日
関

WordNet

aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil (同)B

PrepTutorEJDIC

バチルス桿菌(かんきん) / (一般に)細菌

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/12/10 17:02:29」(JST)

wiki en

Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium.^[3] A member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allowing the organism to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Unlike several other well-known species, B. subtilis has historically been classified as an obligate aerobe, though recent research has demonstrated that this is not strictly correct.^[4]

Although this species is commonly found in soil, more evidence suggests that B. subtilis is a normal gut commensal in humans. A 2009 study compared the density of spores found in soil (~10⁶ spores per gram) to that found in human feces (~10⁴ spores per gram). The number of spores found in the human gut is too high to be attributed solely to consumption through food contamination. Soil simply serves as a reservoir, suggesting that B. subtilis inhabits the gut and should be considered as a normal gut commensal.^[5]

History[edit]

1800s[edit]

In 1835, the bacterium was originally named Vibrio subtilis by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg,^[6] and renamed Bacillus subtilis by Ferdinand Cohn in 1872.^[7]

1900s[edit]

Gram-stained Bacillus subtilis

Sporulating Bacillus subtilis

It was used by the German medical corps in 1941 to treat dysentery during the North African campaign after seeing local Arabic population using it for this purpose.^[8] Cultures of B. subtilis were used throughout the 1950s as an alternative medicine due to the immunostimulatory effects of its cell matter, which upon digestion has been found to significantly stimulate broad spectrum immune activity including activation of specific antibody IgM, IgG and IgA secretion^[9] and release of CpG dinucleotides inducing INF A/Y producing activity of leukocytes and cytokines important in the development of cytotoxicity towards tumor cells.^[10] It was marketed throughout America and Europe from 1946 as an immunostimulatory aid in the treatment of gut and urinary tract diseases such as Rotavirus and Shigella,^[11] but declined in popularity after the introduction of cheap consumer antibiotics, despite causing less chance of allergic reaction and significantly lower toxicity to normal gut flora.

Safety[edit]

B. subtilis is only known to cause disease in severely immunocompromised patients, and can conversely be used as a probiotic in healthy individuals.^[12] It rarely causes food poisoning.^[13] Some B. subtilis strains produce the proteolytic enzyme subtilisin. B. subtilis spores can survive the extreme heat during cooking. Some B. subtilis strains are responsible for causing ropiness — a sticky, stringy consistency caused by bacterial production of long-chain polysaccharides — in spoiled bread dough. For a long time, bread ropiness was associated uniquely with B. subtilis species by biochemical tests. Today, molecular assays (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR assay, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, and sequencing of the V3 region of 16S ribosomal DNA) revealed greater Bacillus species variety in ropy breads which all seems to have a positive amylase activity and high heat resistance.^[14]

The Bacillus subtilis microbial strain and substances derived from this microorganism were subjects of evaluation by different authoritative bodies for their safe and beneficial use in food and has been regarded as not presenting safety concerns. In the United States an opinion letter issued in the early 1960s by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognized some substances derived from microorganisms as GRAS, including carbohydrase and protease enzymes from Bacillus subtilis. The opinions are predicated on the use of non-pathogenic and non-toxicogenic strains of the respective organism and on the use of current good manufacturing practice (FDA partial list of microorganisms, 2002).

The FDA concluded that the enzymes derived from the B. subtilis strain were in common use in food prior to January 1, 1958. The FDA stated that non-toxigenic and non-pathogenic strains of B. subtilis are widely available and have been safely used in a variety of food applications, including the documented consumption of B. subtilis in the Japanese fermented soy bean, natto. Natto, which is commonly consumed in Japan, contains as many as 10⁸ viable B. subtilis per gram. The natto fermented beans are recognized for their contribution to a healthy gut flora and vitamin K₂ intake; during this long history of widespread use natto has not been implicated in any adverse events potentially attributable to the presence of B. subtilis.

