床、フロア、底

関: carpet、fundus

WordNet

the inside lower horizontal surface (as of a room, hallway, tent, or other structure); "they needed rugs to cover the bare floors"; "we spread our sleeping bags on the dry floor of the tent" (同)flooring
a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale; "what level is the office on?" (同)level, storey, story
a large room in a exchange where the trading is done; "he is a floor trader" (同)trading floor
the legislative hall where members debate and vote and conduct other business; "there was a motion from the floor"
a lower limit; "the government established a wage floor" (同)base
the bottom surface of any lake or other body of water
the ground on which people and animals move about; "the fire spared the forest floor"
the lower inside surface of any hollow structure; "the floor of the pelvis"; "the floor of the cave"
the occupants of a floor; "the whole floor complained about the lack of heat"
the parliamentary right to address an assembly; "the chairman granted him the floor"
form a carpet-like cover (over)
a natural object that resembles or suggests a carpet; "a carpet of flowers"; "the larvae of some moths spin a web that resembles a carpet"
cover completely, as if with a carpet; "flowers carpeted the meadows"
cover with a carpet; "carpet the floors of the house"
(anatomy) the base of a hollow organ or that part of the organ farthest from its opening; "the uterine fundus"; "the fundus of the stomach"
a board in the floor (同)floor board
the floor of an automobile
the floor of a building that is at or nearest to the level of the ground around the building (同)first_floor, ground level
the right to be admitted onto the floor of a legislative assembly while it is in session
the legislator who organizes his partys strategy
building material used in laying floors
provided with a floor

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『床』 / 〈C〉底,底面(bottom) / 〈C〉(価格の)最低限度 / 〈C〉『階』,層 / 《the~》議場,議員席 / 《the~》(議員などの)発言権 / (…で)…‘の'床を張る《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'床(地面)になぐり倒す(knock down) / 《話》〈問題・議論などが〉〈人〉‘を'打ち破る,困惑させる(puzzle);〈ニュースなどが〉〈人〉‘を'あ然(ぼう然)とさせる
(部屋いっぱいに敷く)『じゅうたん』,もうせん / 《比喩(ひゆ)的に》『一面をおおうもの』,辺りいっぱいに広がるもの / …‘に'じゅうたんを敷く / (…で)…'を'一面におおう《+『名』+『with』(『by』)+『名』》
床板 / (自動車の)底板
床ぞうきん
〈U〉床材 / 《集合的に》床,床張り

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/03 14:08:49」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Scraping a wooden floor, Caillebotte (1875)

A floor is the walking surface of a room or vehicle. Floors vary from simple dirt in a cave to many-layered surfaces using modern technology. Floors may be stone, wood, bamboo, metal, or any other material that can support the expected load.

The levels of a building are often referred to as floors although a more proper term is story or storey.

Floors typically consist of a subfloor for support and a floor covering used to give a good walking surface. In modern buildings the subfloor often has electrical wiring, plumbing, and other services built in. As floors must meet many needs, some essential to safety, floors are built to strict building codes in the first world.

Special floor structures

Floors may incorporate glass, mosaic or other artistic expression.

Where a special floor structure like a floating floor is laid upon another floor then both may be referred to as subfloors.

Special floor structures are used for a number of purposes:

Balcony, a platform projecting from a wall
Floating floor, normally for noise or vibration reduction
Glass floor, as in glass bottomed elevators
Nightingale floor makes a noise when an intruder walks on it
Raised floor, utilities underneath can be accessed easily
Sprung floor, improves the performance and safety of athletes and dancers

Floor covering

Patterned floor

Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid materials.

Materials almost always classified as floor covering include carpet, area rugs, and resilient flooring such as linoleum or vinyl flooring. Materials commonly called flooring include wood flooring, laminated wood, ceramic tile, stone, terrazzo, and various seamless chemical floor coatings.^[1]

The choice of material for floor covering is affected by factors such as cost, endurance, noise insulation, comfort and cleaning effort. Some types of flooring must not be installed below grade (lower than ground level), and laminate or hardwood should be avoided where there may be moisture or condensation.

The subfloor may be finished in a way that makes it usable without any extra work, see:

Earthen floor adobe or clay floors
Solid ground floor cement screed or granolithic

There are a number of special features that may be used to ornament a floor or perform a useful service. Examples include Floor medallions which provide a decorative centerpiece of a floor design, or Gratings used to drain water or to rub dirt off shoes.

