switch

• n.

• 切り換え、スイッチ

• v.

• 転換する、切り換える、切り替わる、変わる

関

change、changeover、conversion、convert、diversion、interconversion、shift、switching、switchover、turn to、vary

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. flog with or as if with a flexible rod
2. make a shift in or exchange of; "First Joe led; then we switched" (同)change over, shift
3. control consisting of a mechanical or electrical or electronic device for making or breaking or changing the connections in a circuit (同)electric switch, electrical switch
4. the act of changing one thing or position for another; "his switch on abortion cost him the election" (同)switching, shift
5. a basketball maneuver; two defensive players shift assignments so that each guards the player usually guarded by the other
6. a flexible implement used as an instrument of punishment
7. hairpiece consisting of a tress of false hair; used by women to give shape to a coiffure
8. railroad track having two movable rails and necessary connections; used to turn a train from one track to another or to store rolling stock
9. lay aside, abandon, or leave for another; "switch to a different brand of beer"; "She switched psychiatrists"; "The car changed lanes" (同)shift, change
10. prevent completion; "stop the project"; "break off the negotiations" (同)break off, discontinue, stop
11. happen; "Report the news as it develops"; "These political movements recrudesce from time to time" (同)recrudesce, develop
12. become separated into pieces or fragments; "The figurine broke"; "The freshly baked loaf fell apart" (同)separate, split up, fall_apart, come apart
13. be broken in; "If the new teacher wont break, well add some stress"
14. crack; of the male voice in puberty; "his voice is breaking--he should no longer sing in the choir"
15. destroy the integrity of; usually by force; cause to separate into pieces or fragments; "He broke the glass plate"; "She broke the match"
16. diminish or discontinue abruptly; "The patients fever broke last night"
17. fall sharply; "stock prices broke"
18. render inoperable or ineffective; "You broke the alarm clock when you took it apart!"
19. weaken or destroy in spirit or body; "His resistance was broken"; "a man broken by the terrible experience of near-death"
20. vary or interrupt a uniformity or continuity; "The flat plain was broken by tall mesas"
21. (tennis) a score consisting of winning a game when your opponent was serving; "he was up two breaks in the second set" (同)break of serve
22. an escape from jail; "the breakout was carefully planned" (同)breakout, jailbreak, gaolbreak, prisonbreak, prison-breaking
23. an act of delaying or interrupting the continuity; "it was presented without commercial breaks"; "there was a gap in his account" (同)interruption, disruption, gap
24. a sudden dash; "he made a break for the open door"
25. the opening shot that scatters the balls in billiards or pool
26. an unexpected piece of good luck; "he finally got his big break" (同)good_luck, happy chance
27. an abrupt change in the tone or register of the voice (as at puberty or due to emotion); "then there was a break in her voice"
28. the occurrence of breaking; "the break in the dam threatened the valley"
29. interrupt a continued activity; "She had broken with the traditional patterns" (同)break away
30. break a piece from a whole; "break a branch from a tree" (同)break off, snap off
31. move away or escape suddenly; "The horses broke from the stable"; "Three inmates broke jail"; "Nobody can break out--this prison is high security" (同)break_out, break away
32. destroy the completeness of a set of related items; "The book dealer would not break the set" (同)break_up
33. force out or release suddenly and often violently something pent up; "break into tears"; "erupt in anger" (同)burst, erupt
34. ruin completely; "He busted my radio!" (同)bust
35. be released or become known; of news; "News of her death broke in the morning" (同)get_out, get_around
36. go to pieces; "The lawn mower finally broke"; "The gears wore out"; "The old chair finally fell apart completely" (同)wear, wear_out, bust, fall_apart
37. become punctured or penetrated; "The skin broke"
38. cause the failure or ruin of; "His peccadilloes finally broke his marriage"; "This play will either make or break the playwright"
39. cause to give up a habit; "She finally broke herself of smoking cigarettes"
40. change directions suddenly
41. change suddenly from one tone quality or register to another; "Her voice broke to a whisper when she started to talk about her children"
42. come forth or begin from a state of latency; "The first winter storm broke over New York"
43. come into being; "light broke over the horizon"; "Voices broke in the air"
44. come to an end; "The heat wave finally broke yesterday"
45. curl over and fall apart in surf or foam, of waves; "The surf broke"
46. emerge from the surface of a body of water; "The whales broke"
47. exchange for smaller units of money; "I had to break a $100 bill just to buy the candy"
48. find a flaw in; "break an alibi"; "break down a proof"
49. find the solution or key to; "break the code"
50. give up; "break cigarette smoking"
51. happen or take place; "Things have been breaking pretty well for us in the past few months"
52. interrupt the flow of current in; "break a circuit"
53. invalidate by judicial action; "The will was broken"
54. make a rupture in the ranks of the enemy or ones own by quitting or fleeing; "The ranks broke"
