関: quinupristin-dalfopristin

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/06 12:06:45」(JST)

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Dalfopristin is a semi-synthetic streptogramin antibiotic analogue of ostreogyrcin A (virginiamycin M, pristinamycin IIA, streptogramin A).^[1] The combination quinupristin/dalfopristin (marketed under the trade name Synercid) was brought to the market by Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals in 1999.^[2] Synercid (weight-to-weight ratio of 30% quinupristin to 70% dalfopristin) is used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.^[3]

Synthesis

Through the addition of diethylaminoethylthiol to the 2-pyrroline group and oxidation of the sulfate of ostreogrycin A, a structurally more hydrophobic compound is formed. This hydrophobic compound contains a readily ionizable group that is available for salt formation.^[1]

Large Scale Preparation

Dalfopristin is synthesized from pristinamycine IIa through achieving a stereoselective Michael-type addition of 2-diethylaminoethanethiol on the conjugated double bond of the dehydroproline ring ^[4] . The first method found was using sodium periodate associated with ruthenium dioxide to directly oxidize the sulfur derivative into a sulfone. However, using hydrogen peroxide with sodium tungstate in a 2-phase medium produces an improved yield, and is therefore the method of choice for large scale production.

The production of the dalfopristin portion of quinupristin/dalfopristin is achieved through purifying cocrystallization of the quinupristin and dalfopristin from acetone solutions.^[4]

Physical Characteristics (as mesylate salt)

Appearance	White to yellow solid
Physical State	Solid
Solubility	Soluble in ethanol, methanol, DMSO, DMF, and water (0.072 mg/ml)
Storage	-20°C
Boiling Point	940.5°C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	150°C
Density	1.27 g/cm^3
Refractive Index	n20D 1.58
pK Values	pKa: 13.18 (Predicted), pKb: 8.97 (Predicted)

Antimicrobial Activity

Alone, both dalfopristin and quinupristin have modest in vitro bacteriostatic activity. However, 8-16 times higher in vitro bactericidal activity is seen against many gram-positive bacteria when the two streptogramins are combined ^[5] . While quinupristin/dalfopristin is effective against staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, in vitro studies have not demonstrated bactericidal activity against all strains and species of common gram-positive bacteria.

Mechanism of Action

Both dalfopristin and quinupristin bind to sites located on the 50S subunit of the ribosome. Initial dalfopristin binding results in a conformational change of the ribosome, allowing for increased binding by quinupristin.^[5] A stable drug-ribosome complex is created when the two drugs are used together. This complex inhibits protein synthesis through prevention of peptide-chain formation and blocking the extrusion of newly formed peptide chains. In many cases, this leads to bacterial cell death.

Mechanism of Resistance

Streptogramin resistance is mediated through enzymatic drug inactivation, efflux or active transport of drug out of the cell, and most commonly, conformational alterations in ribosomal target binding sites.^[5] Enzymatic drug inactivation may occur in staphylococcal and enterococcal species through production of dalfopristin-inactivating acetyltransferase or quinupristin-inactivating hydrolase. Efflux or active transport of the drug may occur in coagulase-negative staphylococci and Enterococcus faecium. Constitutive ribosome modification has been seen in staphylococci with resistance seen in quinupristin only.

While resistance to dalfopristin may be conferred via a single point of mutation, quinupristin/dalfopristin offers the benefit of requiring multiple points of mutation targeting both dalfopristin and quinupristin components to confer drug resistance.^[5] Comparatively, only 2-5% of staphylococcal isolates collected in France show resistance to a related streptogramin, pristinamycin, in over 35 years of use.

Drug Interactions

Both dalfopristin and quinupristin are extensively hepatically metabolized, excreted from the feces, and serve as an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 enzyme pathway.^[5] Caution should be taken with concommitent use with drugs metabolized by the CYP3A4 pathway. Concomitant use of quinupristin/dalfopristin with cyclosporine for 2–5 days has shown to result in a two-fold increase in cyclosporine levels.

No adverse effects have been seen in patients with hepatic impairment and no recommendations by the manufacturer have been made for dose reduction of quinupristin/dalfopristin in this patient population.

Commercialization

While little information is available regarding the regulatory and commercialization history of Dalfopristin alone, Synercid (quinupristin/dalfopristin), made by Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals, was approved in 1999 as an IV injectable for the treatment of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium and complicated skin and skin structure infections.^[2] Dalfopristin can be purchased alone on the internet from various chemical manufacturers as a mesylate salt.