Subfloor construction

Floors may be built on beams or joists or use structures like prefabricated hollow core slabs. The subfloor builds on those and attaches by various means particular to the support structure but the support and subfloor together always provides the strength of a floor one can sense underfoot. Nowadays, subfloors are generally made from at least two layers of moisture resistant ('AC' grade, one side finished and sanded flat) plywood or composite sheeting, jointly also termed Underlayments on floor joists of 2x8, 2x10, or 2x12's (dimensional lumber) spaced generally on 16-inch (40.6 cm) centers, in the United States and Canada. Some flooring components used solely on concrete slabs consist of a dimpled rubberized or plastic layer much like bubble wrap that provide little tiny pillars for the one-half-inch (12.7 mm) sheet material above. These are manufactured in 2 ft × 2 ft (61 cm × 61 cm) squares and the edges fit together like a mortise and tenon joint. Like a floor on joists not on concrete, a second sheeting underlayment layer is added with staggered joints to disperse forces that would open a joint under the stress of live loads like a person walking.

Three layers are common only in high end highest quality construction. The two layers in high quality construction will both be thick ³⁄₄ inch (19.1 mm) sheets (as will the third when present), but the two layers may achieve a combined thickness of only half-that in cheaper construction — ¹⁄₂ in (12.7 mm) panel overlaid by ¹⁄₄ in (6.4 mm) plywood subflooring. At the highest end, or in select rooms of the building there might well be three sheeting layers, and such stiff subflooring is necessary to prevent the cracking of large floor tiles of 9–10 inches (22.9–25.4 cm) or more on a side, and the structure under such a floor will frequently also have extra 'bracing' and 'blocking' joist-to-joist intended spread the weight to have as little sagging on any joist as possible when there is a live load on the floor above.

In Europe and North America only a few rare floors will be seen to have no separate floor covering on top, and those are normally because of a temporary condition pending sales or occupancy; in semi-custom new construction and some rental markets, such floors are provided for the new home buyer (renter) to select their own preferred floor coverings usually a wall to wall carpet, or one piece vinyl floor covering. Wood clad ('Hardwood') and tile covered finished floors generally will require a stiffer higher quality subfloor, especially for the later class. Since the wall base and flooring interact forming a joint, such later added semi-custom floors will generally not be hardwood for that joint construction would be in the wrong order unless the wall base trim was also delayed pending the choosing.

The subfloor may also provide underfloor heating and if floor radiant heating is not used, will certainly suffer puncture openings to be put through for forced air ducts for both heating and air conditioning, or pipe holes for forced hot water or steam heating transport piping conveying the heat from furnace to the to local room's heat exchangers (radiators).

Some sub-floors are inset below the top surface level of surrounding flooring's joists and such subfloors and a normal height joist are joined to make a plywood box both molding and containing at least two inches (5 cm) of concrete (A 'Mud Floor' in builders parlance). Alternatively, only a slightly inset floor topped by a fibrous mesh and concrete building composite floor cladding is used for smaller high quality tile floors—these 'concrete' subfloors have a good thermal match with ceramic tiles and so are popular with builders constructing kitchen, laundry and especially both common and high end bathrooms and any other room where large expanses of well supported ceramic tile will be used as a finished floor. Floors using small (4.5 in or 11.4 cm and smaller) ceramic tiles generally use only an additional ¹⁄₄-inch (6.4 mm) layer of plywood (if that) and substitute adhesive and substrate materials making do with both a flexible joints and semi-flexible mounting compounds and so are designed to withstand the greater flexing which large tiles cannot tolerate without breaking.

Ground floor construction

A ground-level floor can be an earthen floor made of soil, or be solid ground floors made of concrete slab.

Ground level slab floors are uncommon in northern latitudes where freezing provides significant structural problems, except in heated interior spaces such as basements or for outdoor unheated structures such as a gazebo or shed where unitary temperatures are not creating pockets of troublesome meltwaters. Ground-level slab floors are prepared for pouring by grading the site, which usually also involves removing topsoil and other organic materials well away from the slab site. Once the site has reached a suitable firm inorganic base material that is graded further so that it is flat and level, and then topped by spreading a layer-cake of force dispersing sand and gravel. Deeper channels may be dug, especially the slab ends and across the slab width at regular intervals in which a continuous run of rebar is bent and wired to sit at two heights within forming a sub-slab 'concrete girder'. Above the targeted bottom height (coplanar with the compacted sand and gravel topping) a separate grid of rebar or welded wire mesh is usually added to reinforce the concrete, and will be tied to the under slab 'girder' rebar at intervals. The under slab cast girders are used especially if it the slab be used structurally, i.e. to support part of the building.