The natto product and the Bacillus subtilis natto as its principal component are FOSHU (Foods for Specified Health Use) approved in Japan. FOSHU foods are approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare as effective for preservation of health by adding certain active ingredients or removing undesirable ones. They are designed to be safe and effective for the maintenance and improvement of health by incorporating them into one’s diet. The Japanese FOSHU products are products the safety and efficacy of which have been verified scientifically.^[15]

The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) has listed Bacillus subtilis approved for use as a feed ingredient under Section 36.14 Direct-Fed Microorganisms. This microorganism was reviewed by the Food and Drug administration Center for Veterinary medicine and found to present no safety concerns when used in direct-fed microbial products. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)-Animal health and production Feed Section has classified Bacillus culture dehydrated approved feed ingredients as a silage additive under Schedule IV-Part 2-Class 8.6 and assigned the International Feed Ingredient number IFN 8-19-119.

The Bacillus subtilis species has a long history of safe use. It has been granted Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) status by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)^[16] and is part of the authoritative list of microorganisms with a documented history of safe use in food established by the International Dairy Federation (IDF) in collaboration with the European Food and Feed Cultures Association (EFFCA) in 2002 and updated in 2012.

Reproduction[edit]

B. subtilis can divide symmetrically to make two daughter cells (binary fission), or asymmetrically, producing a single endospore that can remain viable for decades and is resistant to unfavourable environmental conditions such as drought, salinity, extreme pH, radiation and solvents. The endospore is formed at times of nutritional stress, allowing the organism to persist in the environment until conditions become favourable. Prior to the process of sporulation the cells might become motile by producing flagella, take up DNA from the environment, or produce antibiotics. These responses are viewed as attempts to seek out nutrients by seeking a more favourable environment, enabling the cell to make use of new beneficial genetic material or simply by killing of competition.

Under stressful conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, Bacillus subtilis undergoes the process of sporulation to ensure the survival of the species. This process has been very well studied and has served as a model organism for studying sporulation.

Chromosomal replication[edit]

B. subtilis is a model organism used to study bacterial chromosome replication. Replication of the single circular chromosome initiates at a single locus, the origin (oriC). Replication proceeds bidirectionally and two replication forks progress in clockwise and counterclockwise directions along the chromosome. Chromosome replication is completed when the forks reach the terminus region, which is positioned opposite to the origin on the chromosome map. The terminus region contains several short DNA sequences (Ter sites) that promote replication arrest. Specific proteins mediate all the steps in DNA replication. Comparison between the proteins involved in chromosomal DNA replication in B. subtilis and in Escherichia coli reveals similarities and differences. Although the basic components promoting initiation, elongation, and termination of replication are well-conserved, some important differences can be found (such as one bacterium missing proteins essential in the other). These differences underline the diversity in the mechanisms and strategies that various bacterial species have adopted to carry out the duplication of their genomes.^[17]

Uses[edit]

B. subtilis has proven highly amenable to genetic manipulation, and has become widely adopted as a model organism for laboratory studies, especially of sporulation, which is a simplified example of cellular differentiation. It is also heavily flagellated, which gives B. subtilis the ability to move quickly in liquids. In terms of popularity as a laboratory model organism, B. subtilis is often used as the Gram-positive equivalent of Escherichia coli, an extensively studied Gram-negative bacterium.

Monsanto has isolated a gene from B. subtilis that expresses cold shock protein B (CSPB) and spliced it into their drought-tolerant corn hybrid MON 87460, which was approved for sale in the United States in November 2011.^[18]^[19]

Wild-type natural isolates of B. subtilis are difficult to work with compared to laboratory strains that have undergone domestication processes of mutagenesis and selection. These strains often have improved capabilities of transformation (uptake and integration of environmental DNA), growth, and loss of abilities needed "in the wild". And, while dozens of different strains fitting this description exist, the strain designated 168 is the most widely used.

Colonies of B. subtilis grown on a culture dish in a molecular biology laboratory.

