WordNet

an injury that causes disfigurement or that deprives you of a limb or other important body part

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切断 / 削除;毀損(きそん)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/29 00:46:48」(JST)

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Mutilation or maiming is an act of physical injury that degrades the appearance or function of any living body.

Usage

Some ethnic groups practice ritual mutilation, e.g. scarification, burning, flagellation, tattooing, or wheeling, as part of a rite of passage. In some cases, the term may apply to treatment of dead bodies, such as soldiers mutilated after they have been killed by an enemy.

The traditional Chinese practices of língchí and foot binding are forms of mutilation. One form of mutilation that has captured the imagination of Westerners, as well as the now tourist centered "long-neck" people, a sub-group of the Karen known as the Padaung where women wear brass rings around their neck.^[1] The act of tattooing is also considered a form of self-mutilation according to some cultural traditions, such as within Christianity. A joint statement released by the United Nations and numerous other international bodies opposes female circumcision as a form of mutilation.^[2] Whether or not male circumcision amounts to mutilation is a subject of active academic debate.^[3]^[4]

Castration is also a form of mutilation.

Punishment

Maiming, or mutilation which involves the loss of, or incapacity to use, a bodily member, is and has been practised by many societies with various cultural and religious significances, and is also a customary form of physical punishment, especially applied on the principle of an eye for an eye.

The Araucanian warrior Galvarino suffered this punishment as a prisoner during the Spanish conquest of Chile.

In law, maiming is a criminal offence; the old law term for a special case of maiming of persons was mayhem, an Anglo-French variant form of the word.

Maiming of animals by others than their owners is a particular form of the offence generally grouped as malicious damage. For the purpose of the law as to this offence animals are divided into cattle, which includes horses, pigs and asses, and other animals which are either subjects of larceny at common law or are usually kept in confinement or for domestic purposes.

In Britain under the Malicious Damage Act 1861 the punishment for maiming of cattle was three to fourteen years penal servitude; malicious injury to other animals is a misdemeanour punishable on summary conviction. For a second offence the penalty is imprisonment with hard labor for over twelve months. Maiming of animals by their owner falls under the Cruelty to Animals Acts.

Mutilation as human punishment

In times when even judicial physical punishment was still commonly allowed to cause not only intense pain and public humiliation during the administration but also to inflict permanent physical damage, or even deliberately intended to mark the criminal for life by docking or branding, one of the common anatomical target areas not normally under permanent cover of clothing (so particularly merciless in the long term) were the ears.

Fredegund ordering the mutilation of Olericus

In England, for example, various pamphleteers attacking the religious views of the Anglican episcopacy under William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had their ears cut off for those writings: in 1630 Dr. Alexander Leighton and in 1637 still other Puritans, John Bastwick, Henry Burton and William Prynne.

In Scotland one of the Covenanters, James Gavin of Douglas, Lanarkshire, had his ears cut off for refusing to renounce his religious faith. In Japan, Gonsalo Garcia and his companions were similarly treated.

Notably in various jurisdictions of colonial British North America, even relatively minor crimes, such as hog stealing, were punishable by having one's ears nailed to the pillory and slit loose, or even cropped, a counterfeiter would be branded on top (for that crime, considered lèse-majesté, the older mirror punishment was boiling in oil).

Independence did not render American justice any less bloody. For example, in the future state of Tennessee, an example of harsh 'frontier law' under the 1780 Cumberland Compact took place in 1793 when Judge John McNairy sentenced Nashville's first horse thief, John McKain, Jr., to be fastened to a wooden stock one hour for 39 lashes, and have his ears cut off and cheeks branded with the letters "H" and "T".

Tongue cutting is also a form of mutilation as this leads to bleeding to death in most cases with choking in the lungs. ^[5]

In Sharia law, mutilation is, in certain cases, used as a punishment for crimes. For example, thieves may be punished by having the right hand amputated.

severing hands is a common mirror punishment

Another example from a non-western culture is that of Nebahne Yohannes, an unsuccessful claimant to the Ethiopian imperial throne who had his ears and nose cut off, yet was then freed. This form of mutilation against unsuccessful claimants to thrones has been in use in middle-eastern regions for thousands of years. To qualify as a king, formerly, one had to exemplify perfection. Obvious physical deformities such as missing noses, ears, or lips, are thereby sufficient disqualifications. The victim in these cases is typically freed alive to act (a) as an example to others, and (b) as no longer a threat.

