関: eyeground、fundal、fundi、fundus、ocular fundus

WordNet

provide a fund for the redemption of principal or payment of interest
a reserve of money set aside for some purpose (同)monetary fund
accumulate a fund for the discharge of a recurrent liability; "fund a medical care plan"
convert (short-term floating debt) into long-term debt that bears fixed interest and is represented by bonds
furnish money for; "The government funds basic research in many areas"
invest money in government securities
place or store up in a fund for accumulation
(anatomy) the base of a hollow organ or that part of the organ farthest from its opening; "the uterine fundus"; "the fundus of the stomach"

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(特定の目的のための)『資金』,基金《+『for』+『名』》 / 《a ~》(すぐに役立つ知職などの)『蓄え』,蓄積(stock)《+『of』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》手元資金,所持金;《英》公債,国債 / 〈事業・研究など〉‘に'資金を提供する / 〈負債〉‘を'長期公債にする

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/02 22:44:28」(JST)

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Fundus photographs of the right eye (left image) and left eye (right image), seen from front so that left in each image is to the person's right.

Information

Each fundus has no sign of disease or pathology. The gaze is into the camera, so in each picture the macula is in the center of the image, and the optic disk is located towards the nose. Both optic disks have some pigmentation at the perimeter of the lateral side, which is considered non-pathological. The left image (right eye) shows lighter areas close to larger vessels, which has been regarded as a normal finding in younger people.

A fundus photo, showing the optic disc as a bright area on the right where blood vessels converge. The spot to the left of the centre is the macula. The grey, more diffuse spot in the centre is a shadow artifact.

Fundus of human eye

The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye, opposite the lens, and includes the retina, optic disc, macula and fovea, and posterior pole.^[1] The fundus can be examined by ophthalmoscopy^[1] and/or fundus photography. The term fundus may also be inclusive of Bruch's membrane and the choroid.^{[citation needed]}

The color of the fundus varies both between and within species. In one study^[2] of primates the retina is blue, green, yellow, orange, and red; only the human fundus (from a lightly pigmented blond person) is red. The major differences noted among the "higher" primate species ^{[clarification needed]} were size and regularity of the border of macular area, size and shape of the optic disc, apparent 'texturing' of retina, and pigmentation of retina.

The eye's fundus is the only part of the human body where the microcirculation can be observed directly.^[3] The diameter of the blood vessels around the optic disc is about 150 μm, and an ophthalmoscope allows observation of blood vessels with diameters as small as 10 μm.^[3]

Medical signs that can be detected from observation of eye fundus (generally by funduscopy) include hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots, blood vessel abnormalities (tortuosity, pulsation and new vessels) and pigmentation.^[4] Arteriolar constriction, seen as "silver wiring", and vascular tortuosities are seen in hypertensive retinopathy.

References

^ ^a ^b Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.
^ Wolin LR, Massopust LC (September 1967). "Characteristics of the ocular fundus in primates". J. Anat. 101 (Pt 4): 693–9. PMC 1270903. PMID 6059819. Free full text in PubMed Central
^ ^a ^b Ronald Pitts Crick, Peng Tee Khaw, "A Textbook of Clinical Ophthalmology: A Practical Guide to Disorders of the Eyes and Their Management", 3rd edition, World Scientific, 2003, ISBN 981-238-128-7
^ Imran Akram, Adrian Rubinstein "Common retinal signs. An overview", "Optometry Today", 28/01/05, [1]

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English Journal

The role of visual electrophysiology in mucopolysaccharidoses.

Suppiej A, Rampazzo A, Cappellari A, Traverso A, Tormene AP, Pinello L, Scarpa M.Source1Child Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Children's Hospithal, Padova, Italy.
Journal of child neurology.J Child Neurol.2013 Oct;28(10):1203-9. doi: 10.1177/0883073812453322. Epub 2012 Aug 21.
Visual electrophysiological techniques represent excellent means for assessing retinal, optic pathways and visual cortex function. Electroretinograms, visual evoked potentials, and clinical records of 17 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis registered in the neurophysiological database of our institu
PMID 22914380

Methods and reproducibility of grading optimized digital color fundus photographs in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2 Report Number 2).