55. make the opening shot that scatters the balls
56. pierce or penetrate; "The blade broke her skin"
57. scatter or part; "The clouds broke after the heavy downpour"
58. separate from a clinch, in boxing; "The referee broke the boxers"
59. undergo breaking; "The simple vowels broke in many Germanic languages"
60. cause to change; make different; cause a transformation; "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue" (同)alter, modify
61. become different in some particular way, without permanently losing ones or its former characteristics or essence; "her mood changes in accordance with the weather"; "The supermarkets selection of vegetables varies according to the season" (同)alter, vary
62. exchange or replace with another, usually of the same kind or category; "Could you convert my dollars into pounds?"; "He changed his name"; "convert centimeters into inches"; "convert holdings into shares" (同)exchange, commute, convert
63. a relational difference between states; especially between states before and after some event; "he attributed the change to their marriage"
64. change clothes; put on different clothes; "Change before you go to the opera"
65. coins of small denomination regarded collectively; "he had a pocketful of change"
66. money received in return for its equivalent in a larger denomination or a different currency; "he got change for a twenty and used it to pay the taxi driver"
67. remove or replace the coverings of; "Father had to learn how to change the baby"; "After each guest we changed the bed linens"
68. the balance of money received when the amount you tender is greater than the amount due; "I paid with a twenty and pocketed the change"
69. the result of alteration or modification; "there were marked changes in the lining of the lungs"; "there had been no change in the mountains"
70. undergo a change; become different in essence; losing ones or its original nature; "She changed completely as she grew older"; "The weather changed last night"
71. a different or fresh set of clothes; "she brought a change in her overnight bag"
72. a thing that is different; "he inspected several changes before selecting one"
73. the action of changing something; "the change of government had no impact on the economy"; "his change on abortion cost him the election"
74. an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another; "the change was intended to increase sales"; "this storm is certainly a change for the worse"; "the neighborhood had undergone few modifications since his last visit years ago" (同)alteration, modification
75. use a shift key on a keyboard; "She could not shift so all her letters are written in lower case"
76. the time period during which you are at work (同)work shift, duty period
77. the act of moving from one place to another; "his constant shifting disrupted the class" (同)shifting
78. an event in which something is displaced without rotation (同)displacement
79. a crew of workers who work for a specific period of time
80. change place or direction; "Shift ones position" (同)dislodge, reposition
81. change gears; "you have to shift when you go down a steep hill"
82. change in quality; "His tone shifted"
83. change phonetically as part of a systematic historical change; "Grimm showed how the consonants shifted"
84. move and exchange for another; "shift the date for our class reunion"
85. move from one setting or context to another; "shift the emphasis"; "shift ones attention"
86. score an extra point or points after touchdown by kicking the ball through the uprights or advancing the ball into the end zone; "Smith converted and his team won"
87. change from one system to another or to a new plan or policy; "We converted from 220 to 110 Volt" (同)change over
88. cause to adopt a new or different faith; "The missionaries converted the Indian population"
89. change in nature, purpose, or function; undergo a chemical change; "The substance converts to an acid"
90. change religious beliefs, or adopt a religious belief; "She converted to Buddhism"
91. change the nature, purpose, or function of something; "convert lead into gold"; "convert hotels into jails"; "convert slaves to laborers"
92. a person who has been converted to another religious or political belief
93. make (someone) agree, understand, or realize the truth or validity of something; "He had finally convinced several customers of the advantages of his product" (同)win over, convince
94. complete successfully; "score a penalty shot or free throw"
95. score (a spare)
96. (psychiatry) a defense mechanism represses emotional conflicts which are then converted into physical symptoms that have no organic basis
97. a spiritual enlightenment causing a person to lead a new life (同)rebirth, spiritual rebirth
98. a successful free throw or try for point after a touchdown
99. act of exchanging one type of money or security for another
100. the act of changing from one use or function or purpose to another
101. an event that results in a transformation (同)transition, changeover
102. a change in the units or form of an expression: "conversion from Fahrenheit to Centigrade"
103. a change of religion; "his conversion to the Catholic faith"
104. interchange of subject and predicate of a proposition
105. (computer science) one of a set of small on-off switches mounted in computer hardware; used in place of jumpers to configure the machine for a user (同)dual inline package switch

