(embryology) the repeated division of a fertilised ovum (同)segmentation
the breaking of a chemical bond in a molecule resulting in smaller molecules
the state of being split or cleft; "there was a cleavage between the liberal and conservative members"
the act of cleaving or splitting
the line formed by a groove between two parts (especially the separation between a womans breasts)
a surgical removal of all or part of a limb
a condition of disability resulting from the loss of one or more limbs
prevent completion; "stop the project"; "break off the negotiations" (同)break off, discontinue, stop
happen; "Report the news as it develops"; "These political movements recrudesce from time to time" (同)recrudesce, develop
become separated into pieces or fragments; "The figurine broke"; "The freshly baked loaf fell apart" (同)separate, split up, fall_apart, come apart
be broken in; "If the new teacher wont break, well add some stress"
crack; of the male voice in puberty; "his voice is breaking--he should no longer sing in the choir"
destroy the integrity of; usually by force; cause to separate into pieces or fragments; "He broke the glass plate"; "She broke the match"
diminish or discontinue abruptly; "The patients fever broke last night"
fall sharply; "stock prices broke"
render inoperable or ineffective; "You broke the alarm clock when you took it apart!"
weaken or destroy in spirit or body; "His resistance was broken"; "a man broken by the terrible experience of near-death"
vary or interrupt a uniformity or continuity; "The flat plain was broken by tall mesas"
(tennis) a score consisting of winning a game when your opponent was serving; "he was up two breaks in the second set" (同)break of serve
an escape from jail; "the breakout was carefully planned" (同)breakout, jailbreak, gaolbreak, prisonbreak, prison-breaking
an act of delaying or interrupting the continuity; "it was presented without commercial breaks"; "there was a gap in his account" (同)interruption, disruption, gap
a sudden dash; "he made a break for the open door"
the opening shot that scatters the balls in billiards or pool
an unexpected piece of good luck; "he finally got his big break" (同)good_luck, happy chance
an abrupt change in the tone or register of the voice (as at puberty or due to emotion); "then there was a break in her voice"
the occurrence of breaking; "the break in the dam threatened the valley"
interrupt a continued activity; "She had broken with the traditional patterns" (同)break away
break a piece from a whole; "break a branch from a tree" (同)break off, snap off
move away or escape suddenly; "The horses broke from the stable"; "Three inmates broke jail"; "Nobody can break out--this prison is high security" (同)break_out, break away
destroy the completeness of a set of related items; "The book dealer would not break the set" (同)break_up
force out or release suddenly and often violently something pent up; "break into tears"; "erupt in anger" (同)burst, erupt
be released or become known; of news; "News of her death broke in the morning" (同)get_out, get_around
go to pieces; "The lawn mower finally broke"; "The gears wore out"; "The old chair finally fell apart completely" (同)wear, wear_out, bust, fall_apart
become punctured or penetrated; "The skin broke"
cause the failure or ruin of; "His peccadilloes finally broke his marriage"; "This play will either make or break the playwright"
cause to give up a habit; "She finally broke herself of smoking cigarettes"
change directions suddenly
change suddenly from one tone quality or register to another; "Her voice broke to a whisper when she started to talk about her children"
come forth or begin from a state of latency; "The first winter storm broke over New York"
come into being; "light broke over the horizon"; "Voices broke in the air"
come to an end; "The heat wave finally broke yesterday"
curl over and fall apart in surf or foam, of waves; "The surf broke"
emerge from the surface of a body of water; "The whales broke"
exchange for smaller units of money; "I had to break a $100 bill just to buy the candy"
find a flaw in; "break an alibi"; "break down a proof"
find the solution or key to; "break the code"
give up; "break cigarette smoking"
happen or take place; "Things have been breaking pretty well for us in the past few months"
interrupt the flow of current in; "break a circuit"
invalidate by judicial action; "The will was broken"
make a rupture in the ranks of the enemy or ones own by quitting or fleeing; "The ranks broke"
make the opening shot that scatters the balls
pierce or penetrate; "The blade broke her skin"
scatter or part; "The clouds broke after the heavy downpour"