As a model organism B. subtilis is commonly used in laboratory studies directed at discovering the fundamental properties and characteristics of Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria.^[20] In particular, the basic principles and mechanisms underlying formation of the durable endospore have been deduced from studies of spore formation in B. subtilis.

In addition to its role as a model organism, B. subtilis is used as a soil inoculant in horticulture and agriculture.

The high stability of B. subtilis in harsh environmental conditions makes this microorganism a perfect candidate for probiotics applications either in baked and pasteurized foods/beverages or in other galenic forms like tablets, capsules and powder.

B. globigii, a closely related but phylogenetically distinct species now known as B. atrophaeus ^[21]^[22] was used as a biowarfare simulant during Project SHAD (aka Project 112).^[23]^{[dead link]}. Subsequent genomic analysis showed that the strains used in those studies were products of deliberate enrichment for strains that exhibited abnormally high rates of sporulation.^[24]

Enzymes produced by B. subtilis and B. licheniformis are widely used as additives in laundry detergents.

Its other uses include:

A strain of B. subtilis formerly known as Bacillus natto is used in the commercial production of the Japanese food natto, as well as the similar Korean food cheonggukjang.
It was popular worldwide before the introduction of consumer antibiotics as an immunostimulatory agent to aid treatment of gastrointestinal and urinary tract diseases. It is still widely used in Western Europe and the Middle East as an alternative medicine
It can convert some explosives into harmless compounds of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water.
Its surface binding properties play a role in safe radionuclide waste [e.g. thorium (IV) and plutonium (IV)] disposal.
Recombinant strains pBE2C1 and pBE2C1AB were used in production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and malt waste can be used as their carbon source for lower cost PHA production.
It is used to produce amylase.
It is used to produce hyaluronic acid,^[25] which is useful in the joint-care sector in healthcare.
It may provide some benefit to saffron growers by speeding corm growth and increasing stigma biomass yield.^[26]
It is often used as an "indicator organism" during gas sterilization procedures, to ensure that a sterilization cycle has completed successfully.^[27]^[28] This is due to the difficulty in sterilizing endospores.
It has been used as an extremophile survival indicator in outer space such as Exobiology Radiation Assembly (ERA),^[29]^[30] EXOSTACK,^[31]^[32] and EXPOSE orbital missions.^[33]^[34]^[35]

Genome[edit]

B. subtilis has approximately 4,100 genes. Of these, only 192 were shown to be indispensable; another 79 were predicted to be essential as well. A vast majority of essential genes were categorized in relatively few domains of cell metabolism, with about half involved in information processing, one-fifth involved in the synthesis of cell envelope and the determination of cell shape and division, and one-tenth related to cell energetics.^[36]

Several non-coding RNAs have been characterized in the B. subtilis genome, including Bsr RNAs.^[37]

Transformation[edit]

Natural bacterial transformation [see Wikipedia article Transformation (genetics)] involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the surrounding medium. Transformation depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes whose products appear to be specifically designed to carry out this process.^[38] In order for a recipient bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its chromosome, it must enter a special physiological state called competence.^[39] Ordinarily (with rare exceptions) the DNA integrated into the recipient bacterial chromosome is from another bacterium of the same species, and thus the donated DNA is usually homologous to the resident chromosome.

In B. subtilis the length of the transferred DNA is greater than 1271 kb (more than 1 million bases).^[40] The length transferred is likely double stranded DNA and is often more than a third of the total chromosome length of 4215 kb.^[41] It appears that about 7-9% of the recipient cells take up an entire chromosome.^[42]

Competence in B. subtilis is induced toward the end of logarithmic growth, especially under conditions of amino acid limitation.^[43] Under these stressful conditions of semi-starvation the cells typically have just one copy of their chromosome and likely have increased DNA damage. To test whether the adaptive function of transformation is repair of DNA damages, a sequence of experiments was conducted with B. subtilis using UV light as the damaging agent^[44]^[45]^[46] and also reviewed by Michod et al.^[47] These experiments led to the conclusion that competence, with uptake of DNA, is specifically induced by DNA damaging conditions, and that transformation functions as a process for recombinational repair of DNA damage.^[47]

