど。真菌はβグルカン、キチン。藻類はセルロース。原虫は細胞壁を持たない
- 栄養獲得様式:藻類は光合成独立栄養生性。
大きさ
細胞膜
細胞壁
線維状多糖
- 細胞壁の骨格となる
- キチンとβ-グルカンからなる。
- 特殊な多糖にキトサンがある
- グルコースのホモ重合体
- β(1→3)結合、β(1→6)結合
- 酵母では細胞壁成分にβ-1,3-グルカンが多い
糖タンパク質
形態による分類
- Coccidioides immitis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Sporothrix schenckii
- Candida albicans
培養と感染組織における形態
菌糸の構造
- 接合菌などの下等真菌にのみ見られる
菌糸の機能
-
生殖方式による分類
有性生殖と無性生殖
-
有性胞子形成
無性胞子形成
培養
種類
真菌の染色法(SMB.358)
- 細胞壁の多糖を染色:コットンブルー(cotton blue)、グラム染色(全ての真菌はグラム陽性)
- 真菌細胞壁多糖を特異的に染色:PAS染色、Grocottメテナミン銀染色、ファンギフローラY
参考
病原体としての真菌
[★]
- ラ
- Rhizopus
- 同
- クモノスカビ属, Rhizopus属
- 関
- ムコール目?、ムコール科?。ムコール症
- 写真
感染症
テンプレート:生物分類表
クモノスカビは、菌界・接合菌門・接合菌綱・ケカビ目・ケカビ科(あるいはユミケカビ科)に属するカビ(Rhizopus)の和名である。基質表面をはう菌糸の様子がクモの巣を思わせることから、その名がある。
一般的特徴
クモノスカビは、湿った有機物表面に出現する、ごく普通のカビである。空中雑菌として出現することも多い。
体制はケカビに似ている。菌糸体は多核体の菌糸からなり、基質中に菌糸をのばすが、基質表面から気中へと匍匐菌糸をのばすのが特徴である。匍匐菌糸は基質の上をはい、基質につくとそこから菌糸をのばす。そのため、ケカビに比べると、コロニーの成長が早く、あっというまに広がる。基質の表面に広がる気中菌糸は、その表面に水滴がつき、きらきらと輝き、クモの網のように見える。
無性生殖は、胞子のう胞子による。胞子嚢柄は匍匐菌糸が基質に付着したところから出て、その下には仮根状菌糸が伸びる。胞子のう柄はほとんど分枝せず、先端に大きな胞子のうを1つつける。胞子のうは、ケカビのものによく似ているが、胞子のう柄の先端がすこし広がって胞子のうに続き、胞子のう内部の柱軸になめらかに続いている(ケカビでは、胞子のう柄は胞子のうのところでくびれる)。このような胞子のう直下のふくらみをアポフィシスと呼び、ケカビ目の属の分類では重要な特徴とされる。ただし、ユミケカビ(Absidia)ほど明瞭ではないので、見分けにくい場合もある。
胞子は、胞子嚢の壁が溶けることで放出される。はじめは壁がとろけてできた液粒の中に胞子が入った状態だが、すぐに乾燥し、柱軸も乾いて傘状に反り返り、その表面に胞子が乗った状態になる。クモノスカビの胞子はケカビなどにくらべて乾燥に強そうな、丈夫な表面を持ち、条模様が見られるのが普通である。
有性生殖は、ケカビと同じように、配偶子のう接合によって接合胞子のうを形成する。一部の種をのぞいては自家不和合性なので、接合胞子のうを見掛けることは少ない。接合胞子のう柄はH字型で、丸くふくらむ。接合胞子のうは黒褐色に着色し、その表面は凹凸がある。
人間との関係
クモノスカビは、基本的には腐生であるが、弱い寄生菌として、植物の病原体になる場合がある。食物の上に出現することも多い。モモなどの柔らかい果実について、その腐敗を早めることもある。
極めて成長が早いので、微生物の培養時にコンタミとしてこれが侵入すると、一夜にして全てを覆いつくす。胞子もよく飛ぶのでいやがられる。
他方、コウジカビを使う日本以外のアジア全域において、紹興酒などの酒の醸造で麹に用いられたり、インドネシアでは茹でた大豆に生やしてテンペ(Tempeh)という食品にする例がある。
分類
100を越える種が記載されている。形態が単純で分類が難しい類でもある。実際の種数は十数種といわれる。
- Rhizopus stronifer (Ehrenberg: Fr.) Vuillemin:もっとも普通な種
- R. arrhizus Went. et Prinsen Geerl:食品等に利用されるもの
- R. sexualis (Smith) Callen :自家和合性の種
- R. microsporus van Tieghem, 1875
- R. oligosporus Saito:テンペの醗酵に利用される種
-クモノスカビ属