separate from a clinch, in boxing; "The referee broke the boxers"
undergo breaking; "The simple vowels broke in many Germanic languages"
replace a corner by a plane
make shorter as if by cutting off; "truncate a word"; "Erosion has truncated the ridges of the mountains" (同)cut_short
terminating abruptly by having or as if having an end or point cut off; "a truncate leaf"; "truncated volcanic mountains"; "a truncated pyramid" (同)truncated
approximate by ignoring all terms beyond a chosen one; "truncate a series"
make by cutting into; "The water is going to cleave a channel into the rock"
separate or cut with a tool, such as a sharp instrument; "cleave the bone" (同)split, rive
surgical removal of a body part or tissue (同)extirpation, cutting out, excision
the erosive process that reduces the size of glaciers
reimbursement for goods damaged while in transit or in use
the quantity broken; "the total breakage was huge"
the act of breaking something; "the breakage was unavoidable" (同)break, breaking
"Amputated" redirects here. For the band, see Amputated (band).
Amputation
Sgt. Jerrod Fields, an athlete and amputee.
Specialty
Surgery
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
Emergency medicine
Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, amputation of the hands, feet or other body parts is or was used as a form of punishment for people who committed crimes.[1][2][3] Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment.[4][5][6]
When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an amputator.[7] The amputated person is called an amputee.[8]
In the US, the majority of new amputations occur due to complications of the vascular system (the blood vessels), especially from diabetes. Between 1988 and 1996, there were an average of 133,735 hospital discharges for amputation per year in the US.[9] In 2005, just in the US, there were 1.6 million amputees.[10] In 2013, the US has 2.1 million amputees. Approximately 185,000 amputations occur in the United States each year. In 2009, hospital costs associated with amputation totaled more than $8.3 billion.[11] There will be an estimated 3.6 million people in the US living with limb loss by 2050.[12] African Americans are up to four times more likely to have an amputation than European Americans.[13]
Contents
1Types
1.1Leg
1.2Arm
1.3Other
1.4Self-amputation
2Causes
2.1Circulatory disorders
2.2Neoplasm
2.3Trauma
2.4Congenital anomalies
2.5Infection
2.6Frostbite
2.7Athletic performance
2.8Legal punishment
3Surgery
3.1Method
3.2Post-operative management
4Trauma
4.1Causes
4.2Treatment
4.3Epidemiology
5Prevention
6Prognosis
7Etymology
8Notable cases
9See also
10References
11Further reading
12External links
Types
Leg
Lower limb amputations can be divided into two broad categories: minor and major amputations. Minor amputations generally refer to the amputation of digits. Major amputations are commonly below-knee- or above-knee amputations Common partial foot amputations include the Chopart, Lisfranc, and ray amputations.
Common forms of ankle disarticulations include Pyrogoff, Boyd, and Syme amputations.[14] A less common major amputation is the Van Nes rotation, or rotationplasty, i.e. the turning around and reattachment of the foot to allow the ankle joint to take over the function of the knee.
Types of amputations include:
An above-knee amputation
partial foot amputation
amputation of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint
ankle disarticulation
amputation of the lower limb at the ankle joint
trans-tibial amputation
amputation of the lower limb between the knee joint and the ankle joint, commonly referred to as a below-knee amputation
knee disarticulation
amputation of the lower limb at the knee joint
trans-femoral amputation
amputation of the lower limb between the hip joint and the knee joint, commonly referred to an above-knee amputation
hip disarticulation
amputation of the lower limb at the hip joint
trans-pelvic disarticulation
amputation of the whole lower limb together with all or part of the pelvis, also known as a hemipelvectomy or hindquarter amputation
Arm
The 18th century guide to amputations
Types of upper extremity amputations include:
partial hand amputation
wrist disarticulation
trans-radial amputation, commonly referred to as below-elbow or forearm amputation
elbow disarticulation
trans-humeral amputation, commonly referred to as above-elbow amputation
shoulder disarticulation
forequarter amputation
A variant of the trans-radial amputation is the Krukenberg procedure in which the radius and ulna are used to create a stump capable of a pincer action.