Upper floor construction

Multi-floor construction, Katowice (2012)

Floors in woodframe homes are usually constructed with joists centered no more than 16 inches (41 centimeters) apart, according to most building codes.^{[citation needed]} Heavy floors, such as those made of stone, require more closely spaced joists. If the span between load-bearing walls is too long for joists to safely support, then a heavy crossbeam (thick or laminated wood, or a metal I-beam or H-beam) may be used. A "subfloor" of plywood or waferboard is then laid over the joists.

Utilities

In modern buildings, there are numerous services provided via ducts or wires underneath the floor or above the ceiling. The floor of one level typically also holds the ceiling of the level below (if any).

Services provided by subfloors include:

Air conditioning
Communication fibers
Electrical wiring
Fire protection
Thermal insulation
Plumbing
Sewerage
Soundproofing
Underfloor heating

In floors supported by joists, utilities are run through the floor by drilling small holes through the joists to serve as conduits. Where the floor is over the basement or crawlspace, utilities may instead be run under the joists, making the installation less expensive. Also, ducts for air conditioning (central heating and cooling) are large and cannot cross through joists or beams; thus, ducts are typically at or near the plenum, or come directly from underneath (or from an attic).

Pipes for plumbing, sewerage, underfloor heating, and other utilities may be laid directly in slab floors, typically via cellular floor raceways. However, later maintenance of these systems can be expensive, requiring the opening of concrete or other fixed structures. Electrically heated floors are available, and both kinds of systems can also be used in wood floors as well.

Problems with floors

Wood floors, particularly older ones, will tend to 'squeak' in certain places. This is caused by the wood rubbing against other wood, usually at a joint of the subfloor. Firmly securing the pieces to each other with screws or nails may reduce this problem.

Floor vibration is a problem with floors. Wood floors tend to pass sound, particularly heavy footsteps and low bass frequencies. Floating floors can reduce this problem. Concrete floors are usually so massive they do not have this problem, but they are also much more expensive to construct and must meet more stringent building requirements due to their weight.

The flooring may need protection sometimes. A gym floor cover can be used to reduce the need to satisfy incompatible requirements.

Floor cleaning

Monk sweeping the floor (1472)

Sailors scrubbing the deck floor of the battleship HMS Rodney

Floor cleaning is a major occupation throughout the world and has been since ancient times. Cleaning is essential to prevent injuries due to slips and to remove dirt. Floors are also treated to protect or beautify the surface. The correct method to clean one type of floor can often damage another, so it is important to use the correct treatment.

References

^ World Floor Covering Association

Look up floor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 女性における筋膜性骨盤痛症候群のマネージメントのための骨盤底の運動療法 pelvic floor physical therapy for management of myofascial pelvic pain syndrome in women
2. 眼窩骨折 orbital fractures
3. 骨盤底障害および下部尿路障害を伴う女性における性機能 sexual function in women with pelvic floor and lower urinary tract disorders
4. 局所進行性（ステージIIIおよびIV）の頭頸部癌の治療：口腔 treatment of locoregionally advanced stage iii and iv head and neck cancer the oral cavity
5. 早期（ステージIおよびII）の頭頸部癌の治療：口腔 treatment of early stage i and ii head and neck cancer the oral cavity

English Journal

Rapid homogeneous immunoassay for cardiac troponin I using switchable lanthanide luminescence.

Päkkilä H1, Malmi E2, Lahtinen S3, Soukka T4.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2014 Dec 15;62:201-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.042. Epub 2014 Jun 25.
Homogeneous assays are advantageous because of their simplicity and rapid kinetics but typically their performance is severely compromised compared to heterogeneous assay formats. Here, we report a homogeneous immunoassay utilizing switchable lanthanide luminescence for detection and site-specifical
PMID 25010846

A pilot validation of a modified Illness Perceptions Questionnaire designed to predict response to cognitive therapy for psychosis.

Marcus E1, Garety P2, Weinman J3, Emsley R4, Dunn G5, Bebbington P6, Freeman D7, Kuipers E8, Fowler D9, Hardy A10, Waller H11, Jolley S12.
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2014 Dec;45(4):459-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.06.003. Epub 2014 Jun 21.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Clinical responsiveness to cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis (CBTp) varies. Recent research has demonstrated that illness perceptions predict active engagement in therapy, and, thereby, better outcomes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the psychometric prop
PMID 25011076

Impulsivity-related cognition in alcohol dependence: Is it moderated by DRD2/ANKK1 gene status and executive dysfunction?