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (特にむち打ち用の)『しなやかな小枝』(棒) / (しなやかな小枝・棒などで)むち打つこと / (…における)『変更』《+in+名》;(…から…への)転換《+from+名+to+名》 / (電気の)『スイッチ』,開閉器 / (電話の)交換台 / (鉄道の)転てつ器,ポイント / (女性の髪用の)入れ毛,かもじ / 〈人・動物〉‘を'むちで打つ,むち打つ(whip) / 〈むちなど〉‘を'振る,(むちを打つように)…‘を'さっと振る / (…に)…‘を'『転換する,』変更する《+名+to+名(doing)》 / …‘を'交換する(exchange) / 〈線路のポイント〉‘を'転換する,転てつする / (ある方向・進路に)変わる,転じる,移る《+to(into)+名》 / 交換する,取り替える
2. …'を'『壊す』,割る,砕く;…'を'折る / …'を'擦りむく / …'を'『役に立たなくする』,壊す / (小さな物に)〈組になった物〉'を'分ける,ばらす,〈お金〉'を'くずす《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / 〈垣・へいなど〉'を'破って出る / 〈法律・規則・約束など〉'を'『破る』,犯す / 〈均整・秩序・配列など〉'を'破る,くずす;〈持続しているもの〉'を'中止する,妨げる / 〈記録〉'を'破る,更新する / (…に)…'を'打ち明ける,知らせる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / …'を'破産させる,倒産させる / 〈気力・抵抗など〉'を'くじく;〈力・効果・強度〉'を'弱める / (…に)…‘の'位を下げる,…'を'降等させる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈動物〉'を'ならす / 〈人〉‘の'(…の)癖を直す《+『名』〈人〉+『of』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈暗号など〉'を'解読する;〈事件・問題など〉を解決する,解く / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》『壊れる』,砕ける,割れる;破れる,破裂する / ぷっつりと切れる;中断する,途切れる;《米》仕事を中断する / はずれる,離れる,分離する《+『off』(『away』)》 / 故障する,壊れる,動かなくなる / 突然始まる;突然変化する / 夜が明ける / 〈健康・気力などが〉衰える,弱る;〈心が〉悲しみに打ちひしがれる / 〈株・価格などが〉急落する,暴落する / 壊れた箇所,裂け目,割れ目 / 中断,途切れ;不和,仲たがい / 休憩時間,小休止 / 逃亡計画,脱獄 / (…に向かっての)突進 / 急な変化,顕著な変化 / 夜明け / 《話》運,機会
3. (…に)…'を'『変える』,改める《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / …'を'『取り替える』,交換する / 〈小切手・為替〉'を'現金にする,〈金〉'を'両替えする;(…に)…'を'両替する《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / (…に)『変わる』,変化する《+『to』(『into』)+『名』》 / (他の衣服に)着替える《+『into』+『名』》 / (…に)乗り換える《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『変化』,移り変わり,変遷《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(…の)『取り替え』,交換;乗り換え《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉釣り銭,小銭
4. 〈人・場所・位置など〉‘を'『移し替える』,置き換える / …‘を'変える,取り替える / 〈自動車のギヤ〉‘を'入れ変える / (…へ)『変わる』,移る《+『to』+『名』》 / 車のギヤを変える;〈車が〉ギヤが入れ変わる・『変換』,転換;移動 / (仕事、作業の)『交替』,交替製;交替の組(人);交替時間 / (特に,自動車)変速装置 / やりくり[算段],一時しのぎの手段,便法;ずるい手段,策略 / シフトドレス(肩から腰までまっすぐした線のゆったりしたワンピース);スリップ
5. (別の物・状態・用途に)…'を'『変える』,転換する(change)《+『名』+『into』(『to』)+『名』》 / 《米》《通例受動態で》(他の宗教・主義などに)〈人〉'を'改宗させる,転向させる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (…に)…'を'等価交換する,両替する《+『名』+『into』+『名』》 / (ラグビー・アメリカンフットボールで)〈トライしたボール〉'を'ゴールキックして入れる / (…に)変わる《+『into』(『to』)+『名』》 / 《米》(…から…に)改宗(転向)する《+『from』+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈ドルなどが〉(…に)等価交換できる《+『to』(『into』)+『名』》 / 改宗者,転向者
6. 〈U〉〈C〉(性質・形・機能などの)(…から…への)転換,変換,変化《+『from』+『名』+『into』(『to』)+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(宗教・主義などの)改宗;(…への)帰依,転向《+『to』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/28 11:31:14」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