Other
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Facial amputations include but are not limited to:
amputation of the ears
amputation of the nose (rhinotomy)
amputation of the tongue (glossectomy).
amputation of the eyes (enucleation).
amputation of the teeth. Removal of teeth, mainly incisors, is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the Iberomaurusian culture of Neolithic North Africa).
Breasts:
amputation of the breasts (mastectomy).
Genitals:
amputation of the testicles (castration).
amputation of the penis (penectomy).
amputation of the foreskin (circumcision).
amputation of the clitoris (clitoridectomy).
Hemicorporectomy, or amputation at the waist, and decapitation, or amputation at the neck, are the most radical amputations.
Genital modification and mutilation may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease.
Self-amputation
See also: Autotomy and Body integrity identity disorder
In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated his or her own limb. The most notable case of this is Aron Ralston, a hiker who amputated his own right forearm after it was pinned by a boulder in a hiking accident and he was unable to free himself for over five days.[15]
Body integrity identity disorder is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb. In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed.
Causes
Circulatory disorders
Diabetic vasculopathy
Sepsis with peripheral necrosis
Neoplasm
Transfemoral amputation due to liposarcoma
Cancerous bone or soft tissue tumors (e.g. osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, sacrococcygeal teratoma, liposarcoma), melanoma
Trauma
Three fingers from a soldier's right hand were traumatically amputated during World War I.
Severe limb injuries in which the limb cannot be saved or efforts to save the limb fail.
Traumatic amputation (an unexpected amputation that occurs at the scene of an accident, where the limb is partially or entirely severed as a direct result of the accident, for example, a finger that is severed from the blade of a table saw)
Bone infection (osteomyelitis) and/or diabetic foot infections
Frostbite
Athletic performance
Sometimes professional athletes may choose to have a non-essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance.
Australian Rules footballer Daniel Chick elected to have his left ring finger amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance.[16]
Rugby union player Jone Tawake also had a finger removed.[17]
National Football League safety Ronnie Lott had the tip of his little finger removed after it was damaged in the 1985 NFL season.
Legal punishment
Amputation is used as a legal punishment in a number of countries, among them Saudi Arabia, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, and Iran.
Surgery
Method
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Curved knives such as this one were used, in the past, for some kinds of amputations.
The first step is ligating the supplying artery and vein, to prevent hemorrhage (bleeding). The muscles are transected, and finally, the bone is sawed through with an oscillating saw. Sharp and rough edges of the bone(s) are filed down, skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, occasionally with the insertion of elements to attach a prosthesis.
Distal stabilisation of muscles is recommended. This allows effective muscle contraction which reduces atrophy, allows functional use of the stump and maintains soft tissue coverage of the remnant bone. The preferred stabilisation technique is myodesis where the muscle is attached to the bone or its periosteum. In joint disarticulation amputations tenodesis may be used where the muscle tendon is attached to the bone. Muscles should be attached under similar tension to normal physiological conditions.[18]
An experimental technique known as the "Ewing amputation" aims to improve post-amputation proprioception.[19][20]
In 1920, Professor Janos Ertl, Sr., MD, of Hungary, developed the Ertl procedure in order to return a high number of amputees to the work force.[21] The Ertl technique, an osteomyoplastic procedure for transtibial amputation, can be used to create a highly functional residual limb. Creation of a tibiofibular bone bridge provides a stable, broad tibiofibular articulation that may be capable of some distal weight bearing. Several different modified techniques and fibular bridge fixation methods have been used; however, no current evidence exists regarding comparison of the different techniques.[22]
Post-operative management
The use of rigid removable dressings (RRD's) in trans-tibial (below knee) amputations, rather than soft bandaging has been shown to improve healing time, reduce edema, prevent knee flexion contractures and reduce complications, including further amputation, from external trauma such as falls onto the stump[23] and should be considered standard practice.
