amputation

• n.

• 切断、切断術

関

直腸切断術 rectal amputation

　 　 　

WordNet

1. a surgical removal of all or part of a limb
2. a condition of disability resulting from the loss of one or more limbs
3. prevent completion; "stop the project"; "break off the negotiations" (同)break off, discontinue, stop
4. happen; "Report the news as it develops"; "These political movements recrudesce from time to time" (同)recrudesce, develop
5. become separated into pieces or fragments; "The figurine broke"; "The freshly baked loaf fell apart" (同)separate, split up, fall_apart, come apart
6. be broken in; "If the new teacher wont break, well add some stress"
7. crack; of the male voice in puberty; "his voice is breaking--he should no longer sing in the choir"
8. destroy the integrity of; usually by force; cause to separate into pieces or fragments; "He broke the glass plate"; "She broke the match"
9. diminish or discontinue abruptly; "The patients fever broke last night"
10. fall sharply; "stock prices broke"
11. render inoperable or ineffective; "You broke the alarm clock when you took it apart!"
12. weaken or destroy in spirit or body; "His resistance was broken"; "a man broken by the terrible experience of near-death"
13. vary or interrupt a uniformity or continuity; "The flat plain was broken by tall mesas"
14. (tennis) a score consisting of winning a game when your opponent was serving; "he was up two breaks in the second set" (同)break of serve
15. an escape from jail; "the breakout was carefully planned" (同)breakout, jailbreak, gaolbreak, prisonbreak, prison-breaking
16. an act of delaying or interrupting the continuity; "it was presented without commercial breaks"; "there was a gap in his account" (同)interruption, disruption, gap
17. a sudden dash; "he made a break for the open door"
18. the opening shot that scatters the balls in billiards or pool
19. an unexpected piece of good luck; "he finally got his big break" (同)good_luck, happy chance
20. an abrupt change in the tone or register of the voice (as at puberty or due to emotion); "then there was a break in her voice"
21. the occurrence of breaking; "the break in the dam threatened the valley"
22. interrupt a continued activity; "She had broken with the traditional patterns" (同)break away
23. break a piece from a whole; "break a branch from a tree" (同)break off, snap off
24. move away or escape suddenly; "The horses broke from the stable"; "Three inmates broke jail"; "Nobody can break out--this prison is high security" (同)break_out, break away
25. destroy the completeness of a set of related items; "The book dealer would not break the set" (同)break_up
26. force out or release suddenly and often violently something pent up; "break into tears"; "erupt in anger" (同)burst, erupt
27. ruin completely; "He busted my radio!" (同)bust
28. be released or become known; of news; "News of her death broke in the morning" (同)get_out, get_around
29. go to pieces; "The lawn mower finally broke"; "The gears wore out"; "The old chair finally fell apart completely" (同)wear, wear_out, bust, fall_apart
30. become punctured or penetrated; "The skin broke"
31. cause the failure or ruin of; "His peccadilloes finally broke his marriage"; "This play will either make or break the playwright"
32. cause to give up a habit; "She finally broke herself of smoking cigarettes"
33. change directions suddenly
34. change suddenly from one tone quality or register to another; "Her voice broke to a whisper when she started to talk about her children"
35. come forth or begin from a state of latency; "The first winter storm broke over New York"
36. come into being; "light broke over the horizon"; "Voices broke in the air"
37. come to an end; "The heat wave finally broke yesterday"
38. curl over and fall apart in surf or foam, of waves; "The surf broke"
39. emerge from the surface of a body of water; "The whales broke"
40. exchange for smaller units of money; "I had to break a $100 bill just to buy the candy"
41. find a flaw in; "break an alibi"; "break down a proof"
42. find the solution or key to; "break the code"
43. give up; "break cigarette smoking"
44. happen or take place; "Things have been breaking pretty well for us in the past few months"
45. interrupt the flow of current in; "break a circuit"
46. invalidate by judicial action; "The will was broken"
47. make a rupture in the ranks of the enemy or ones own by quitting or fleeing; "The ranks broke"
48. make the opening shot that scatters the balls
49. pierce or penetrate; "The blade broke her skin"
50. scatter or part; "The clouds broke after the heavy downpour"
51. separate from a clinch, in boxing; "The referee broke the boxers"
52. undergo breaking; "The simple vowels broke in many Germanic languages"
53. replace a corner by a plane
54. make shorter as if by cutting off; "truncate a word"; "Erosion has truncated the ridges of the mountains" (同)cut_short
55. terminating abruptly by having or as if having an end or point cut off; "a truncate leaf"; "truncated volcanic mountains"; "a truncated pyramid" (同)truncated
56. approximate by ignoring all terms beyond a chosen one; "truncate a series"
57. make by cutting into; "The water is going to cleave a channel into the rock"
58. separate or cut with a tool, such as a sharp instrument; "cleave the bone" (同)split, rive
59. surgical removal of a body part or tissue (同)extirpation, cutting out, excision
60. the erosive process that reduces the size of glaciers
61. reimbursement for goods damaged while in transit or in use
62. the quantity broken; "the total breakage was huge"
63. the act of breaking something; "the breakage was unavoidable" (同)break, breaking