Switch（スイッチ、スウィッチ、スィッチ）

• 音楽
  • SWITCH (the★tambourinesのアルバム) - the★tambourinesのミニアルバム
  • Switch (mihimaru GTの曲) - mihimaru GTのシングル
  • Switch - Every Little Thingの曲。シングル『sure』のカップリング曲。
  • switch - SURFACEの曲。アルバム『Fate』の曲。
  • switch - TOKIOの曲。シングル『ホントんとこ/Future』のカップリング曲。

• 本
  • Switch (米原秀幸) - 米原秀幸が週刊少年チャンピオンに連載していた漫画
  • switch (naked ape) - naked apeが月刊Gファンタジーに連載している漫画
  • スイッチ・パブリッシングの出版物

• ゲーム
  • SWITCH (ゲーム) - MEGA-CD・PS2用コンピュータゲーム
  • SWITCH (ケイブ)（ - docomo用アプリ美少女育成シューティングゲーム

• ラジオ・テレビ
  • Switch! - ラジオ番組
  • SWITCH (テレビ番組) - フジテレビでかつて放送していた深夜番組

• その他
  • switch文 - C言語などプログラミング言語の多岐分岐処理
  • スタジオSWITCH - 新潟総合テレビ（NST）本社のハイビジョン対応スタジオ
  • インドの六大IT企業の総称。各社の頭文字からとった。サティヤム・コンピュータ・サービス、ウィプロ、インフォシス・テクノロジーズ、タタ・コンサルタンシー・サービシズ、コグニザント・テクノロジー・ソリューションズ、HCLテクノロジーズの6社。2007年に発表されたガートナーのレポートで初めて用いられた。
  • SWITCH (アダルトビデオ) - アダルトビデオメーカー。

関連項目

• スイッチ
• スイッチャー

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wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Toggle button" redirects here. For the GUI widget, see Cycle button. For other uses, see Switch (disambiguation).

Electrical switches. Top, left to right: circuit breaker, mercury switch, wafer switch, DIP switch, surface mount switch, reed switch. Bottom, left to right: wall switch (U.S. style), miniature toggle switch, in‑line switch, push-button switch, rocker switch, microswitch.

In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The mechanism of a switch may be operated directly by a human operator to control a circuit (for example, a light switch or a keyboard button), may be operated by a moving object such as a door-operated switch, or may be operated by some sensing element for pressure, temperature or flow. A relay is a switch that is operated by electricity. Switches are made to handle a wide range of voltages and currents; very large switches may be used to isolate high-voltage circuits in electrical substations.

Description

The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for "on" or push-for "off") type.

A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another workpiece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be padlocked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock.

An ideal switch would have no voltage drop when closed, and would have no limits on voltage or current rating. It would have zero rise time and fall time during state changes, and would change state without "bouncing" between on and off positions.

Practical switches fall short of this ideal; they have resistance, limits on the current and voltage they can handle, finite switching time, etc. The ideal switch is often used in circuit analysis as it greatly simplifies the system of equations to be solved, but this can lead to a less accurate solution. Theoretical treatment of the effects of non-ideal properties is required in the design of large networks of switches, as for example used in telephone exchanges.

Contacts

A toggle switch in the "on" position.

In the simplest case, a switch has two conductive pieces, often metal, called contacts, connected to an external circuit, that touch to complete (make) the circuit, and separate to open (break) the circuit. The contact material is chosen for its resistance to corrosion, because most metals form insulating oxides that would prevent the switch from working. Contact materials are also chosen on the basis of electrical conductivity, hardness (resistance to abrasive wear), mechanical strength, low cost and low toxicity.

Sometimes the contacts are plated with noble metals. They may be designed to wipe against each other to clean off any contamination. Nonmetallic conductors, such as conductive plastic, are sometimes used. To prevent the formation of insulating oxides, a minimum wetting current may be specified for a given switch design.

Contact terminology

Triple-pole single-throw (TPST or 3PST) knife switch used to short the windings of a 3‑phase wind turbine for braking purposes. Here the switch is shown in the open position.

In electronics, switches are classified according to the arrangement of their contacts. A pair of contacts is said to be "closed" when current can flow from one to the other. When the contacts are separated by an insulating air gap, they are said to be "open", and no current can flow between them at normal voltages. The terms "make" for closure of contacts and "break" for opening of contacts are also widely used.

The terms pole and throw are also used to describe switch contact variations. The number of "poles" is the number of electrically separate switches which are controlled by a single physical actuator. For example, a "2-pole" switch has two separate, parallel sets of contacts that open and close in unison via the same mechanism. The number of "throws" is the number of separate wiring path choices other than "open" that the switch can adopt for each pole. A single-throw switch has one pair of contacts that can either be closed or open. A double-throw switch has a contact that can be connected to either of two other contacts, a triple-throw has a contact which can be connected to one of three other contacts, etc.