References[edit]

^ Euzéby JP (2008). "Bacillus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
^ Ambrosiano N (1999-06-30). "Lab biodetector tests to be safe, public to be well informed". Press release. Los Alamos National Labs. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
^ Madigan, M; Martinko, J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-144329-1. ^{[page needed]}
^ Nakano, Michiko M.; Zuber, Peter (1998). "Anaerobic Growth of A "Strict Aerobe" (Bacillus Subtilis)". Annual Review of Microbiology 52: 165–90. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.165. PMID 9891797.
^ Hong, Huynh A.; Khaneja, Reena; Tam, Nguyen M.K.; Cazzato, Alessia; Tan, Sisareuth; Urdaci, Maria; Brisson, Alain; Gasbarrini, Antonio; Barnes, Ian; Cutting, Simon M. (2009). "Bacillus subtilis isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract". Research in Microbiology 160 (2): 134–43. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2008.11.002. PMID 19068230.
^ Ehrenberg CG (1835). Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koeniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin aus den Jahren 1833–1835. pp. 145–336.
^ Cohn, Ferdinand (1872). "Untersuchungen über Bacterien". Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 1. pp. 127–224.
^ The Bacillus subtilis story
^ Ciprandi, G., A. Scordamaglia, D. Venuti, M. Caria, and G. W. Canonica. (1986). "In vitro effects of Bacillus subtilis on the immune response". Chemioterapia 5 (6): 404–7. PMID 3100070.
^ Shylakhovenko, V.A. (June 2003). "Anticancer and Immunostimulatory effects of Nucleoprotein Fraction of Bacillus subtilis". Experimental Oncology 25: 119–123.
^ Mazza, P. (1994). "The use of Bacillus subtilis as an antidiarrhoeal microorganism". Boll. Chim. Farm. 133 (1): 3–18. PMID 8166962.
^ Oggioni MR, Pozzi G, Valensin PE, Galieni P, Bigazzi C (January 1998). "Recurrent septicemia in an immunocompromised patient due to probiotic strains of Bacillus subtilis". J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 (1): 325–6. PMC 124869. PMID 9431982.
^ Ryan, KJ; Ray, CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9. ^{[page needed]}
^ Pepe O, Blaiotta G, Moschetti G, Greco T, Villani F (April 2003). "Rope-producing strains of Bacillus spp. from wheat bread and strategy for their control by lactic acid bacteria". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (4): 2321–9. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.4.2321-2329.2003. PMC 154770. PMID 12676716.
^ Gibson G.R., 2005. Functional Foods: Perspectives on foods for specific health uses (FOSHU), Colette Shortt, Yakult UK. Volume 1, page 7-1.
^ EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). "Scientific opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed (2010 update)". EFSA J 8 (12): 1944. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1944 (inactive October 4, 2013).
^ Noirot P (2007). "Replication of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome". In Graumann P. Bacillus: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-12-7. ^{[page needed]}
^ Harrigan GG, Ridley WP, Miller KD, et al. (October 2009). "The forage and grain of MON 87460, a drought-tolerant corn hybrid, are compositionally equivalent to that of conventional corn". J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (20): 9754–63. doi:10.1021/jf9021515. PMID 19778059.
^ USDA: Determination of Nonregulated Status for MON 87460 Corn (Zea mays L)|http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/09_05501p_det.pdf
^ Earl, Ashlee M.; Losick, Richard; Kolter, Roberto (2008). "Ecology and genomics of Bacillus subtilis". Trends in Microbiology 16 (6): 269–75. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2008.03.004. PMC 2819312. PMID 18467096.