References

^ ^a ^b Dalfopristin (as mesylate) (CAS 112362-50-2)
^ ^a ^b http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/99/50747_Synercid.cfm
^ Allington DR, Rivey MP (2001). "Quinupristin/dalfopristin: a therapeutic review". Clin Ther. 23 (1): 24–44. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(01)80028-X. PMID 11219478.
^ ^a ^b Barriere, J.C.; Berthaud, N.; Beyer, D.; Dutka-Malen, S.; Paris, J.M.; Desnottes, J.F. (April 1998). "Recent Developments in Streptogramin Research". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 4 (2): 155–190. PMID 10197038. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Allington, Douglas R.; Rivey, Michael P. (January 2001). "Quinupristin/Dalfopristin: A Therapeutic Review". Clinical Therapeutics. 23 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(01)80028-X. PMID 11219478.

UpToDate Contents

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1. メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌およびバンコマイシン耐性腸球菌の治療のための抗菌薬の
薬理 pharmacology of antimicrobial agents for treatment of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin resistant enterococcus
2. 腸球菌感染症の治療 treatment of enterococcal infections
3. 腸球菌における抗菌薬耐性の機構 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci
4. 小児における侵襲的メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌感染の治療 treatment of invasive methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus infection in children
5. 成人における侵襲性メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌感染症の治療 treatment of invasive methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus infections in adults

English Journal

Treatment of infections due to resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Anstead GM, Cadena J, Javeri H.Author information Medicine Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.AbstractThis chapter reviews data on the treatment of infections caused by drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). This review covers findings reported in the English language medical literature up to January of 2013. Despite the emergence of resistant and multidrug-resistant S. aureus, we have seven effective drugs in clinical use for which little resistance has been observed: vancomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, tigecycline, telavancin, ceftaroline, and daptomycin. However, vancomycin is less effective for infections with MRSA isolates that have a higher MIC within the susceptible range. Linezolid is probably the drug of choice for the treatment of complicated MRSA skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs); whether it is drug of choice in pneumonia remains debatable. Daptomycin has shown to be non-inferior to either vancomycin or β-lactams in the treatment of staphylococcal SSTIs, bacteremia, and right-sided endocarditis. Tigecycline was also non-inferior to comparator drugs in the treatment of SSTIs, but there is controversy about whether it is less effective than other therapeutic options in the treatment of more serious infections. Telavancin has been shown to be non-inferior to vancomycin in the treatment of SSTIs and pneumonia, but has greater nephrotoxicity. Ceftaroline is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin with activity against MRSA; it is non-inferior to vancomycin in the treatment of SSTIs. Clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, rifampin, moxifloxacin, and minocycline are oral anti-staphylococcal agents that may have utility in the treatment of SSTIs and osteomyelitis, but the clinical data for their efficacy is limited. There are also several drugs with broad-spectrum activity against Gm-positive organisms that have reached the phase II and III stages of clinical testing that will hopefully be approved for clinical use in the upcoming years: oritavancin, dalbavancin, omadacycline, tedizolid, delafloxacin, and JNJ-Q2. Thus, there are currently many effective drugs to treat resistant S. aureus infections and many promising agents in the pipeline. Nevertheless, S. aureus remains a formidable adversary, and despite our deep bullpen of potential therapies, there are still frequent treatment failures and unfortunate clinical outcomes. The following discussion summarizes the clinical challenges presented by MRSA, the clinical experience with our current anti-MRSA antibiotics, and the gaps in our knowledge on how to use these agents to most effectively combat MRSA infections.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2014;1085:259-309. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-664-1_16.
This chapter reviews data on the treatment of infections caused by drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). This review covers findings reported in the English language medical literature up to January of 2013. Despite the emergence of resistant and
PMID 24085702

Linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecium isolated in Ontario, Canada.

Patel SN, Memari N, Shahinas D, Toye B, Jamieson FB, Farrell DJ.Author information Public Health Ontario, Public Health Laboratory, Toronto, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Electronic address: Samir.Patel@oahpp.ca.AbstractRecent studies have described linezolid-resistant MRSA and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) occurring worldwide, including an outbreak of linezolid-resistant MRSA. The objective of this study was to determine if linezolid-resistant enterococci are present in clinical isolates in Ontario, Canada. From January 2010 to June 2012, all enterococcal isolates submitted to the Public Health Ontario Laboratory (PHOL) for confirmation of VRE and susceptibility testing were included in this study. Of 2829 enterococcal isolates tested, 12 Enterococcus faecium were found to be resistant to linezolid. All linezolid-resistant isolates were also resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and vancomycin. In addition, 33% of isolates were non-susceptible to daptomycin, whereas 41% were resistant to quinupristin/dalfopristin. Molecular characterization of these isolates showed that 8/12 isolates (66.7%) contained the mutation G2576T in 23S rRNA, which has been associated with linezolid resistance. Amplification and sequencing of L3- and L4-coding genes did not reveal mutations associated with linezolid resistance. One isolate contained the cfr gene, which is associated with linezolid resistance, and has been found in staphylococcal species and E. faecalis. These data show that occurrence of linezolid resistance is still rare among enterococcal isolates referred to PHOL though detection of cfr in E. faecium is concerning as it has the potential to disseminate among other enterococci.
Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.2013 Dec;77(4):350-3. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.08.012. Epub 2013 Oct 2.
Recent studies have described linezolid-resistant MRSA and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) occurring worldwide, including an outbreak of linezolid-resistant MRSA. The objective of this study was to determine if linezolid-resistant enterococci are present in clinical isolates in Ontario, Canad
PMID 24095643