In a switch where the contacts remain in one state unless actuated, such as a push-button switch, the contacts can either be normally open (abbreviated "n.o." or "no") until closed by operation of the switch, or normally closed ("n.c." or "nc") and opened by the switch action. A switch with both types of contact is called a changeover switch. These may be "make-before-break" ("MBB" or shorting) which momentarily connects both circuits, or may be "break-before-make" ("BBM" or non-shorting) which interrupts one circuit before closing the other.

These terms have given rise to abbreviations for the types of switch which are used in the electronics industry such as "single-pole, single-throw" (SPST) (the simplest type, "on or off") or "single-pole, double-throw" (SPDT), connecting either of two terminals to the common terminal. In electrical power wiring (i.e., house and building wiring by electricians), names generally involve the suffix "-way"; however, these terms differ between British English and American English (i.e., the terms two way and three  way are used with different meanings).

Electronics specification and abbreviation	Expansion of abbreviation	British mains wiring name	American electrical wiring name	Description	Symbol
SPST	Single pole, single throw	One-way	Two-way	A simple on-off switch: The two terminals are either connected together or disconnected from each other. An example is a light switch.
SPDT	Single pole, double throw	Two-way	Three-way	A simple changeover switch: C (COM, Common) is connected to L1 or to L2.
SPCO SPTT, c.o.	Single pole changeover or Single pole, centre off or Single Pole, Triple Throw			Similar to SPDT. Some suppliers use SPCO/SPTT for switches with a stable off position in the centre and SPDT for those without.
DPST	Double pole, single throw	Double pole	Double pole	Equivalent to two SPST switches controlled by a single mechanism
DPDT	Double pole, double throw			Equivalent to two SPDT switches controlled by a single mechanism.
DPCO	Double pole changeover or Double pole, centre off			Schematically equivalent to DPDT. Some suppliers use DPCO for switches with a stable center position and DPDT for those without. A DPDT/DPCO switch with a center position can be "off" in the center, not connected to either L1 or L2, or "on", connected to both L1 and L2 at the same time. The positions of such switches are commonly referenced as "on-off-on" and "on-on-on" respectively.
		Intermediate switch	Four-way switch	DPDT switch internally wired for polarity-reversal applications: only four rather than six wires are brought outside the switch housing.
2P6T	Two pole, six throw			Changeover switch with a (COM, Common) which can connect to L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, or L6; with a second switch (2P, two pole) controlled by a single mechanism

Switches with larger numbers of poles or throws can be described by replacing the "S" or "D" with a number (e.g. 3PST, 4PST, etc.) or in some cases the letter "T" (for "triple") or "Q" (for "quadruple"). In the rest of this article the terms SPST, SPDT and intermediate will be used to avoid the ambiguity.

Contact bounce

Snapshot of switch bounce on an oscilloscope. The switch bounces between on and off several times before settling.

Contact bounce (also called chatter) is a common problem with mechanical switches and relays. Switch and relay contacts are usually made of springy metals. When the contacts strike together, their momentum and elasticity act together to cause them to bounce apart one or more times before making steady contact. The result is a rapidly pulsed electric current instead of a clean transition from zero to full current. The effect is usually unimportant in power circuits, but causes problems in some analogue and logic circuits that respond fast enough to misinterpret the on‑off pulses as a data stream.

The effects of contact bounce can be eliminated by use of mercury-wetted contacts, but these are now infrequently used because of the hazard of mercury release. Alternatively, contact circuits can be low-pass filtered to reduce or eliminate multiple pulses. In digital systems, multiple samples of the contact state can be taken or a time delay can be implemented in order for the contact bounce to settle before the contact input is used to control anything. Bounce in an SPDT switch can be eliminated by an SR flip-flop (latch) or Schmitt trigger. All of these methods are referred to as "debouncing" circuits.

By analogy, the term "debounce" has arisen in the software development industry to describe rate-limiting or throttling the frequency of a method's execution.

Arcs and quenching

When the power being switched is sufficiently large, the electron flow across opening switch contacts is sufficient to ionize the air molecules across the tiny gap between the contacts as the switch is opened, forming a gas plasma, also known as an electric arc. The plasma is of low resistance and is able to sustain power flow, even with the separation distance between the switch contacts steadily increasing. The plasma is also very hot and is capable of eroding the metal surfaces of the switch contacts. Electric current arcing causes significant degradation of the contacts and also significant electromagnetic interference (EMI), requiring the use of arc suppression methods.