^ Nakamura, L. K. (1989). "Taxonomic Relationship of Black-Pigmented Bacillus subtilis Strains and a Proposal for Bacillus atrophaeus sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 39 (3): 295–300. doi:10.1099/00207713-39-3-295.
^ Burke, S. A.; Wright, J. D.; Robinson, M. K.; Bronk, B. V.; Warren, R. L. (2004). "Detection of Molecular Diversity in Bacillus atrophaeus by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (5): 2786–90. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.5.2786-2790.2004. PMC 404429. PMID 15128533.
^ http://www1.va.gov/shad/^{[dead link]}
^ Gibbons, Henry S.; Broomall, Stacey M.; McNew, Lauren A.; Daligault, Hajnalka; Chapman, Carol; Bruce, David; Karavis, Mark; Krepps, Michael; McGregor, Paul A.; Hong, Charles; Park, Kyong H.; Akmal, Arya; Feldman, Andrew; Lin, Jeffrey S.; Chang, Wenling E.; Higgs, Brandon W.; Demirev, Plamen; Lindquist, John; Liem, Alvin; Fochler, Ed; Read, Timothy D.; Tapia, Roxanne; Johnson, Shannon; Bishop-Lilly, Kimberly A.; Detter, Chris; Han, Cliff; Sozhamannan, Shanmuga; Rosenzweig, C. Nicole; Skowronski, Evan W. (2011). "Genomic Signatures of Strain Selection and Enhancement in Bacillus atrophaeus var. Globigii, a Historical Biowarfare Simulant". In Badger, Jonathan. PLoS ONE 6 (3): e17836. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017836. PMC 3064580. PMID 21464989.
^ http://www.biopharma.novozymes.com/en/hyaluronic-acid/Frequently-asked-questions/Pages/default.aspx^{[full citation needed]}
^ Sharaf-Eldin, Mahmoud; Elkholy, Shereen; Fernández, José-Antonio; Junge, Helmut; Cheetham, Ronald; Guardiola, José; Weathers, Pamela (2008). "Bacillus subtilisFZB24® Affects Flower Quantity and Quality of Saffron (Crocus sativus)". Planta Medica 74 (10): 1316–20. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1081293. PMID 18622904.
^ http://www.who.int/phint/en/d/Jb.7.5.9/^{[full citation needed]}
^ http://www.andersenproducts.com/accessories/AN2203/index.html^{[full citation needed]}
^ Dose, K.; Bieger-Dose, A.; Dillmann, R.; Gill, M.; Kerz, O.; Klein, A.; Meinert, H.; Nawroth, T.; Risi, S.; Stridde, C. (1995). "ERA-experiment "space biochemistry"". Advances in Space Research 16 (8): 119–29. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00280-R. PMID 11542696.
^ Vaisberg, O.; Fedorov, A.; Dunjushkin, F.; Kozhukhovsky, A.; Smirnov, V.; Avanov, L.; Russell, C.T.; Luhmann, J.G. (1995). "Ion populations in the tail of Venus". Advances in Space Research 16 (4): 105–18. Bibcode:1995AdSpR..16..105V. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00217-3.
^ Clancy, Paul (Jun 23, 2005). Looking for Life, Searching the Solar System. Cambridge University Press. ^{[page needed]}
^ Horneck, G.; Klaus, D. M.; Mancinelli, R. L. (2010). "Space Microbiology". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 74 (1): 121–56. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00016-09. PMC 2832349. PMID 20197502.
^ Fajardo-Cavazos, Patricia; Link, Lindsey; Melosh, H. Jay; Nicholson, Wayne L. (2005). "Bacillus subtilisSpores on Artificial Meteorites Survive Hypervelocity Atmospheric Entry: Implications for Lithopanspermia". Astrobiology 5 (6): 726–36. doi:10.1089/ast.2005.5.726. PMID 16379527.
^ Brandstätter, Franz; Brack, André; Baglioni, Pietro; Cockell, Charles S.; Demets, René; Edwards, Howell G.M.; Kurat, Gero; Osinski, Gordon R.; Pillinger, Judith M.; Roten, Claude-Alain; Sancisi-Frey, Suzy (2008). "Mineralogical alteration of artificial meteorites during atmospheric entry. The STONE-5 experiment". Planetary and Space Science 56 (7): 976–84. Bibcode:2008P&SS...56..976B. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2007.12.014.