Gullo MJ1, St John N2, McD Young R3, Saunders JB2, Noble EP4, Connor JP5.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2014 Nov;39(11):1663-9. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.004. Epub 2014 Feb 15.
Perceived impaired control over alcohol use is a key cognitive construct in alcohol dependence that has been related prospectively to treatment outcome and may mediate the risk for problem drinking conveyed by impulsivity in non-dependent drinkers. The aim of the current study was to investigate whe
PMID 24629326

Impulsivity: Four ways five factors are not basic to addiction.

Gullo MJ1, Loxton NJ2, Dawe S3.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2014 Nov;39(11):1547-56. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.002. Epub 2014 Jan 16.
Several impulsivity-related models have been applied to understanding the vulnerability to addiction. While there is a growing consensus that impulsivity is multifaceted, debate continues as to the precise number of facets and, more critically, which are most relevant to explaining the addiction-ris
PMID 24576666

Japanese Journal

鋼構造2層純骨組小模型の振動台実験の地震波加振レベルの違いによる応答比較

木曽翔太,岩井哲
広島工業大学紀要. 研究編 42, 207-213, 39479-00-00
… The two-story frame structures with rigid roof and rigid floor consists of two types of columns: the one is "weak" first-story model and the other is "strong" first-story model. …
NAID 120005403291

居住床を対象とした衝撃振動の周波数特性が人の振動感覚に与える影響

冨田隆太,井上勝夫
日本建築学会環境系論文集 79(705), 927-935, 2014-11
NAID 40020259904

「個人実施型」家庭的保育施設の運営内容と保育室の使い方について : 家庭的保育施設の計画と運営に関する建築計画的研究(その2)

辻川ひとみ,中野明
日本建築学会計画系論文集 79(705), 2387-2394, 2014-11
NAID 40020253096

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中村滋延,尾本章,鳥原秀男
Geijutsu Kogaku: the Journal of Design 21, 51-60, 2014-10-16
… The color data of floor, wall and ceiling of each room is measured and analyzed with the Lab color space. …
NAID 120005511972

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 52」「fundus」「底」「床」「フロア」
拡張検索	「floor of mouth」

「100Cases 52」

　　[★]

☆case52　全身性の筋力低下

■glossary

筋力低下、筋無力、筋脱力 muscle weakness, muscular weakness

denture 義歯

leg 脚、下肢

bruising 打撲、打撲傷

hair follicle 毛包

edentulous adj. 歯のない。歯を失った、全歯欠損の

■症例

82歳、男性

主訴：筋力低下と全身の倦怠感

現病歴：(以前から続く)筋痛。関節痛(特に肘、手首、膝)。3週間前に転倒して足を打ち、足に局所的な痛みがある。喫煙歴なし。飲酒歴なし。服用薬なし。

既往歴：12年前に心筋梗塞になった。心筋梗塞のβブロッカーを処方されていたが、過去6年間は処方薬を持ってなかった。20年前に胆嚢摘出術。

家族歴：

社会歴：労働者として働いていた。63歳に退職。2階のアパート(in a second-floor flat)に単身で住んでいる。妻は5年前に死亡。息子が一人おり、アイルランドに在住している。息子とは3年間会っていない。

・診察 examination

　肢帯周辺の筋肉に圧痛。肘、手首、肘周辺にも圧痛。口には異常がないが舌がかなり平坦化。歯はなく、義歯は無くしている。循環器系、呼吸器系、消化器系に異常なし。下肢では右脚の脛の前面に(superficial laceration)が認められる。このlacerationは血かにじみ出ており治癒していない。下肢には出血斑が認められる部分がある。腕や脚に打撲傷がみとめられる広い範囲がある。彼が言うには、この打撲傷はどんな外傷とも関係がないとのことである。

・検査 investigation

　ヘモグロビン低値、MCV 低値

■答え

(第一パラグラフ)

・dietary historyは重要なhistoryの中でも重要な部分。

・特に今回のような症例では重要。

・今回の症例では、多くの特徴が栄養的な問題を示している。

　・家族の援助が無く、5年間widowerである。

　・2階のアパートに独りで住んでいる。get outが困難である。

　・義歯を無くしており、食べるのが痕案である。

(第二パラグラフ)

・凝固異常に関係しうる点状出血の皮疹(petechial rash)が見られるが、血小板数は正常。