Danis RP, Domalpally A, Chew EY, Clemons TE, Armstrong J, SanGiovanni JP, Ferris FL 3rd; AREDS2 Study Group.Collaborators (1006)Chew EY, Ferris FL 3rd, SanGiovanni JP, Agrón E, Clemons T, Lindblad A, Lindblad R, Shah N, Sperduto R, McBee W, Gensler G, Harrington M, Henning A, Jones K, Thotapally K, Tull D, Watson V, Williams K, Gentry C, Kaufman F, Morrison C, Saverino E, Schenning S, Bonds D, Worrell B, Hsia J, Robinson J, Eaton C, Bertoni A, Blodi B, Danis RP, Davis M, Domalpally A, Glander K, Guilfoil G, Hubbard LD, Johnson K, Klein R, Nardi B, Neider M, Robinson N, Rosensteel E, Wabers H, Zhang G, Ruby AJ, Capone A Jr, Dass B, Drenser K, Garretson BR, Hassan TS, Trese M, Williams GA, Wolfe J, Bell T, Zajechowski M, Bezaire D, McIver F, Medina A, Pagett J, Smith SH, Swartz L, Treuter T, Antoszyk A, Brown J, Browning DJ, Holland W, Karow A, Stalford K, Price A, Ennis S, Fredenberg S, Herby J, Balasubramaniam U, Clark L, McClain D, McOwen M, Watson L, Klein M, Bailey ST, Hwang TJ, Lauer A, Stout J, McCollum P, Johnson M, Rice PB, Kim I, Loewenstein J, Miller J, Sobrin L, Young L, Sullivan J, Houlihan P, Merry L, Lane AM, Bator UL, Evans C, Brett S, Callahan C, Grillo M, Walsh D, Zimmerman KL, Fish GE, Anand R, Coors LE, Fuller DG, Spencer R, Wang RC, Duignan K, Arceneaux S, Aguado H, Hesse N, Mackens M, Swan B, Wong WT, Cukras C, Dalal M, Jacobs-El N, Meyerle C, Nicholson B, Wiley H, Shimel KH, Garced A, Oparah J, Short G, Temple A, Ayukawa B, Foster G, Hayes D, Koutsandreas D, Nashwinter R, Rowan J, Chew EY, Bono M, Cunningham D, Palmer M, Zetina A, Orth DH, Rezaei K, Civantos J, Hasan S, Packo K, Figliulo C, Stanberry P, Farmer T, Nelson K, Townsend-Patrick S, Rosenfeld P, Chen R, Doshi R, Dubovy S, Kim BT, Lowrance M, Moshfeghi A, Nahas Z, Schienbaum G, Vishak J, Weng C, Yehoshua Z, Rodriguez B, Rebimbas J, Gleichauf J, Kicak M, Mena J, Odem T, Sferza-Camp E, Disgdiertt A, Oramas J, Rams I, Thatcher S, Bressler SB, Bressler NM, Finkelstein D, Sherman SH, Solomon S, Ying HS, Denbow R, Phillips D, Radcliffe E, Belt J, Cain D, Emmert D, Herring M, McDonald J, Bergstrom CS, Cribbs B, Hendrick A, Johnson B, Laird P, Mehta S, Olsen T, Townsend J, Yan J, Yeh S, Curtis L, Brower J, Yi H, Dobbs JR, Jordan D, Elman MJ, Liss RA, Starr J, Belz J, Putzulo C, Coffey T, Davis A, Singletary P, Andreani GS, Cain T, Ketner D, Sotirakos P, Chandra S, Blodi BA, Altaweel MM, Danis RP, Gottlieb JL, Ip M, Klein R, Nork T, Stevens TS, Burke K, Olson S, Dietzman K, Soderling B, Somers G, Wealti A, Krolnik D, Peterson J, Reed S, Friberg T, Eller A, Gallagher D, Labriola L, Pokrifka M, Gedansky A, Anthony N, Grzybowski C, Matthews D, Murajda-Jumba S, Toro J, Fish GE, Callanan DG, Solley WA, Williams P, Lash S, Boleman B, Dock C, Fish GE, Shami M, Arrington B, Meeks A, Margherio AR, Raphaelian P, Markus D, Langdon J, Truax E, Lewis S, Terry B, Ruby AJ, Noffke A, Oh K, Sarrafizadeh R, Sneed S, Hammersley J, Neal S, Doran M, Jones N, Preston L, Jessick H, Marsh TT, Tolentino M, Berger A, Hamilton