^ Wassmann, Marko; Moeller, Ralf; Rabbow, Elke; Panitz, Corinna; Horneck, Gerda; Reitz, Günther; Douki, Thierry; Cadet, Jean; Stan-Lotter, Helga; Cockell, Charles S.; Rettberg, Petra (2012). "Survival of Spores of the UV-ResistantBacillus subtilisStrain MW01 After Exposure to Low-Earth Orbit and Simulated Martian Conditions: Data from the Space Experiment ADAPT on EXPOSE-E". Astrobiology 12 (5): 498–507. doi:10.1089/ast.2011.0772. PMID 22680695.
^ Kobayashi, K.; Ehrlich, S. D.; Albertini, A.; Amati, G.; Andersen, K. K.; Arnaud, M.; Asai, K.; Ashikaga, S.; Aymerich, S.; Bessieres, P.; Boland, F.; Brignell, S. C.; Bron, S.; Bunai, K.; Chapuis, J.; Christiansen, L. C.; Danchin, A.; Debarbouille, M.; Dervyn, E.; Deuerling, E.; Devine, K.; Devine, S. K.; Dreesen, O.; Errington, J.; Fillinger, S.; Foster, S. J.; Fujita, Y.; Galizzi, A.; Gardan, R.; Eschevins, C. (2003). "Essential Bacillus subtilis genes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (8): 4678–83. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.4678K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0730515100. JSTOR 3144001. PMC 153615. PMID 12682299.
^ Saito, Shinichi; Kakeshita, Hiroshi; Nakamura, Kouji (2009). "Novel small RNA-encoding genes in the intergenic regions of Bacillus subtilis". Gene 428 (1–2): 2–8. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.09.024. PMID 18948176.
^ Chen, Inês; Dubnau, David (2004). "DNA uptake during bacterial transformation". Nature Reviews Microbiology 2 (3): 241–9. doi:10.1038/nrmicro844. PMID 15083159.
^ Solomon, Jonathan M.; Grossman, Alan D. (1996). "Who's competent and when: Regulation of natural genetic competence in bacteria". Trends in Genetics 12 (4): 150–5. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(96)10014-7. PMID 8901420.
^ Saito, Yukiko; Taguchi, Hisataka; Akamatsu, Takashi (2006). "Fate of transforming bacterial genome following incorporation into competent cells of Bacillus subtilis: A continuous length of incorporated DNA". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 101 (3): 257–62. doi:10.1263/jbb.101.257. PMID 16716928.
^ Saito, Yukiko; Taguchi, Hisataka; Akamatsu, Takashi (2006). "DNA taken into Bacillus subtilis competent cells by lysed-protoplast transformation is not ssDNA but dsDNA". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 101 (4): 334–9. doi:10.1263/jbb.101.334. PMID 16716942.
^ Akamatsu, Takashi; Taguchi, Hisataka (2001). "Incorporation of the Whole Chromosomal DNA in Protoplast Lysates into Competent Cells of Bacillus subtilis". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 65 (4): 823–9. doi:10.1271/bbb.65.823. PMID 11388459.
^ Anagnostopoulos C, Spizizen J (May 1961). "Requirements for transformation in Bacillus subtilis". J. Bacteriol. 81 (5): 741–6. PMC 279084. PMID 16561900.
^ Hoelzer MA, Michod RE (June 1991). "DNA repair and the evolution of transformation in Bacillus subtilis. III. Sex with damaged DNA". Genetics 128 (2): 215–23. PMC 1204460. PMID 1906416.
^ Michod RE, Wojciechowski MF, Hoelzer MA (January 1988). "DNA repair and the evolution of transformation in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis". Genetics 118 (1): 31–9. PMC 1203263. PMID 8608929.
^ Wojciechowski MF, Hoelzer MA, Michod RE (March 1989). "DNA repair and the evolution of transformation in Bacillus subtilis. II. Role of inducible repair". Genetics 121 (3): 411–22. PMC 1203629. PMID 2497048.
^ ^a ^b Michod, Richard E.; Bernstein, Harris; Nedelcu, Aurora M. (2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens". Infection, Genetics and Evolution 8 (3): 267–85. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002. PMID 18295550.