Where the voltage is sufficiently high, an arc can also form as the switch is closed and the contacts approach. If the voltage potential is sufficient to exceed the breakdown voltage of the air separating the contacts, an arc forms which is sustained until the switch closes completely and the switch surfaces make contact.

In either case, the standard method for minimizing arc formation and preventing contact damage is to use a fast-moving switch mechanism, typically using a spring-operated tipping-point mechanism to assure quick motion of switch contacts, regardless of the speed at which the switch control is operated by the user. Movement of the switch control lever applies tension to a spring until a tipping point is reached, and the contacts suddenly snap open or closed as the spring tension is released.

As the power being switched increases, other methods are used to minimize or prevent arc formation. A plasma is hot and will rise due to convection air currents. The arc can be quenched with a series of non-conductive blades spanning the distance between switch contacts, and as the arc rises its length increases as it forms ridges rising into the spaces between the blades, until the arc is too long to stay sustained and is extinguished. A puffer may be used to blow a sudden high velocity burst of gas across the switch contacts, which rapidly extends the length of the arc to extinguish it quickly.

Extremely large switches in excess of 100,000‑watt capacity often have switch contacts surrounded by something other than air to more rapidly extinguish the arc. For example, the switch contacts may operate in a vacuum, immersed in mineral oil, or in sulfur hexafluoride.

In AC power service, the current periodically passes through zero; this effect makes it harder to sustain an arc on opening. Manufacturers may rate switches with lower voltage or current rating when used in DC circuits.

Power switching

When a switch is designed to switch significant power, the transitional state of the switch as well as the ability to withstand continuous operating currents must be considered. When a switch is in the on state, its resistance is near zero and very little power is dropped in the contacts; when a switch is in the off state, its resistance is extremely high and even less power is dropped in the contacts. However, when the switch is flicked, the resistance must pass through a state where a quarter of the load's rated power (or worse if the load is not purely resistive) is briefly dropped in the switch.

For this reason, power switches intended to interrupt a load current have spring mechanisms to make sure the transition between on and off is as short as possible regardless of the speed at which the user moves the rocker.

Power switches usually come in two types. A momentary on‑off switch (such as on a laser pointer) usually takes the form of a button and only closes the circuit when the button is depressed. A regular on‑off switch (such as on a flashlight) has a constant on-off feature. Dual-action switches incorporate both of these features.

Inductive loads

When a strongly inductive load such as an electric motor is switched off, the current cannot drop instantaneously to zero; a spark will jump across the opening contacts. Switches for inductive loads must be rated to handle these cases. The spark will cause electromagnetic interference if not suppressed; a snubber network of a resistor and capacitor in series will quell the spark.

Incandescent loads

A "T-rated" wall switch (the T is for Tungsten filament) that is suited for incandescent loads.

When turned on, an incandescent lamp draws a large inrush current of about ten times the steady-state current; as the filament heats up, its resistance rises and the current decreases to a steady-state value. A switch designed for an incandescent lamp load can withstand this inrush current.

Wetting current

Wetting current is the minimum current needing to flow through a mechanical switch while it is operated to break through any film of oxidation that may have been deposited on the switch contacts. The film of oxidation occurs often in areas with high humidity. Providing a sufficient amount of wetting current is a crucial step in designing systems that use delicate switches with small contact pressure as sensor inputs. Failing to do this might result in switches remaining electrically "open" due to contact oxidation.

Actuator

The moving part that applies the operating force to the contacts is called the actuator, and may be a toggle or dolly, a rocker, a push-button or any type of mechanical linkage (see photo).

Biased switches

The momentary push-button switch is a type of biased switch. The most common type is a "push-to-make" (or normally-open or NO) switch, which makes contact when the button is pressed and breaks when the button is released. Each key of a computer keyboard, for example, is a normally-open "push-to-make" switch. A "push-to-break" (or normally-closed or NC) switch, on the other hand, breaks contact when the button is pressed and makes contact when it is released. An example of a push-to-break switch is a button used to release a door held closed by an electromagnet. The interior lamp of a household refrigerator is controlled by a switch that is held open when the door is closed.

Rotary switch

Main article: Rotary switch

A three-deck stacked rotary switch. Any number of switching elements may be stacked in this manner, by using a longer shaft and additional spacing standoffs between each switching element.

A rotary switch operates with a twisting motion of the operating handle with at least two positions. One or more positions of the switch may be momentary (biased with a spring), requiring the operator to hold the switch in the position. Other positions may have a detent to hold the position when released. A rotary switch may have multiple levels or "decks" in order to allow it to control multiple circuits.