Diversity, distribution and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp. recovered from tomatoes, leaves, water and soil on U.S. Mid-Atlantic farms.

Micallef SA, Goldstein RE, George A, Ewing L, Tall BD, Boyer MS, Joseph SW, Sapkota AR.Author information Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.AbstractAntibiotic-resistant enterococci are important opportunistic pathogens and have been recovered from retail tomatoes. However, it is unclear where and how tomatoes are contaminated along the farm-to-fork continuum. Specifically, the degree of pre-harvest contamination with enterococci is unknown. We evaluated the prevalence, diversity and antimicrobial susceptibilities of enterococci collected from tomato farms in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Tomatoes, leaves, groundwater, pond water, irrigation ditch water, and soil were sampled and tested for enterococci using standard methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Sensititre microbroth dilution system. Enterococcus faecalis isolates were characterized using amplified fragment length polymorphism to assess dispersal potential. Enterococci (n = 307) occurred in all habitats and colonization of tomatoes was common. Seven species were identified: Enterococcus casseliflavus, E. faecalis, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus avis, Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus raffinosus. E. casseliflavus predominated in soil and on tomatoes and leaves, and E. faecalis predominated in pond water. On plants, distance from the ground influenced presence of enterococci. E. faecalis from samples within a farm were more closely related than those from samples between farms. Resistance to rifampicin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was prevalent. Consumption of raw tomatoes as a potential exposure risk for antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. deserves further attention.
Food microbiology.Food Microbiol.2013 Dec;36(2):465-74. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.04.016. Epub 2013 May 9.
Antibiotic-resistant enterococci are important opportunistic pathogens and have been recovered from retail tomatoes. However, it is unclear where and how tomatoes are contaminated along the farm-to-fork continuum. Specifically, the degree of pre-harvest contamination with enterococci is unknown. We
PMID 24010630

Japanese Journal

バンコマイシン耐性腸球菌 (特集外科領域における耐性菌)

日本外科感染症学会雑誌 10(3), 293-298, 2013-06
NAID 40019764950

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci from Horses, Personnel and Environmental Sites at an Equine Hospital in Turkey

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(12), 1583-1588, 2012
NAID 130001879704

各種抗菌薬に対する２００４年臨床分離好気性グラム陽性球菌および嫌気性菌の感受性サーベイランス

日本化学療法学会雑誌 56(5), 543-561, 2008
NAID 130004102773

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「抗菌薬」「ダルホプリスチン」「ダルフォプリスチン」
拡張検索	「quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant Enterococcus」

「抗菌薬」

Dalfopristin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
	(3R,4R,5E,10E,12E,14S,26R,26aS)-26-[[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfonyl]-8,9,14,15,24,25,26,26a- octahydro-14-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-4,12-dimethyl-3H-21,18-nitrilo-1H,22H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,8,4,19]-dioxadiazacyclotetracosine-1,7,16,22(4H,17H)-tetrone
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
MedlinePlus	a603007
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only;
Pharmacokinetic data
Biological half-life	1 hour
Identifiers
CAS Number	112362-50-2
ATC code	none
PubChem	CID 6435782
DrugBank	DB01764
ChemSpider	16736919
UNII	R9M4FJE48E
KEGG	D00853
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1200937
Chemical data
Formula	C34H50N4O9S
Molar mass	690.85 g/mol
	SMILES CCN(CC)CCS(=O)(=O)[C@@H]1CCN2[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H](/C=C/C(=O)NC/C=C/C(=C/[C@H](CC(=O)CC3=NC(=CO3)C2=O)O)/C)C)C(C)C ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C34H50N4O9S/c1-7-37(8-2)16-17-48(44,45)28-13-15-38-31(28)34(43)47-32(22(3)4)24(6)11-12-29(41)35-14-9-10-23(5)18-25(39)19-26(40)20-30-36-27(21-46-30)33(38)42/h9-12,18,21-22,24-25,28,31-32,39H,7-8,13-17,19-20H2,1-6H3,(H,35,41)/b10-9+,12-11+,23-18+/t24-,25-,28-,31-,32-/m1/s1 ; Key:SUYRLXYYZQTJHF-VMBLUXKRSA-N ;
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　　[★]