Post-operative management, in addition to wound healing, should consider maintenance of limb strength, joint range, edema management, preservation of the intact limb (if applicable) and stump desensitisation.
Trauma
Traumatic amputation is the partial or total avulsion of a part of a body during a serious accident, like traffic, labor, or combat.[24][25][26]
Traumatic amputation of a human limb, either partial or total, creates the immediate danger of death from blood loss.[27]
Orthopedic surgeons often assess the severity of different injuries using the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. Given different clinical and situational factors, they can predict the likelihood of amputation. This is especially useful for emergency physicians to quickly evaluate patients and decide on consultations.[28]
Causes
Private Lewis Francis was wounded July 21, 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run by a bayonet to the knee.
Traumatic amputation is uncommon in humans (1 per 20,804 population per year). Loss of limb usually happens immediately during the accident, but sometimes a few days later after medical complications. Statistically the most common causes of traumatic amputations are:[25]
Agricultural accidents, with machines and mower equipment
Electric shock hazards
Firearms, bladed weapons, explosives
Violent rupture of ship rope or industry wire rope
Ring traction (ring amputation, de-gloving injuries)
Building doors and car doors
Animal attacks
Gas cylinder explosions[29]
Other rare accidents[25]
Treatment
The development of the science of microsurgery over last 40 years has provided several treatment options for a traumatic amputation, depending on the patient's specific trauma and clinical situation:
2nd choice: Surgical amputation - transplantation of other tissue - plastic reconstruction.
3rd choice: Replantation - reconnection - revascularisation of amputated limb, by microscope (after 1969)
4th choice: Transplantation of cadaveric hand (after 2000),[25][30]
Epidemiology
In the United States in 1999, there were 14,420 non-fatal traumatic amputations according to the American Statistical Association. Of these, 4,435 occurred as a result of traffic and transportation accidents and 9,985 were due to labor accidents. Of all traumatic amputations, the distribution percentage is 30.75% for traffic accidents and 69.24% for labor accidents.[31]
The population of the United States in 1999 was about 300,000,000, so the conclusion is that there is one amputation per 20,804 persons per year. In the group of labor amputations, 53% occurred in laborers and technicians, 30% in production and service workers, 16% in silviculture and fishery workers.[31]
A study found that in 2010, 22.8% of patients undergoing amputation of a lower extremity in the United States were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days.[32]
Prevention
Methods in preventing amputation, limb-sparing techniques, depend on the problems that might cause amputations to be necessary. Chronic infections, often caused by diabetes or decubitus ulcers in bedridden patients, are common causes of infections that lead to gangrene, which would then necessitate amputation.
There are two key challenges: first, many patients have impaired circulation in their extremities, and second, they have difficulty curing infections in limbs with poor vasculation (blood circulation).
Crush injuries where there is extensive tissue damage and poor circulation also benefit from hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). The high level of oxygenation and revascularization speed up recovery times and prevent infections.
A study found that the patented method called Circulator Boot achieved significant results in prevention of amputation in patients with diabetes and arterioscleorosis.[33][34] Another study found it also effective for healing limb ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease.[35] The boot checks the heart rhythm and compresses the limb between heartbeats; the compression helps cure the wounds in the walls of veins and arteries, and helps to push the blood back to the heart.[36]
For victims of trauma, advances in microsurgery in the 1970s have made replantations of severed body parts possible.
The establishment of laws, rules, and guidelines, and employment of modern equipment help protect people from traumatic amputations.[27]
Prognosis
The individual may experience psychological trauma and emotional discomfort. The stump will remain an area of reduced mechanical stability. Limb loss can present significant or even drastic practical limitations.