One form of rotary switch consists of a spindle or "rotor" that has a contact arm or "spoke" which projects from its surface like a cam. It has an array of terminals, arranged in a circle around the rotor, each of which serves as a contact for the "spoke" through which any one of a number of different electrical circuits can be connected to the rotor. The switch is layered to allow the use of multiple poles, each layer is equivalent to one pole. Usually such a switch has a detent mechanism so it "clicks" from one active position to another rather than stalls in an intermediate position. Thus a rotary switch provides greater pole and throw capabilities than simpler switches do.

Other types use a cam mechanism to operate multiple independent sets of contacts.

Rotary switches were used as channel selectors on television receivers until the early 1970s, as range selectors on electrical metering equipment, as band selectors on multi-band radios and other similar purposes. In industry, rotary switches are used for control of measuring instruments, switchgear, or in control circuits. For example, a radio controlled overhead crane may have a large multi-circuit rotary switch to transfer hard-wired control signals from the local manual controls in the cab to the outputs of the remote control receiver.

Toggle switch

Large toggle switch, depicted in circuit "open" position, electrical contacts to left; background is 1/4" square graph paper

Bank of toggle switches on a Data General Nova minicomputer front panel.

Toggle switches with the shared cover preventing certain forbidden combinations

A toggle switch is a class of electrical switches that are manually actuated by a mechanical lever, handle, or rocking mechanism.

Toggle switches are available in many different styles and sizes, and are used in numerous applications. Many are designed to provide the simultaneous actuation of multiple sets of electrical contacts, or the control of large amounts of electric current or mains voltages.

The word "toggle" is a reference to a kind of mechanism or joint consisting of two arms, which are almost in line with each other, connected with an elbow-like pivot. However, the phrase "toggle switch" is applied to a switch with a short handle and a positive snap-action, whether it actually contains a toggle mechanism or not. Similarly, a switch where a definitive click is heard, is called a "positive on-off switch" - - the most common use of this type of switch is a typical light switch or electrical outlet switch.

Multiple toggle switches may be mechanically interlocked to prevent forbidden combinations.

Special types

Opened float switch of a dirty water pump

Switches can be designed to respond to any type of mechanical stimulus: for example, vibration (the trembler switch), tilt, air pressure, fluid level (a float switch), the turning of a key (key switch), linear or rotary movement (a limit switch or microswitch), or presence of a magnetic field (the reed switch). Many switches are operated automatically by changes in some environmental condition or by motion of machinery. A limit switch is used, for example, in machine tools to interlock operation with the proper position of tools. In heating or cooling systems a sail switch ensures that air flow is adequate in a duct. Pressure switches respond to fluid pressure.

Mercury tilt switch

Main article: Mercury switch

The mercury switch consists of a drop of mercury inside a glass bulb with two or more contacts. The two contacts pass through the glass, and are connected by the mercury when the bulb is tilted to make the mercury roll on to them.

This type of switch performs much better than the ball tilt switch, as the liquid metal connection is unaffected by dirt, debris and oxidation, it wets the contacts ensuring a very low resistance bounce-free connection, and movement and vibration do not produce a poor contact. These types can be used for precision works.

It can also be used where arcing is dangerous (such as in the presence of explosive vapour) as the entire unit is sealed.

Knife switch

Main article: Knife switch

A high-voltage disconnect switch used in an electrical substation. Such switches are used mostly to isolate circuits, and usually cannot break load current. High-voltage switches are available for the highest transmission voltages, up to 1 million volts. This switch is gang-operated so that all three phases are interrupted at the same time.

Knife switches consist of a flat metal blade, hinged at one end, with an insulating handle for operation, and a fixed contact. When the switch is closed, current flows through the hinged pivot and blade and through the fixed contact. Such switches are usually not enclosed. The knife and contacts are typically formed of copper, steel, or brass, depending on the application. Fixed contacts may be backed up with a spring. Several parallel blades can be operated at the same time by one handle. The parts may be mounted on an insulating base with terminals for wiring, or may be directly bolted to an insulated switch board in a large assembly. Since the electrical contacts are exposed, the switch is used only where people cannot accidentally come in contact with the switch or where the voltage is so low as to not present a hazard.

Knife switches are made in many sizes from miniature switches to large devices used to carry thousands of amperes. In electrical transmission and distribution, gang-operated switches are used in circuits up to the highest voltages.

The disadvantages of the knife switch are the slow opening speed and the proximity of the operator to exposed live parts. Metal-enclosed safety disconnect switches are used for isolation of circuits in industrial power distribution. Sometimes spring-loaded auxiliary blades are fitted which momentarily carry the full current during opening, then quickly part to rapidly extinguish the arc.