References

^ "Karen Long Neck hilltribe - Padaung, Northern Thailand". Chiangdao.com. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ Eliminating Female genital mutilation - An interagency statement (pdf). World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-159644-2.
^ Denniston, G. C., F. M. Hodges, M. F. Milos (1999). "Preface". Male and female circumcision: Medical legal and ethical considerations in pediatric practice. Kluwer. pp. i–vii. ISBN 0-306-46131-5.
^ Benatar M, Benatar D (2003). "Between prophylaxis and child abuse: the ethics of neonatal male circumcision". Am J Bioeth. 3 (2): 35–48. doi:10.1162/152651603766436216. PMID 12859815.
^ "A History of Punishments". Localhistories.org. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 限局性、誘発性外陰部痛（旧名：外陰部前庭炎）の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of localized provoked vulvodynia formerly vulvar vestibulitis
2. 先天性骨髄性ポルフィリン症 congenital erythropoietic porphyria
3. 女性の性器切除（環状切除） female genital cutting circumcision
4. 遺伝性ニューロパチーの概要 overview of hereditary neuropathies
5. 遺伝性感覚自律神経ニューロパチー hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies

English Journal

Female genital mutilation and efforts to achieve Millennium Development Goals 3, 4, and 5 in southeast Nigeria.

Lawani LO1, Onyebuchi AK2, Iyoke CA3, Okeke NE4.Author information 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria. Electronic address: lawkins2000@yahoo.com.2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.4Mile Four Catholic Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.AbstractOBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM), the common forms of FGM, reasons for the practice, associated obstetric outcomes, and how these have affected efforts to achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 3, 4, and 5 in southeast Nigeria.
International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.Int J Gynaecol Obstet.2014 May;125(2):125-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.11.008. Epub 2014 Feb 8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM), the common forms of FGM, reasons for the practice, associated obstetric outcomes, and how these have affected efforts to achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 3, 4, and 5 in southeast Nigeria.METHODS: A prospective desc
PMID 24602774

London GP is cleared of practising female genital mutilation.

Dyer C.
BMJ (Clinical research ed.).BMJ.2014 Apr 15;348:g2807. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g2807.
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Pain Insensitivity Syndrome Misinterpreted as Inflicted Burns.

van den Bosch GE1, Baartmans MG, Vos P, Dokter J, White T, Tibboel D.Author information 1Intensive Care and.AbstractWe present a case study of a 10-year-old child with severe burns that were misinterpreted as inflicted burns. Because of multiple injuries since early life, the family was under suspicion of child abuse and therefore under supervision of the Child Care Board for 2 years before the boy was burned. Because the boy incurred the burns without feeling pain, we conducted a thorough medical examination and laboratory testing, evaluated detection and pain thresholds, and used MRI to study brain morphology and brain activation patterns during pain between this patient and 3 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. We found elevated detection and pain thresholds and lower brain activation during pain in the patient compared with the healthy controls and reference values. The patient received the diagnosis of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV on the basis of clinical findings and the laboratory testing, complemented with the altered pain and detection thresholds and MRI findings. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy IV is a very rare congenital pain insensitivity syndrome characterized by the absence of pain and temperature sensation combined with oral mutilation due to unawareness, fractures, and anhidrosis caused by abnormalities in the peripheral nerves. Health care workers should be aware of the potential presence of this disease to prevent false accusations of child abuse.
Pediatrics.Pediatrics.2014 Apr 14. [Epub ahead of print]
We present a case study of a 10-year-old child with severe burns that were misinterpreted as inflicted burns. Because of multiple injuries since early life, the family was under suspicion of child abuse and therefore under supervision of the Child Care Board for 2 years before the boy was burned. Be
PMID 24733875

Japanese Journal

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シエラレオネの女性性器切除とブンドゥー結社 : 「サティアの物語」を読む

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和歌山市保健所における危機介入のあり方に関する一考察 : 警察官通報件数の減少から

川乗賀也
岩手県立大学社会福祉学部紀要 17, 21-24, 2015-03
平成14年に厚生労働省は精神科医療について、それまでの入院主体から地域医療への転換をはかったが、近年は全国的に当事者の自傷または他害のおそれがある者についての精神保健福祉法第24条に基づく、警察官や保健所の精神保健福祉相談員による危機介入が増加している。しかし和歌山市保健所ではこの危機介入が有意に減少していることが分かった。これには以下の要因が考えられた。まず相談員を増員することで危機介入時の体制 …
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