A large proportion of amputees (50–80%) experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs;[37] they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, burn, feel tense, dry or wet, locked in or trapped or they can feel as if they are moving. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye (phantom eye syndrome).
A similar phenomenon is unexplained sensation in a body part unrelated to the amputated limb. It has been hypothesized that the portion of the brain responsible for processing stimulation from amputated limbs, being deprived of input, expands into the surrounding brain, (Phantoms in the Brain: V.S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee) such that an individual who has had an arm amputated will experience unexplained pressure or movement on his face or head[citation needed].
In many cases, the phantom limb aids in adaptation to a prosthesis, as it permits the person to experience proprioception of the prosthetic limb. To support improved resistance or usability, comfort or healing, some type of stump socks may be worn instead of or as part of wearing a prosthesis.
Another side effect can be heterotopic ossification, especially when a bone injury is combined with a head injury. The brain signals the bone to grow instead of scar tissue to form, and nodules and other growth can interfere with prosthetics and sometimes require further operations. This type of injury has been especially common among soldiers wounded by improvised explosive devices in the Iraq War.[38]
Due to technologic advances in prosthetics, many amputees live active lives with little restriction. Organizations such as the Challenged Athletes Foundation have been developed to give amputees the opportunity to be involved in athletics and adaptive sports such as Amputee Soccer.
Nearly half of the individuals who have an amputation due to vascular disease will die within 5 years, usually secondary to the extensive co-morbidities rather than due to direct consequences of amputation. This is higher than the five year mortality rates for breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer.[39] Of persons with diabetes who have a lower extremity amputation, up to 55% will require amputation of the second leg within two to three years.[40]
Etymology
The word amputation is derived from the Latin amputare, "to cut away", from ambi- ("about", "around") and putare ("to prune"). The English word “Poes” was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie (published in either 1597 or 1612); his work was derived from 16th-century French texts and early English writers also used the words "extirpation" (16th-century French texts tended to use extirper), "disarticulation", and "dismemberment" (from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal), or simply "cutting", but by the end of the 17th century "amputation" had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.[citation needed]
Notable cases
Lisa Bufano
Terry Fox
Bethany Hamilton
Oscar Pistorius
Frida Kahlo
Amy Purdy
Pete Gray
Aimee Mullins
Rick Allen
Aron Ralston
Hugh Herr
Robert David Hall
Douglas Bader
Shaquem Griffin
Tammy Duckworth
Hans-Ulrich Rudel
See also
Adapted automobile
Prosthesis
Acrotomophilia
Robotic prosthesis control
Flail limb
References
^Whitelaw WA (March 2005). "Proceedings of the 14th Annual History of Medicine Days". Research Gate.
^Kocharkarn W (Summer 2000). "Traumatic amputation of the penis" (PDF). Brazilian Journal of Urology. 26: 385–389 – via Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology.
^Peters R (2005). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521792264.
^Bosmia AN, Griessenauer CJ, Tubbs RS (July 2014). "Yubitsume: ritualistic self-amputation of proximal digits among the Yakuza". Journal of Injury & Violence Research. 6 (2): 54–6. doi:10.5249/jivr.v6i2.489. PMC 4009169. PMID 24284812.
^Kepe T (March 2010). "'Secrets' that kill: crisis, custodianship and responsibility in ritual male circumcision in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa". Social Science & Medicine. 70 (5): 729–35. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.016. PMID 20053494.
^Grisaru N, Lezer S, Belmaker RH (April 1997). "Ritual female genital surgery among Ethiopian Jews". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 26 (2): 211–5. doi:10.1023/a:1024562512475. PMID 9101034.
^"Definition of AMPUTATOR". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
^"Definition of AMPUTEE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
^Ziegler-Graham K, MacKenzie EJ, Ephraim PL, Travison TG, Brookmeyer R (March 2008). "Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 89 (3): 422–9. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.11.005. PMID 18295618.