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (手足などの)切断[手術]
2. …'を'『壊す』,割る,砕く;…'を'折る / …'を'擦りむく / …'を'『役に立たなくする』,壊す / (小さな物に)〈組になった物〉'を'分ける,ばらす,〈お金〉'を'くずす《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / 〈垣・へいなど〉'を'破って出る / 〈法律・規則・約束など〉'を'『破る』,犯す / 〈均整・秩序・配列など〉'を'破る,くずす;〈持続しているもの〉'を'中止する,妨げる / 〈記録〉'を'破る,更新する / (…に)…'を'打ち明ける,知らせる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …'を'破産させる,倒産させる / 〈気力・抵抗など〉'を'くじく;〈力・効果・強度〉'を'弱める / (…に)…‘の'位を下げる,…'を'降等させる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈動物〉'を'ならす / 〈人〉‘の'(…の)癖を直す《+『名』〈人〉+『of』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈暗号など〉'を'解読する;〈事件・問題など〉を解決する,解く / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》『壊れる』,砕ける,割れる;破れる,破裂する / ぷっつりと切れる;中断する,途切れる;《米》仕事を中断する / はずれる,離れる,分離する《+『off』(『away』)》 / 故障する,壊れる,動かなくなる / 突然始まる;突然変化する / 夜が明ける / 〈健康・気力などが〉衰える,弱る;〈心が〉悲しみに打ちひしがれる / 〈株・価格などが〉急落する,暴落する / 壊れた箇所,裂け目,割れ目 / 中断,途切れ;不和,仲たがい / 休憩時間,小休止 / 逃亡計画,脱獄 / (…に向かっての)突進 / 急な変化,顕著な変化 / 夜明け / 《話》運,機会
3. 〈円錐・樹木など〉‘の'頭(端)を切る / 〈文章など〉‘を'切って詰める / 切り取られた / (生物の形態が)切形の(先端を切り取ったような形をしていること)
4. …'を'まっぷたつに割る,裂く / 〈人垣・やぶ・波など〉'を'かき分けて突き進む;〈道〉を'を'切り開く / (木目などに沿って)割れる,裂ける / 切り分けて突き進む
5. 〈物が〉(…に)くっつく,固着する《+『to』+『名』》 / 《文》《古》(…への)忠誠を守る,(…を)固守する《+『to』+『名』》
6. 切除,除去;融除 / 溶発(ロケットの先端が大気圏突入で溶解すること)
7. 〈U〉破損;〈C〉破損箇所 / 破損量 / 〈C〉《通例複数形で》《英》破損物 / 〈C〉破損額

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/02 21:46:37」(JST)

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"Amputated" redirects here. For the band, see Amputated (band).

Amputation
J. McKnight, who lost his limbs in a railway accident in 1865, was the second recorded survivor of a simultaneous triple amputation.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	emergency medicine
ICD-10	T14.7
MeSH	D000673

Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, amputation of the hands, feet or other body parts is or was used as a form of punishment for people who committed crimes. Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment. Unlike some non-mammalian animals (such as lizards that shed their tails, salamanders that can regrow many missing body parts, and hydras, flatworms, and starfish that can regrow entire bodies from small fragments), once removed, human extremities do not grow back, unlike portions of some organs, such as the liver. A transplant or a prosthesis are the only options for recovering the loss.

In the US, the majority of new amputations occur due to complications of the vascular system (the blood vessels), especially from diabetes. Between 1988 and 1996, there were an average of 133,735 hospital discharges for amputation per year in the US.