R, Misch D, Moon SJ, Sutherland D, Dilts V, Henderson S, Medina E, Trueman D, Holm L, Strickland J, Ie D, Lipkowitz JL, Shah KB, Geraghty S, Sannazzaro B, Harper M, Bayer K, Lansing MB, Fox LB, Lee R, Stallman JB, Jacobson M, Koh S, Lampert S, Miller J, Rivellese M, Sharma A, Stoltz RA, Vanderveldt S, Marcus L, Hendricks S, Hollman R, Betanzos G, Ellorin L, Fulbright S, McCormick D, Edwards PA, Hall J, Monk M, Gutkowski M, Mazurek M, Murphy J, Gusas K, Moffett C, Burley D, Chesney N, Kilgo K, Rusinek B, Stern B, Troszak T, Baker-Levingston R, Baker CW, Caldwell T, Walker T, Lambert LF, Martin T, Palmer MJ, Williams T, Novak MA, Coney J, Miller DG, Pendergast S, Singerman L, Zakov N, Zegarra H, DuBois K, Rath S, Revella L, Brink T, Drury K, Hogue L, Ilc M, Keller C, McNamara E, Tanner V, Cunningham T, DuBois J, Greanoff G, Nitzsche T, Smith-Brewer S, Isernhagen RD, Kitchens JW, Stone TW, Wood WJ, Holcomb D, Therrien V, Buck M, Van Arsdall J, Slade E, Schneiderman TE, Spinak DJ, Gaedke J, Brown HD, Helgren D, Pangelinan JG, Halperin L, Anagnoste S, Dhalla M, Rosenberg K, Taney B, Thompson W, Lopez J, Hamlin M, Lopez M, Mariano J, Quinchia E, Aramayo P, Veksler R, Lee M, Dreyer R, Handelman I, Ma C, Peters M, Hobbs S 3rd, Milliron A, Kopfer M, Connaughton M, Hoerner A, Logan R, Wohlsein HJ, Boyer D, Chu TG, Dayani P, Liao D, Novack RL, Rahhal FM, Roe R, Tabandeh H, Bayramyan J, Gasparyan T, Hoang C, Kurokouchi J, Lo TE, Ngo R, Nguyen MA, Peyton M, Yoon C, Sierra J, Zamboni A, Kessinger J, Protacio E, Smucker A, Rath P, Bergren R, Doft B, Liu J, Olsen K, Merlotti L, Ingram W, Marfisi K, Yeckel K, Schultz H, Fec A, McBroom K, Steinberg D, Levy M, Abrams J, Chen M, Torres W, Jelemensky P, Prybylski M, Raphael T, Appleby D, Rodman C, Sneath M, Rosa RH Jr, Hoelscher V, Castano A, Parker J, Hoskins J, Anderson N, Googe J Jr, McMillan TA, Miller J Jr, Perkins S, Oliver K, Beerbower J, Gilliland B, Hunt C, Jacobus M, Lince R, Morris C, Oelrich S, Whetstone J, Chan CK, Lin S, Walther K, Gonzales T, Myers L, Huff K, Brown DM, Chen E, Benz MS, Fish RH, Kim RY, Major J Jr, Wong TP, Wycoff C, Cone C, Gilaspia DG, Landaverde N, Smith R, Zamora D, Sneed V, Vela M, Kegley E, Greven C, Kurup S, Richards C, Slusher M, Everhart C, Fish J, Clark M, Miller D, Tyler M, Jumper J, Fu AD, Johnson RN, Lujan B, McDonald H, Rodriguez R, Ansari N, Joaquin J, Linares S, Lopez L, Sabio J, Grout S, Indermill C, Urias Y, Zimmerman R, Margulies L, Schmidt SJ, Meier JL, Hadley SL, Rosenthal W, Johnson B, Swafford L, Shields R, Varner R, Rosen R, Gentile R, Rivas M, Tai KW, Carrasquillo-Boyd W, Masini R, Stoller G, Carnevale K, LaRosa DM, Burger B, Conway T, Del Castillo C, Diaz J, Jones S, Mondoc N, Balfour C, Vitha CH, Lutz J, McGinley B, El Baba F, Lavorna AM, Jones R, Lewis J, Tenzler R, Salvas-Mladek M, Van Kesteren D, McLean WC Jr, Bridges WZ Jr, Stone C, Ammons D, Lamy M, Menzel A, Raymer LD, Campbell B, Hawkins L, Rickman L, Sherlin L, Price P, Sinyai A, Kingsley R, Bradford RH Jr, Leonard RE 2nd, Icks S, Bergman