^"National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery: 1994, 1995, 1996, and 2006". 2010-03-08. doi:10.3886/icpsr27461.v2.
^Ziegler-Graham, Kathryn; MacKenzie, Ellen J.; Ephraim, Patti L.; Travison, Thomas G.; Brookmeyer, Ron (March 2008). "Estimating the Prevalence of Limb Loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 89 (3): 422–429. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.11.005. ISSN 0003-9993. PMID 18295618.
^Perloff, Jennifer; DesRoches, Catherine M.; Buerhaus, Peter (2015-12-27). "Comparing the Cost of Care Provided to Medicare Beneficiaries Assigned to Primary Care Nurse Practitioners and Physicians". Health Services Research. 51 (4): 1407–1423. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12425. ISSN 0017-9124. PMC 4946030. PMID 26707840.
^Pinzur, M. S.; et al. (Sep 2003). "Syme ankle disarticulation in patients with diabetes". J. Bone Joint Surg. Am.85 (9): 1667–1672. PMID 12954823.
^"Did Climber Have to Cut Off Arm to Save Life?". National Geographic. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^"RTE: Aussie Rules star has finger removed". Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-10-19.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^Australian Rugby Union (2006-10-17). "Tawake undergoes surgery to remove finger". SportsAustralia.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^Smith DG (2004). "Chapter 2. General principles of amputation surgery.". Atlas of Amputations and Limb Deficiencies: Surgical, Prosthetic and Rehabilitation Principles. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. pp. 21–30. ISBN 978-0892033133.
^How The Marathon Bombing Helped Bring Innovation To Amputation
^Fischgrund, Jeffrey S. (June 2016). "JAAOS Research". Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 24 (6): 392. doi:10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00309. ISSN 1067-151X. PMID 27213622.
^Reichmann JP, Stevens PM, Rheinstein J, Kreulen CD (May 2018). "Removable Rigid Dressings for Postoperative Management of Transtibial Amputations: A Review of Published Evidence". PM&R. 10 (5): 516–523. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.10.002. PMID 29054690.
^Current Surgical Diagnosis and Treatment: "Amputations", editions Lange, USA, 2009
^ abcdHarry Gouvas: "Accidents and Massive Disasters", editions of Greek Red Cross, 2000
^Neil Watson: "Hand Injuries and Infections" Cower Medical Publishing, London, New York, 1996, ISBN 0-906923-80-8
^ abHarry Gouvas: "Accidents and massive Disasters", Editions of Greek Red Cross, 2000
^Johansen K, Daines M, Howey T, Helfet D, Hansen ST (May 1990). "Objective criteria accurately predict amputation following lower extremity trauma". The Journal of Trauma. 30 (5): 568–72, discussion 572–3. doi:10.1097/00005373-199005000-00007. PMID 2342140.
^"Scuba Tanks as Lethal Weapons". undercurrent.org. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
^Neil Watson: "Hand Injuries and Infections"Cower Medical Publishing,ISBN 0-906923-80-8
^ abAmerican Statistical Association: Amputations in USA, 2000
^Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A, Steiner C. Readmissions to U.S. Hospitals by Procedure, 2010. HCUP Statistical Brief #154. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. April 2013. [1]
^Bouskela E, Donyo KA (May 1997). "Effects of oral administration of purified micronized flavonoid fraction on increased microvascular permeability induced by various agents and on ischemia/reperfusion in the hamster cheek pouch". Angiology. 48 (5): 391–9. doi:10.1177/000331979704800503. PMID 9158383. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
^Dillon RS (May 1997). "Patient assessment and examples of a method of treatment. Use of the circulator boot in peripheral vascular disease". Angiology. 48 (5 Pt 2): S35–58. doi:10.1177/000331979704800504. PMID 9158380. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
^Vella A, Carlson LA, Blier B, Felty C, Kuiper JD, Rooke TW (2000). "Circulator boot therapy alters the natural history of ischemic limb ulceration". Vascular Medicine. 5 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1191/135886300671427847. PMID 10737152.