History

The word amputation is derived from the Latin amputare, "to cut away", from ambi- ("about", "around") and putare ("to prune"). The Latin word has never been recorded in a surgical context, being reserved to indicate punishment for criminals. The English word "amputation" was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie (published in either 1597 or 1612); his work was derived from 16th-century French texts and early English writers also used the words "extirpation" (16th-century French texts tended to use extirper), "disarticulation", and "dismemberment" (from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal), or simply "cutting", but by the end of the 17th century "amputation" had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.

Types

Leg amputations

A diagram showing an above the knee amputation

Leg amputations can be divided into 2 broad categories:

• Minor amputations:
  • amputation of digits
  • partial foot amputation (Chopart, Lisfranc, Ray)
  • ankle disarticulation (Syme, Pyrogoff)
• Major amputations:
  • Below-knee amputation, abbreviated as BKA. Intentionally performed surgical below-knee amputation can be performed by transtibial techniques such as Burgess and Kingsley Robinson.
  • knee disarticulation (Gritti or Gritti-Stokes)
  • above-knee amputation (transfemoral)
  • Van-ness rotation/rotationplasty (foot being turned around and reattached to allow the ankle joint to be used as a knee)
  • hip disarticulation
  • hemipelvectomy/hindquarter amputation

Arm amputations

The 18th century guide to amputations

• amputation of digits
• metacarpal amputation
• wrist disarticulation
• forearm amputation (transradial)
• elbow disarticulation
• above-elbow amputation (transhumeral)
• shoulder disarticulation and forequarter amputation
• Krukenberg procedure

Other amputations

• Face:
  • amputation of the ears
  • amputation of the nose (rhinotomy)
  • amputation of the tongue (glossectomy).
  • amputation of the eyes (blinding). Many of these facial disfigurings were and still are done in some parts of the world as punishment for some crimes, and as individual shame and population terror practices.
  • amputation of the teeth. Removal of teeth, mainly incisors, is or was practiced by some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the Iberomaurusian culture of Neolithic North Africa).
• Breasts:
  • amputation of the breasts (mastectomy).
• Genitals amputation
  • amputation of the scrotum.
  • amputation of the testicles (castration).
  • amputation of the penis (penectomy).
  • amputation of the foreskin (circumcision).
  • amputation of the clitoris (clitoridectomy).

Hemicorporectomy, or amputation at the waist, and decapitation, or amputation at the neck, are the most radical amputations.

Genital modification and mutilation may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease.

Self-amputation

See also: Autotomy and Body integrity identity disorder

In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated his or her own limb:

• In 2007, 66-year-old Al Hill amputated his leg below the knee using his pocketknife after the leg got stuck beneath a fallen tree he was cutting in California.
• In 2007, Sampson Parker, a South Carolina farmer, cut off his own arm after it became stuck in a corn harvester.
• In 2003, 27-year-old Aron Ralston amputated his forearm using his pocketknife and breaking and tearing the two bones, after the arm got stuck under a boulder when hiking in Utah. He documented the story of his ordeal in his book Between a Rock and a Hard Place which was turned into the movie 127 Hours.
• In 2003, an Australian coal miner amputated his own arm with a Stanley knife after it became trapped when the front-end loader he was driving overturned three kilometers underground. The amputation proved to be unnecessary as emergency services arrived and recovered the trapped arm, but were unable to reattach it.

Rarely, self-amputation is performed for criminal or political purposes,

• On March 7, 1998, Daniel Rudolph, the elder brother of the 1996 Olympics bomber Eric Robert Rudolph, videotaped himself cutting off one of his own hands with an electric saw to "send a message to the FBI and the media."

or for emotional or mental-illness reasons,

• On or about December 23, 1888, Vincent van Gogh amputated his left ear, appeared at the Maison de Tolérance No 1, asked for a girl called Rachel, and handed her his ear.

Body integrity identity disorder is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb. In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed.

Causes

Circulatory disorders

• Diabetic foot infection or gangrene (the most frequent reason for infection-related amputations)
• Sepsis with peripheral necrosis

Neoplasm

Transfemoral amputation due to liposarcoma

• Cancerous bone or soft tissue tumors (e.g. osteosarcoma, chondrosaroma, fibrosarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, sacrococcygeal teratoma, liposarcoma)
• Melanoma

Trauma

Three fingers from a soldier's right hand were traumatically amputated during World War I.