V, Ross B, Burris R, Butt A, Richmond R, Lyon A, Gill M, Jampol L, Mizra R, Rozenbajgier Z, Chapman J, Kaminski L, Degillio A, Simjanoski E, Heier J, Cho H, Cleary TS, Goldman D, Shah C, Topping T, Weber M, Wiegand T, Schindelheim J, Bankert J, Stone J, Nowak A, Chong S, Williams L, Bennett S, Donovan D, Graham M, Jones C, Fung A, Bayabo JK, Bosch R, Cruz E, Emerson A, Fleming A, Barsness D, Rodriguez J, Soboleva M, Scott IU, Bowie E, Neely KA, Quillen DA, Walter L, Bennett T, Strong J, Wells J 3rd, Clark L, Johnson D, Miller P, Taylor M, Swinford T, Spivey R, Banach M, Ho L, Lanning R, Pheasant TR, Prensky JG, Truong S, Teatsworth J, Dietrich M, Wasilus A, Miller A, Rakes M, Slagle T, Richards M, Schuessler P, Stover L, Beer P, Falk NS, Shannon MB, Olmeda J, Berdeen D, Fisher JF Jr, Folk J, Russell S, Taylor B, Hinz C, Walshire J, Stockman H, Critser B, Karakas S, Montague C, Verdick R, Gupta O, Maguire J, Brady C, DeCroos FC, Dollin M, Garg S, Gerstenblith A, Haller J, Ho AC, Hsu J, Kaiser R, Pitcher J, Regillo C, Shah R, Spirn M, Tasman W, Vander J, Senderowitsch N, Formoso M, Markun M, George C, Centinaro C, Grande L, Carey S, Liebenbaum E, Sadda S, Humayun M, Sierra R, Corona E, Padilla M, Nu M, Ramos S, Barnett C, Currie G, Gottlieb C, Garfinkel R, Berinstein D, Colyer M, Deegan W 3rd, Lai MM, Murphy R, Osman M, Rivers M, Sanders R, von Fricken MA, Oliver D, Kirshon J, Snowden TA, Blondo T, Cronise A, Denny V, Mendez K, Newgen J, Davis J, Flory M, Frantz R, Murphy B, Rauch S, Kim JE, Bachman J, Connor TB Jr, Han DP, Stepian K, Weinberg DV, Wirostko WJ, Packard K, Kaczanowski T, Williams V, Barwick V, Flanders J, Backes D, Beringer J, Keller K, Selchert K, Bernstein P, Teske M, Vitale A, Allman S, Carlstrom B, Wegner K, Haroldsen A, Harrison D, Fry C, Gilman J, Jenkins G, Morris P, Rauser M, Fan J, Suthar M, Santiago G, Halsey KR, Quesada C, Kiernan W, Knabb J, Lewis RA, Dorenbach C, Spencer S, Barnett D, Morales J, Fishburne BC, Gross JG, Magee MA, Flowers A, McDowell A, Price R, Huang S, Tang J, Wilker S, Hornsby C, Ferguson L, Krogstad K, Adamovsky R, Allchin P, Carlton K, Clow C, Sholtis K, Burke S, Harrod M, Hrvatin S, Pankhurst G, Sabates NR, Cassell M, Desai K, Poulose A, Sabates F, Chen Y, Gallimore G, Konior Y, Kim N, Uwaydat S, Troillett D, Aletter K, Abrams G, Puklin J, Tewari A, Milanovic C, Bailey M, Griffith D, McDonald D, Morehead K, Sadikovic Z, Schillace L, Silvis E, Joondeph B, Christmas N, Johnson D, Kimura A, Liu M, Petty S, Zilis J, Benitez J, Catlett CB, Fluegel E, Mowry S, Nguyen H, Reflow D, Houghton OM, Garg S, Landers MB, Meredith T, Barnhart S, Karmalkar M, Cantrell D, Esquejo-Leon RL, Manor L, Pope S, Stines D, Stokely A, Hainsworth D, Helming D, Eichelberger D, Leaton MP, Hamm C, Chaum E, Iannaccone A, Jennings B, Murray T, Mastellone J, Millay R, Kim B, Goddard T, Beaudette LJ, Changelian-Aitken N, Corrada F, Dubuque J, Iezzi R, Bakri SJ, Pulido JS, Vogen D, Nielsen R, Berg K, Burrington J, Howard S, Overend J, Krason Z, Lewison D, Link