英: antibacterial drug, antibacterial
関: 抗生剤、薬理学、抗菌薬一覧、抗細菌薬

first aid step 1 2006 p.165

定義

細菌/微生物に静菌作用、殺菌作用を示す物質。結果として、人において病原性を除去する目的で使用される。
このうち、微生物によって産生される物質を抗生物質と呼ぶ

作用機序による分類

細胞壁合成阻害：βラクタム系抗菌薬(ペニシリン系抗菌薬、セフェム系抗菌薬、モノバクタム系抗菌薬、カルバペネム系抗菌薬)
核酸合成阻害　：ニューキノロン系抗菌薬、メトロニダゾール
タンパク質合成阻害

30S：アミノグリコシド系抗菌薬、テトラサイクリン系抗菌薬
50S：マクロライド系抗菌薬、クリンダマイシン、クロラムフェニコール、ストレプトグラミン系抗菌薬、オキソゾリニドン系抗菌薬(リゾネリド)

代謝拮抗：サルファ剤(サルファメソキサゾール、トリメトプリム)

first aid step 1 2006 p.165

	Mechanism of action	Drugs
1	Block cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking	penicillin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, imipenem, aztreonam, cephalosporins
2	Block peptidoglycan synthesis	bacitracin, vancomycin, cycloserine
3	Disrupt bacterial/fungal cell membranes	polymyxins
4	Disrupt fungal cell membranes	amphotericin B, nystatin, fluconazole/azoles
5	Block nucleotide synthesis	sulfonamides, trimethoprim
6	Block DNA topoisomerases	quinolones
7	Block mRNA synthesis	rifampin
8	Block protein synthesis at 50S ribosomal subunit	chloramphenicol, erythromycin/macrolides, lincomycin, clindamycin, streptogramins (quinupristin, dalfopristin), linezolid
9	Block protein synthesis at 30S ribosomal subunit	aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, spectinomycin 　ATuSi　→　あつし

薬物動態

濃度依存性：アミノグリコシド系抗菌薬、ニューロキノロン系抗菌薬
時間依存性：βラクタム系抗菌薬

治療期間

小児

尾内一信 ; 第 39 回日本小児感染症学会教育講演 2 小児感染症の抗菌薬療法 -耐性菌時代の適正使用-

感染臓器・臨床診断	原因菌	投与期間（抗菌薬）
髄膜炎	インフルエンザ菌	7-10日
	肺炎球菌	10-14日
	髄膜炎菌	7-10日
	GBS，腸内細菌，リステリア	21日
中耳炎	＜2 歳	10日
中耳炎	2 歳≦	5-7日
咽頭炎	A 群連鎖球菌	10日(ペニシリン系薬)
咽頭炎	A 群連鎖球菌	5日(セフェム系薬)
肺炎	肺炎球菌，インフルエンザ菌	解熱後3-4日
	黄色ブドウ球菌	3-4週間
	マイコプラズマ，クラミジア	10-21日
腎臓、膀胱炎、腎盂腎炎	大腸菌，プロテウス，腸球菌	3日
腎臓、膀胱炎、腎盂腎炎	大腸菌，プロテウス，腸球菌	14日
骨髄炎	黄色ブドウ球菌	21日
骨髄炎	連鎖球菌，インフルエンザ菌	14日

主要な感染症の抗菌薬投与期間

感染レジマニュ p.27

骨	骨髄炎		4-6週
耳鼻咽喉	中耳炎		5-7日
	副鼻腔炎		5-14日
	A群溶連菌咽頭炎		10日
肺	肺炎	肺炎球菌	7-10日 or 解熱後3日間
		インフルエンザ菌	10-14日
		マイコプラズマ	14日(7-10日)
		レジオネラ	21日
	肺化膿症		28-42日
心臓	感染性心内膜炎	α連鎖球菌	2-4週
		黄色ブドウ球菌	4-6週
消化管	腸炎	赤痢菌	3日
		チフス	14日(5-7日)
		パラチフス
	腹膜炎	特発性	5日
		二次性	10-14日
胆肝膵	肝膿瘍	細菌性	4-8週
		アメーバ性	10日
尿路	膀胱炎		3日
	急性腎盂腎炎		14日(7-10日)
	急性腎盂腎炎・再発		6週
	慢性前立腺炎		1-3ヶ月
髄腔	髄膜炎	インフルエンザ菌	7-10日
		髄膜炎菌
		肺炎球菌	10-14日
		リステリア	21日
敗血症	敗血症	コアグラーゼ陰性ブドウ球菌	5-7日
		黄色ブドウ球菌	28日(14日)
		グラム陰性桿菌	14日(7-14日)
		カンジダ	血液培養陰性化後, 14日