• Severe limb injuries in which the limb cannot be saved or efforts to save the limb fail.
• Traumatic amputation (an unexpected amputation that occurs at the scene of an accident, where the limb is partially or entirely severed as a direct result of the accident, for example a finger that is severed from the blade of a table saw).
• Amputation in utero (Amniotic band)

Deformities

• Deformities of digits and/or limbs (e.g., proximal femoral focal deficiency)
• Extra digits and/or limbs (e.g., polydactyly)

Infection

• Bone infection (osteomyelitis)
• Diabetes
• Frostbite

Athletic performance

• Sometimes professional athletes may choose to have a non-essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance. Australian Rules footballer Daniel Chick elected to have his left ring finger amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance. Rugby union player Jone Tawake also had a finger removed. National Football League safety Ronnie Lott had the tip of his little finger removed after it was damaged in the 1985 NFL season.

Legal punishment

• Amputation is used as a legal punishment in a number of countries, among them Iran, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Islamic regions of Nigeria.

Surgical amputation

Method

Curved knives such as this one were used, in the past, for some kinds of amputations.

The first step is ligating the supplying artery and vein, to prevent hemorrhage (bleeding). The muscles are transected, and finally the bone is sawed through with an oscillating saw. Sharp and rough edges of the bone(s) are filed down, skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, occasionally with the insertion of elements to attach a prosthesis.

Traumatic amputation

Traumatic amputation is the partial or total avulsion of a part of a body during a serious accident, like traffic, labor, or combat.

Traumatic amputation of a human limb, either partial or total, creates the immediate danger of death from blood loss.

Orthopedic surgeons often assess the severity of different injuries using the Mangled Extremity Severity Score. Given different clinical and situational factors, they can predict the likelihood of amputation. This is especially useful for emergency physicians to quickly evaluate patients and decide on consultations.

Causes

Private Lewis Francis was wounded July 21, 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run by a bayonet to the knee.

Traumatic amputation is rare in humans (1 per 20,804 population per year). Loss of limb usually happens immediately during the accident, but sometimes a few days later after medical complications. Statistically the most common causes of traumatic amputations are:

• Traffic accidents (cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trains, etc.)
• Labor accidents (equipment, instruments, cylinders, chainsaws, press machines, meat machines, wood machines, etc.)
• Agricultural accidents, with machines and mower equipment
• Electric shock hazards
• Guns, weapons, explosives, dynamite, bombs, fireworks, etc.
• Violent rupture of ship rope or industry wire rope
• Ring traction (ring amputation, de-gloving injuries)
• Building doors and car doors
• Gas cylinder explosions
• Other rare accidents

Treatment

The development of the science of microsurgery over last 40 years has provided several treatment options for a traumatic amputation, depending on the patient's specific trauma and clinical situation:

• 1st choice: Surgical amputation - break - prosthesis
• 2nd choice: Surgical amputation - transplantation of other tissue - plastic reconstruction.
• 3rd choice: Replantation - reconnection - revascularisation of amputated limb, by microscope (after 1969)
• 4th choice: Transplantation of cadaveric hand (after year 2000),

Epidemiology

• In the United States in 1999, there were 14,420 non-fatal traumatic amputations according to the American Statistical Association. Of these, 4,435 occurred as a result of traffic and transportation accidents and 9,985 were due to labor accidents. Of all traumatic amputations, the distribution percentage is 30.75% for traffic accidents and 69.24% for labor accidents.
• The population of USA in 1999 was about 300,000,000, so the conclusion is that there is one amputation per 20,804 persons per year. In the group of labor amputations, 53% occurred in laborers and technicians, 30% in production and service workers, 16% in silviculture and fishery workers.
• A study found that in 2010, 22.8% of patients undergoing amputation of a lower extremity in the United States were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days.

Prevention

Amputations are usually traumatic experiences. They can reduce the quality of life for patients in addition to being expensive. In the USA, a typical prosthetic limb costs in the range of $10,000–15,000 according to the American Diabetic Association. In some populations, preventing amputations is a critical task.

Methods in preventing amputation depend on the problems that might cause amputations to be necessary. Chronic infections, often caused by diabetes or decubitus ulcers in bedridden patients, are common causes of infections that lead to gangrene, which would then necessitate amputation.

There are two key challenges: first, many patients have impaired circulation in their extremities, and second, they have difficulty curing infections in limbs with poor vasculation (blood circulation).