T, Blinder KJ, Engelbrecht NE, Grand M, Joseph DP, Shah GK, Smith B, Thomas M, Weeks R, Boyd L, Gabel D, Adelman R, Huang J, Kempton J, Parnes A, Dupont J, Perotti E, Donaldson V, Fong K, Ossorio P, Agarwal A, Sternberg P, Owings S, Adkins T, Lok E, Munn G, Skellie B, Bhagat N, Roy MS, Zarbin M, Fay C, Lazar M, Malpica B, Mikheyav T, Ulanski L 2nd, Lim J, Niec M, Johnson T, Ovando Y, Carroll C, Janowicz M, Schwartz S, Cupp D, Gorin M, Heilweil G, Hosseini H, Hubschman JP, Kreiger A, McCannel TY, Pan C, Sarraf D, Tsui I, Udoetek J, Voleti V, Hitchcock L, Ostrick R, Chun M, Kageyama J, Davila N, Lipka K, Shin C, Owsley C, Albert M Jr, Feist R, Mason J, Thomley M, Johnson A, Clark M, Emond T, Hamela J, Marsh A, Searcey K, Rookard K, He YG, Ufret-Vincenty RL, Molai M, Anderson W, Horna J, Letson A, Cebulla C, Chang S, Davidorf F, Salerno J, Sladoje L, Stetson C, Perry J, Savage S, Toth C, Jaffe G, Schuman S, Sarin N, Crowell J, Keaton T, Kelly M, Lutman B, Skelly M, Welch L, Morse L, Hunter A, Park SS, Wallace C, Dhillon E, Salvador M, Holderreed B, Chandra K, Kaur S, Redenbo E, Hom S, Cooney M, Barbazetto I, Klancnik JM Jr, Sorenson JA, Yannuzzi L, Scolaro M, Agresta E, Gonzalez N, Grover S, Chalam KV, Gupta S, Lyons C, Li W, Patel C, Carrion J, Ferreyra H, Rodriguez A, Molina I, Balea G, Emory P, Rico M, Siqueiros G, Brucker AJ, Dunaief J, Grunwald J, Kim B, Maguire AM, VanderBeek B, Drossner S, DuPont J, Salvo R, Berger J, Devine C, Nyberg B, Weeney L, DiLoreto D, Chung M, Davis V, MacDowell P, Gara GO, Castillo D, Czubinski A, Keim M, Hardy B, Hollar RG, Schueckler L, Lyon AT, Weinberg A, Shiloach M, Pelkofer N, Zhou Q, McPoland L, Apte R, Rao P, Pistorius S, Kambarian J, Adcock E, Gould S, Quinn M, Curtis R, Frost A, Meyer C, Rathert G.
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2013 Jul 8;54(7):4548-54. doi: 10.1167/iovs.13-11804.
PURPOSE: To establish continuity with the grading procedures and outcomes from the historical data of the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), color photographic imaging and evaluation procedures for the assessment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were modified for digital imaging in the
PMID 23620429

Diagnostic accuracy and use of nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography by emergency physicians: phase II of the FOTO-ED study.

Bruce BB, Thulasi P, Fraser CL, Keadey MT, Ward A, Heilpern KL, Wright DW, Newman NJ, Biousse V.SourceDepartment of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Annals of emergency medicine.Ann Emerg Med.2013 Jul;62(1):28-33.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.01.010. Epub 2013 Feb 21.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: During the first phase of the Fundus Photography vs Ophthalmoscopy Trial Outcomes in the Emergency Department study, 13% (44/350; 95% confidence interval [CI] 9% to 17%) of patients had an ocular fundus finding, such as papilledema, relevant to their emergency department (ED) manage
PMID 23433654