出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2017/05/02 00:45:04」(JST)
A sporangium (pl., sporangia[1]) (modern Latin, from Greek σπόρος (sporos) ‘spore’ + αγγείον (angeion) ‘vessel’) is an enclosure in which spores are formed.[2] It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, sporangia are the site of meiosis and produce genetically distinct haploid spores.
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Structure containing the spores in fungal species.
In mosses, liverworts and hornworts, an unbranched sporophyte produces a single sporangium, which may be quite complex morphologically. Most non-vascular plants, as well as many lycophytes and most ferns, are homosporous (only one kind of spore is produced). Some bryophytes, most lycophytes, and some ferns are heterosporous (two kinds of spores are produced). These plants produce microspores and megaspores, which give rise to gametophytes that are functionally male or female, respectively. In some cases, both kinds of spores are produced in the same sporangium, and may even develop together as part of a spore tetrad. However, in most heterosporous plants there are two kinds of sporangia, termed microsporangia and megasporangia. A few ferns (Salviniaceae and Marsileaceae) and some lycophytes (the genera Selaginella and Isoetes and the extinct lepidodendrids) are heterosporous with two kinds of sporangia, as are all the seed plants.
Sporangia can be terminal (on the tips) or lateral (placed along the side) of stems or associated with leaves. In ferns, sporangia are typically found on the abaxial surface (underside) of the leaf and are densely aggregated into clusters called sori. Sori may be covered by a structure called an indusium. Some ferns have their sporangia scattered along reduced leaf segments or along (or just in from) the margin of the leaf.
Lycophytes, in contrast, bear their sporangia on the adaxial surface (the upper side) of leaves or laterally on stems. Leaves that bear sporangia are called sporophylls. If the plant is heterosporous, the sporangia-bearing leaves are distinguished as either microsporophylls or megasporophylls. In seed plants, sporangia are typically located within strobili or flowers.
Cycads form their microsporangia on microsporophylls which are aggregated into strobili. Megasporangia are formed within ovules, which are borne on megasporophylls, which are aggregated into strobili on separate plants (all cycads are dioecious). Conifers typically bear their microsporangia on microsporophylls aggregated into papery pollen strobili, and the ovules, are located on modified stem axes forming compound ovuliferous cone scales. Flowering plants contain microsporangia in the anthers of stamens (typically four microsporangia per anther) and megasporangia inside ovules inside ovaries. In all seed plants, spores are produced by meiosis and develop into gametophytes while still inside the sporangium. The microspores become microgametophytes (pollen). The megaspores become megagametophytes (embryo sacs).
Categorized based on developmental sequence, eusporangia and leptosporangia are differentiated in the vascular plants.
A cluster of sporangia that have become fused in development is called a synangium. This structure is most prominent in Psilotum and Marattiaceae such as Christensenia, Danaea and Marattia.
A columella (pl. columellae) is a sterile (non-reproductive) structure that extends into and supports the sporangium. In fungi, the columella, which may be branched or unbranched, may be of fungal or host origin. Secotium species have a simple, unbranched columella, while in Gymnoglossum species, the columella is branched. In some Geastrum species, the columella appears as an extension of the stalk into the spore mass (gleba).[3]
Botany
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History of botany
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Plant groups |
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Plant morphology
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Plant growth and habit |
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Reproduction
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Plant taxonomy |
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Practice |
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Microbiology: Fungus
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Structure |
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Growth patterns |
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リンク元 | 「真菌」 |
分類群 | 菌名 | 病名 | 出芽分裂 | 菌体 | 菌糸 | 胞子 | 発芽管 | 寄生性 | 感染経路 | 病原体の特徴 | 病型 | 検査 | 治療 |
不完全菌 | Candida albicans | カンジダ症 | 仮性菌糸 | 厚膜胞子 | 形成 | 常在菌→各所 | 日和見感染症 | ||||||
担子菌 | Filobasidiella neoformans | クリプトコッカス症 | 出芽 | 厚い莢膜 | 通性細胞内寄生体 | 鳩の乾燥糞→空気感染→肺(通性細胞内寄生体) | 日和見感染菌 | 肺クリプトコッカス症、 中枢神経クリプトコッカス症、 皮膚クリプトコッカス症、 全身性クリプトコッカス症 |
墨汁染色 | ( アムホテリシンB or フルコナゾール ) ± フルシトシン | |||
不完全菌 | Trichosporon asahii | トリコスポロン症 | 仮性菌糸 | 分節分生子 | |||||||||
子嚢菌 | Aspergillus fumigatus/ 'Aspergillus flavus |
アスペルギルス症 | 糸状菌 不完全菌 |
有隔菌糸 | 土壌や朽ちた植物、空気中の浮遊胞子 | ||||||||
Mucor/'Rhizopus/ Absidia/Rhizomucor |
ムコール症 | 無隔菌糸 | 血管に親和性 | 土壌や朽ちた植物、空気中の浮遊胞子 → 浮遊胞子の吸入 |
鼻眼脳型ムコール症 侵襲性肺ムコール症 全身播種型ムコール症 |
β-D-グルカン陰性。 喀痰、血培陰性 |
アムホテリシンB | ||||||
子嚢菌 | Pneumocystis jirovecii ('Pneumocystis carini) |
ニューモシスチス・カリニ感染症 | |||||||||||
子嚢菌 | Histoplasma capsulatum | ヒストプラスマ症 | 二形性真菌 37℃酵母型発育 25℃菌糸形成 |
空気感染。肺に一次病変を作り様々な臓器に播種 | AIDS患者に好発 | ||||||||
不完全菌 | Coccidioides immitis | コクシジオイデス症 | 二形性真菌 | 内生胞子 | |||||||||
不完全菌 | Sporothrix schenckii | スポロトリクス症 | 二形性真菌 |
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