Footswitch

A footswitch is a rugged switch which is operated by foot pressure. An example of use is in the control of a machine tool, allowing the operator to have both hands free to manipulate the workpiece. The foot control of an electric guitar is also a footswitch.

Reversing switch

A DPDT switch has six connections, but since polarity reversal is a very common usage of DPDT switches, some variations of the DPDT switch are internally wired specifically for polarity reversal. These crossover switches only have four terminals rather than six. Two of the terminals are inputs and two are outputs. When connected to a battery or other DC source, the 4-way switch selects from either normal or reversed polarity. Such switches can also be used as intermediate switches in a multiway switching system for control of lamps by more than two switches.

Light switches

Main article: Light switch

In building wiring, light switches are installed at convenient locations to control lighting and occasionally other circuits. By use of multiple-pole switches, multiway switching control of a lamp can be obtained from two or more places, such as the ends of a corridor or stairwell. A wireless light switch allows remote control of lamps for convenience; some lamps include a touch switch which electronically controls the lamp if touched anywhere. In public buildings several types of vandal resistant switches are used to prevent unauthorized use.

Electronic switches

Three push button switches (Tactile Switches). Major scale is inches.

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching—often a silicon-controlled rectifier or triac.

The analogue switch uses two MOSFET transistors in a transmission gate arrangement as a switch that works much like a relay, with some advantages and several limitations compared to an electromechanical relay.

The power transistor(s) in a switching voltage regulator, such as a power supply unit, are used like a switch to alternately let power flow and block power from flowing.

Many people use metonymy to call a variety of devices "switches" that conceptually connect or disconnect signals and communication paths between electrical devices, analogous to the way mechanical switches connect and disconnect paths for electrons to flow between two conductors. Early telephone systems used an automatically operated Strowger switch to connect telephone callers; telephone exchanges contain one or more crossbar switches today.

Since the advent of digital logic in the 1950s, the term switch has spread to a variety of digital active devices such as transistors and logic gates whose function is to change their output state between two logic levels or connect different signal lines, and even computers, network switches, whose function is to provide connections between different ports in a computer network. The term 'switched' is also applied to telecommunications networks, and signifies a network that is circuit switched, providing dedicated circuits for communication between end nodes, such as the public switched telephone network. The common feature of all these usages is they refer to devices that control a binary state: they are either on or off, closed or open, connected or not connected.

Other switches

• Centrifugal switch
• Dead man's switch
• Fireman's switch
• Hall-effect switch
• Inertial switch
• Isolator switch
• Kill switch
• Light switch
• Latching switch
• Load control switch
• Membrane switch
• Piezo switch
• Pull switch
• Push switch
• RF Switch Matrix
• Sense switch
• Staircase time switch
• Slotted optical switch
• Stepping switch
• Switch access
• Electric switchboard
• Switchgear
• Thermal switch
• Time switch
• Touch switch
• Transfer switch
• Zero speed switch

See also

• Commutator (electric)
• Cutout
• DIN rail

References

External links

• Glossary of Electric Switches
• Types of switches ON-ON, ON-(ON), etc.

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「break」「shift」「転換」「change」「vary」
拡張検索	「template switching」「class switch recombination」
関連記事	「switching」

「break」

　　[★]

• n.

• 中断

• v.

• (過去broke-過去分詞broken)
• 破壊する、壊す、破損する、切断する

関

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PHP

• for, while, foreach, switchからの脱出

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「shift」

　　[★]

• n.

• 変化、転換、移行、交替、シフト

• v.

• 変化する、移動する、変わる

関

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「転換」

　　[★]

英

conversion、shift、switching、interconversion、diversion、changeover、switch、convert、transformation

関

移行、移動、交替、シフト、スイッチ、スイッチング、相互変換、変化、変換、変える、変わる、切り換える、切り換え、切り替わる、迂回路、転向者、形質転換

精神医学

• 抑圧された無意識の葛藤が、知覚系や随意運動系の身体症状に置き換えられる状態。知覚や運動の障害。

「change」

　　[★]

• n.

• 変化、変更、交替

• v.

関

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「vary」

　　[★]

• v.

• 変動する、異なる、変わる、ばらつく

関

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「template switching」

　　[★]

テンプレートスイッチ、鋳型乗換え

「class switch recombination」

　　[★]

クラススイッチ組換え

「switching」

　　[★]

• n.

• 転換、スイッチング

関

changeover、conversion、convert、diversion、interconversion、shift、switch