出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2016/08/07 13:26:43」(JST)
Spore(スポア)は、エレクトロニック・アーツ社(Maxis社開発)のリアルタイムシミュレーションゲーム。製作指揮はウィル・ライト。
対応ハードはPC・Wiiで、Windows版は2008年9月5日に発売された。 先行してクリーチャー クリエイター、モバイル版のSpore Originsがリリースされている。
Sporeの主体は生物の進化であり、原始的なプランクトンの誕生から高度な文明を持った知的生命体までとかなり幅広く扱う。
ゲームは5つのフェイズに分けられ、それぞれ細胞ステージ(Cell)、クリーチャーステージ(Creature)、集落ステージ(Tribe)、文明ステージ(Civilization)、宇宙ステージ(Space)と名付けられている。プレイヤーは原始的生物を知的生命体へと進化させて文明を築く。
ゲームは主に5つのフェーズで構成されており、フェイズの進行に伴ってプレイヤーのできることも増えていく。ひとつのフェイズが終わると次のフェイズに移行できるが、クリア後のフェイズを振り返って遊ぶこともできる。
スポア本体をダウンロードした後に新たに導入することで新しい機能を追加できるプログラム。これら単体では起動できず、導入後にアンインストールする為には最初にスポア本体をアンインストールする必要がある。また、追加パックはダウンロードしたクリエーションに追加パーツが含まれる際、そのクリエーションを閲覧したりゲーム内で使用するのにも必要である。追加パックは購入、パッチは主に自動更新で入手出来る。
クリーチャーの製作、簡易的な操作を含めた閲覧に特化した先行版。
細胞ステージに特化したバージョン。iアプリ等の携帯電話やiPhone / iPod touchに対応。
スポアクリーチャーズ(Spore Creatures)はクリーチャーステージを中心としたニンテンドーDS用シミュレーションアクションゲーム。2008年9月11日発売。
スポア キミがつくるヒーロー(Wii版はSpore Hero、ニンテンドーDS版はSpore Hero Arena)は、2010年4月1日発売予定のスピンオフ作品。Wii版にはパーツ数が多いほか、探索要素が含まれる。
主人公を自分でデザインできる点は共通しているが、アクション要素が強くゲーム性は他の作品と異なる。日本は対象外だが、Steamでも販売されている。
この項目は、コンピュータゲームに関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています(ポータル コンピュータゲーム / ウィキプロジェクト コンピュータゲーム)。 |
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In biology, a spore is a unit of asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions. By contrast, gametes are units of sexual reproduction. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa.[1] Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoebulae into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula.[2]
Spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte, which eventually goes on to produce gametes. Two gametes fuse to form a zygote which develops into a new sporophyte. This cycle is known as alternation of generations.
The spores of seed plants, however, are produced internally and the megaspores, formed within the ovules and the microspores are involved in the formation of more complex structures that form the dispersal units, the seeds and pollen grains.
The term spore derives from the ancient Greek word σπορά spora, meaning "seed, sowing," related to σπόρος sporos, "sowing," and σπείρειν speirein, "to sow."
In common parlance, the difference between a "spore" and a "gamete" (both together called gonites) is that a spore will germinate and develop into a sporeling, while a gamete needs to combine with another gamete to form a zygote before developing further.
The chief difference between spores and seeds as dispersal units is that spores are unicellular, while seeds contain within them a multicellular gametophyte that produces a developing embryo, the multicellular sporophyte of the next generation. Spores germinate to give rise to haploid gametophytes, while seeds germinate to give rise to diploid sporophytes.
Vascular plant spores are always haploid. Vascular plants are either homosporous (or isosporous) or heterosporous. Plants that are homosporous produce spores of the same size and type. Heterosporous plants, such as seed plants, spikemosses, quillworts, and some aquatic ferns produce spores of two different sizes: the larger spore (megaspore) in effect functioning as a "female" spore and the smaller (microspore) functioning as a "male".
Spores can be classified in several ways:
In fungi and fungus-like organisms, spores are often classified by the structure in which meiosis and spore production occurs. Since fungi are often classified according to their spore-producing structures, these spores are often characteristic of a particular taxon of the fungi.
Spores can be differentiated by whether they can move or not.
Under high magnification, spores can be categorized as either monolete spores or trilete spores. In monolete spores, there is a single line on the spore indicating the axis on which the mother spore was split into four along a vertical axis. In trilete spores, all four spores share a common origin and are in contact with each other, so when they separate, each spore shows three lines radiating from a center pole.
This section requires expansion. (August 2008) |
Envelope-enclosed spore tetrads are taken as the earliest evidence of plant life on land,[4] dating from the mid-Ordovician (early Llanvirn, ~470 million years ago), a period from which no macrofossils have yet been recovered.[5] Individual trilete spores resembling those of modern cryptogamic plants first appeared in the fossil record at the end of the Ordovician period.[6]
In fungi, both asexual and sexual spores or sporangiospores of many fungal species are actively dispersed by forcible ejection from their reproductive structures. This ejection ensures exit of the spores from the reproductive structures as well as travelling through the air over long distances. Many fungi thereby possess specialized mechanical and physiological mechanisms as well as spore-surface structures, such as hydrophobins, for spore ejection. These mechanisms include, for example, forcible discharge of ascospores enabled by the structure of the ascus and accumulation of osmolytes in the fluids of the ascus that lead to explosive discharge of the ascospores into the air.[7] The forcible discharge of single spores termed ballistospores involves formation of a small drop of water (Buller's drop), which upon contact with the spore leads to its projectile release with an initial acceleration of more than 10,000 g.[8] Other fungi rely on alternative mechanisms for spore release, such as external mechanical forces, exemplified by puffballs. Attracting insects, such as flies, to fruiting structures, by virtue of their having lively colours and a putrid odour, for dispersal of fungal spores is yet another strategy, most prominently used by the stinkhorns.
In Common Smoothcap moss (Atrichum undulatum), the vibration of sporophyte has been shown to be an important mechanism for spore release.[9]
In the case of spore-shedding vascular plants such as ferns, wind distribution of very light spores provides great capacity for dispersal. Also, spores are less subject to animal predation than seeds because they contain almost no food reserve; however they are more subject to fungal and bacterial predation. Their chief advantage is that, of all forms of progeny, spores require the least energy and materials to produce.
In the spikemoss Selaginella lepidophylla, dispersal is achieved in part by an unusual type of diaspore, a tumbleweed.[10]
Microscopic view of dehisced fern sporangia (no spores are visible)
Microscopic view of Equisetum spores
Spore clusters, formed inside sporangia of Reticularia olivacea from pine forests of the Eastern Ukraine.
Internal surface of the peridium of the Tubifera dudkae with spores
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リンク元 | 「芽胞」「sporular」 |
拡張検索 | 「Microsporea」「Gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria」 |
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