External links[edit]

SubtiWiki "up-to-date information for all genes of Bacillus subtilis"
Bacillus subtilis Final Risk Assessment on EPA.gov
Bacillus subtilis genome browser

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. セレウス菌およびその他の非炭疽菌バシラス属 bacillus cereus and other non anthracis bacillus species
2. アレルギー性接触皮膚炎の一般的なアレルゲン common allergens in allergic contact dermatitis
3. 膀胱内BCG免疫療法の合併症 complications of intravesical bcg immunotherapy
4. 結核の皮膚症状 cutaneous manifestations of tuberculosis
5. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases: An overview

English Journal

Production of the α-glycosidase inhibitor 1-deoxynojirimycin from Bacillus species.

Onose S, Ikeda R, Nakagawa K, Kimura T, Yamagishi K, Higuchi O, Miyazawa T.SourceFood and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2013 May 1;138(1):516-23. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.012. Epub 2012 Nov 15.
1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent α-glycosidase inhibitor, has therapeutic applications in treatments of HIV, Gaucher's disease, and diabetes. DNJ has been extracted from natural sources (mulberry leaves) for therapeutic purposes; however, DNJ ingredients are in limited supply and are costly to ob
PMID 23265519

Characterisation and profiling of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis by MALDI-TOF mass fingerprinting.

Fernández-No IC, Böhme K, Díaz-Bao M, Cepeda A, Barros-Velázquez J, Calo-Mata P.SourceDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Carballo Calero s/n, Campus Lugo, E-27002 Lugo, Spain.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2013 Apr;33(2):235-42. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.09.022. Epub 2012 Oct 11.
The Bacillus genus includes species such as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, some of which may be pathogenic or causative agents in the spoilage of food products. The main goal of this work was to apply matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight (MALDI-T
PMID 23200657

Japanese Journal

Quantitative Analyses of the Isoforms of Surfactin Produced by Bacillus subtilis HSO 121 Using GC-MS

ZHAO Yue,YANG Shi Zhong,MU Bo Zhong
Analytical Sciences 28(8), 789-793, 2012-08
NAID 40019368594

Role of ComEA in DNA uptake during transformation of competent Bacillus subtilis

Takeno Masaomi,Taguchi Hisataka,Akamatsu Takashi
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 113(6), 689693, 2012-06
NAID 40019318864

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「バシラス属」「バチルス・スブチリス」「バシラス・サブティリス」「B. subtilis」

「バシラス属」

Bacillus subtilis
	TEM micrograph of a B. subtilis cell in cross-section (scale bar = 200 nm).
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Firmicutes
Class:	Bacilli
Order:	Bacillales
Family:	Bacillaceae
Genus:	Bacillus
Species:	B. subtilis
Binomial name
	Bacillus subtilis; (Ehrenberg 1835); Cohn 1872
Synonyms
	Vibrio subtilis; Bacillus globigii;

　　[★]

ラ: Bacillus
同: Bacillus属、バチルス属(これを使うのは農学だけらしい)、桿菌？、バシラス？、桿菌属、バチラス
関: 細菌

微生物学

グラム陽性桿菌
芽胞を形成
偏性好気性菌・通性嫌気性菌からなる