^Circulator Boot at Mayo Clinic 1:08–1:32
^Schultz H (January 2005). "The Science of Things". National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008.
^Ryan J (March 25, 2006). "War without end / Damaged soldiers start their agonizing recoveries". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011.
^Robbins, Jeffrey M.; Strauss, Gerald; Aron, David; Long, Jodi; Kuba, Jennifer; Kaplan, Yelena (November 2008). "Mortality Rates and Diabetic Foot Ulcers". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 98 (6): 489–493. doi:10.7547/0980489. ISSN 8750-7315.
^Savage, P. E. A. (1983), "The diabetic foot", Problems in Peripheral Vascular Disease, Springer Netherlands, pp. 69–73, doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6648-5_12, ISBN 9789401166508
Further reading
Miller, Brian Craig. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South (University of Georgia Press, 2015). xviii, 257 pp.
External links
Classification
D
ICD-10: T14.7
MeSH: D000673
v
t
e
Orthopedic surgery, operations/surgeries and other procedures on muscle/soft tissue (ICD-9-CM V3 82–84, ICD-10-PCS 0K–L)
Muscle, tendon, fascia, and bursa
muscle:
Myotomy
Heller myotomy
Muscle biopsy
tendon:
Tenotomy
Tendon transfer
fascia:
Fasciotomy
bursa:
Bursectomy
Other
Amputation
Hemipelvectomy
Hemicorporectomy
Replantation
Nerve transfer
UpToDate Contents
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3. 子宮頸癌に対する妊孕性温存手術 fertility sparing surgery for cervical cancer
English Journal
Altered White Matter and Sensory Response to Bodily Sensation in Female-to-Male Transgender Individuals.
Case LK1,2,3, Brang D4,5,6, Landazuri R4,6, Viswanathan P4,6, Ramachandran VS4,6.
Archives of sexual behavior.Arch Sex Behav.2016 Sep 19. [Epub ahead of print]
While most people take identification with their body for granted, conditions such as phantom limb pain, alien hand syndrome, and xenomelia suggest that the feeling of bodily congruence is constructed and susceptible to alteration. Individuals with xenomelia typically experience one of their limbs a
Although Ernest Shackleton's Endurance Antarctic expedition of 1914 to 1916 is a famous epic of survival, the medical achievements of the two expedition doctors have received little formal examination. Marooned on Elephant Island after the expedition ship sank, Drs. Macklin and McIlroy administered
Innovations in diabetic foot reconstruction using supermicrosurgery.
Suh HS1, Oh TS1, Hong JP1.
Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews.Diabetes Metab Res Rev.2016 Jan;32 Suppl 1:275-80. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2755.
The treatment of diabetic foot ulceration is complex with multiple factors involved, and it may often lead to limb amputation. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is warranted to cover the spectrum of treatment for diabetic foot, but in complex wounds, surgical treatment is inevitable. Surgery may i
Extended distally based DMCA flap in combination with autologous amputate skin transplantation as a salvage procedure for ring avulsion injury.
Wagner T1, Slater N1, Ulrich D1.
European journal of plastic surgery.Eur J Plast Surg.2016;39:69-72. Epub 2015 Nov 14.
A 23-year-old male student presented to our clinic with a traumatic complex ring avulsion of his right dominant index finger. Clinical evaluation revealed a complete distal amputation of the DIP joint with a laceration of the soft tissue at the middle phalanx and a rupture of the FDP-2-tendon far pr
Amputate definition, to cut off (all or part of a limb or digit of the body), as by surgery. See more. ... No one had any hope that they could be saved, and when the party reached the fort, a doctor was sought to amputate them.