Crush injuries where there is extensive tissue damage and poor circulation also benefit from hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). The high level of oxygenation and revascularization speed up recovery times and prevent infections.

A study found that the patented method called Circulator Boot achieved significant results in prevention of amputation in patients with diabetes and arterioscleorosis. Another study found it also effective for healing limb ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease. The boot checks the heart rhythm and compresses the limb between heartbeats; the compression helps cure the wounds in the walls of veins and arteries, and helps to push the blood back to the heart.

For victims of trauma, advances in microsurgery in the 1970s have made replantations of severed body parts possible.

The establishment of laws, rules and guidelines, and employment of modern equipment help protect people from traumatic amputations.

Prognosis

The individual may experience psychological trauma and emotional discomfort. The stump will remain an area of reduced mechanical stability. Limb loss can present significant or even drastic practical limitations.

A large proportion of amputees (50–80%) experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs; they feel body parts that are no longer there. These limbs can itch, ache, burn, feel tense, dry or wet, locked in or trapped or they can feel as if they are moving. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye (phantom eye syndrome).

A similar phenomenon is unexplained sensation in a body part unrelated to the amputated limb. It has been hypothesized that the portion of the brain responsible for processing stimulation from amputated limbs, being deprived of input, expands into the surrounding brain, (Phantoms in the Brain: V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee) such that an individual who has had an arm amputated will experience unexplained pressure or movement on his face or head.

In many cases,the phantom limb aids in adaptation to a prosthesis, as it permits the person to experience proprioception of the prosthetic limb. To support improved resistance or usability, comfort or healing, some type of stump socks may be worn instead of or as part of wearing a prosthesis.

Another side effect can be heterotopic ossification, especially when a bone injury is combined with a head injury. The brain signals the bone to grow instead of scar tissue to form, and nodules and other growth can interfere with prosthetics and sometimes require further operations. This type of injury has been especially common among soldiers wounded by improvised explosive devices in the Iraq war.

Due to technologic advances in prosthetics, many amputees live active lives with little restriction. Organizations such as the Challenged Athletes Foundation have been developed to give amputees the opportunity to be involved in athletics and adaptive sports such as Amputee Soccer.

Gallery

• A woodcut engraving in Feldbuch der Wundarzney (1517) by Hans von Gersdorff, showing how to remove a leg.

• An amputee beggar, by Jacques Callot, 1622

• In a 1786 James Gillray caricature, the plentiful money bags handed to King George III are contrasted with the beggar whose legs and arms were amputated, in the left corner

• Alfred A. Stratton, an American Civil War veteran and double amputee

• Amputee veterans of World War II in Germany, 1946

• John McFall, who has an above-knee leg amputation, and uses a prosthetic leg, is a sprinter and winner of a gold medal at the 2007 Paralympic World Cup

• An American soldier who was wounded by a rocket-propelled grenade in Iraq

• Aron Ralston, an outdoorsman who was forced to amputate his own right arm with a multi-tool after having it trapped between a boulder and a canyon wall.

• Team Zaryen amputee soccer

• South African sprint runner Oscar Pistorius

• An amputee of the right leg photographed in the Historic Center of Quito in 2013.

• Lisa Bufano, dancer and performance artist

See also

• Adapted automobile
• Prosthesis
• Acrotomophilia

References

Further reading

• Miller, Brian Craig. Empty Sleeves: Amputation in the Civil War South (University of Georgia Press, 2015). xviii, 257 pp.

External links

• Amputation from Cooper's 1835 "Practice of Surgery"
• Imaging of Lower Extremities Amputations
• An amputation and regeneration blog
• Diving In, NC Well Magazine
• Limb Loss Education, University of Washington
• Mangled Extremity Severity Score
• Afghan amputees tell their stories at Texas gathering, Fayetteville Observer
• Can modern prosthetics actually help reclaim the sense of touch?, PBS Newshour

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

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• 2. 下肢切断の手技 techniques for lower extremity amputation
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English Journal

• Critical limb ischemia and its treatments: a review.

• Gulati A1, Botnaru I, Garcia LA.
• The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino).2015 Oct;56(5):775-85. Epub 2015 Apr 14.
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• PMID 25868972

• Flexible and waterproof micro-sensors to uncover zebrafish circadian rhythms: The next generation of cardiac monitoring for drug screening.

• Zhang X1, Beebe T2, Jen N2, Lee CA3, Tai Y1, Hsiai TK4.
• Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2015 Sep 15;71:150-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.027. Epub 2015 Apr 14.
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• Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.2015 Jul;59(6):740-8. doi: 10.1111/aas.12532. Epub 2015 Apr 23.
• BACKGROUND: Persistent post-surgical pain is recognised as a major problem. Prevalence after different surgical procedures has been reported to range from 5% up to 85%. Limb amputation and thoracotomy have the highest reported prevalence. Prediction of persistent post-surgical pain has over the last
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• PMID 25771744

Japanese Journal

• 症例 骨髄炎を伴った糖尿病性足壊疽の患者に大切断を施行せずPTB装具を用い歩行し得た1例

• 須田 徹也,吉川 摩由,加藤 慎二
• 形成外科 57(12), 1417-1423, 2014-12
• NAID 40020279340

• Pocket principleを用いた指尖部切断の治療 (特集 指尖部損傷に対する再建術)

• 矢部 哲司
• 形成外科 57(11), 1205-1213, 2014-11
• NAID 40020253225

• 臨床 労災事故による指尖部切断指の検討 : 再接着・皮弁形成・断端形成術の比較

• 善家 雄吉,篠根 理孝,古川 佳世子 [他]
• 整形・災害外科 57(10), 1289-1292, 2014-09
• NAID 40020195010

• 直腸腫瘍を契機に発見された無症状の成人右側Bochdalek孔ヘルニアの１例

• 加藤 大,大石 正博,小寺 正人,山村 方夫,池田 秀明,水野 憲治,山下 裕,鈴木 一則
• 岡山医学会雑誌 126(2), 137-141, 2014-08-01
• … Because the tumor was large, laparoscopic abdominoperineal rectal amputation was performed after systemic imatinib therapy. …
• NAID 120005468254

Related Links

• Amputation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma, prolonged constriction, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried ...

• Lower Leg Amputation Surgery (Amputated Leg) - YouTube

28 Sep 2009 ... This 3d medical animation features a dramatic operative room overview of a left leg below the knee surgical amputation following severe trauma to the ankle a...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「break」「ablation」「transection」「切断」「cleave」

「break」

　　[★]

• n.

• 中断

• v.

• (過去broke-過去分詞broken)
• 破壊する、壊す、破損する、切断する

関

ablate、ablation、abolish、abort、amputate、amputation、breakage、cleavage、cleave、damage、destroy、destruction、discontinuance、discontinuation、discontinue、discontinuity、dismantle、disrupt、disruptant、disruption、interrupt、interruption、lesion、rupture、scission、sever、subversion、subvert、transection、truncate、truncation

PHP

• for, while, foreach, switchからの脱出

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「ablation」

　　[★]

• n.

• 切除、切断、消失、アブレーション、焼灼、焼灼術
• (一部の)除去、(手術による)除去、切断
• (医)剥離

関

(vt.)ablate

ablate、ablative、amputate、amputation、break、breakage、cauterization、cauterize、cautery、cleavage、cleave、disappear、disappearance、elimination、excise、excision、excisional、extirpation、regress、resect、resection、resective、scission、sever、transect、transection、truncate、truncation

　 　 　

「transection」

　　[★]

• n.

• 切断、切除、離断、横切、横切開、横断面

関

ablate、ablation、ablative、amputate、amputation、axial section、break、breakage、cleavage、cleave、cross section、cross-section、cross-sectional、excise、excision、excisional、extirpation、horizontal incision、mutilation、resect、resection、resective、scission、sever、transect、transverse incision、transverse section、truncate、truncation

「切断」

　　[★]

英

cleavage、ablation、truncation、breakage、transection、amputation、scission、cleave、break、truncate、ablate、sever、amputate

関

横切、横切開、横断面、開裂、消失、切除、切断術、中断、破壊、破損、分割、卵割、離断、切り詰める、切り詰め、アブレーション、焼灼、トランケート、焼灼術、壊す

同

amputation

「cleave」

　　[★]

• v.

• 切断する、分割する、開裂する

関

ablate、ablation、amputate、amputation、break、breakage、cleavage、contingency、divide、division、fractionate、fractionation、mince、parcellated、part、parted、partition、resolution、scission、sever、split、transection、truncate、truncation