WordNet

surgical removal of a body part or tissue (同)extirpation, cutting out, excision
the erosive process that reduces the size of glaciers
an instrument or substance used to destroy tissue for medical reasons (eg removal of a wart) by burning it with a hot iron or an electric current or a caustic or by freezing it (同)cauterant
the act of coagulating blood and destroying tissue with a hot iron or caustic agent or by freezing (同)cauterization, cauterisation
burn, sear, or freeze (tissue) using a hot iron or electric current or a caustic agent; "The surgeon cauterized the wart" (同)cauterise, burn

PrepTutorEJDIC

切除,除去;融除 / 溶発(ロケットの先端が大気圏突入で溶解すること)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/04/23 11:48:46」(JST)

wiki en

Cauterize redirects here. For the band, see Cauterize (band)

The medical practice or technique of cauterization is the burning of part of a body to remove or close off a part of it in a process called cautery, which destroys some tissue,^[1] in an attempt to mitigate damage, remove an undesired growth, or minimize other potential medical harmful possibilities such as infections, when antibiotics are not available. The practice was once widespread for treatment of wounds. Its utility before the advent of antibiotics was effective on several levels:

useful in stopping severe blood-loss and preventing exsanguination
to close amputations

Cautery was historically believed to prevent infection, but current research shows that cautery actually increases the risk for infection by causing more tissue damage and providing a more hospitable environment for bacterial growth. ^[2]

Actual cautery is a term referring to the white-hot iron—a metal generally heated only up to a dull red glow—that is applied to produce blisters, to stop bleeding of a blood vessel, and other similar purposes.^[3]

The main forms of cauterization used today in the first world are electrocautery and chemical cautery—where both are, for example, prevalent in the removal of unsightly warts. Cautery can also mean the branding of a human, either recreational or forced.

History

Hot cauters were applied to tissues or arteries to stop them from bleeding.

Cauterization was used to stop heavy bleeding, especially during amputations. The procedure was simple: a piece of metal was heated over fire and applied to the wound. This would cause tissues and blood to heat rapidly to extreme temperatures in turn causing coagulation of the blood thus controlling the bleeding, at the cost of extensive tissue damage.

Cautery is described in the Hippocratic Corpus.^[4] The cautery was employed for almost every possible purpose in ancient times: as a ‘counter-irritant’, as a haemostatic, as a bloodless knife, as a means of destroying tumours, etc.^[5] Later, special medical instruments called cauters were used to cauterize arteries. The technique of ligature of the arteries as an alternative to cauterization was later improved and used more effectively by Ambroise Paré.

Electrocautery

Electrocauterization is the process of destroying tissue using heat conduction from a metal probe heated by electric current. The procedure is used to stop bleeding from small vessels (larger vessels being ligated) or for cutting through soft tissue. Unlike electrocautery, electrosurgery is based on generation of heat inside tissue, using electric current passing through the tissue itself, and when used to stop bleeding, is technically referred to as electrocoagulation. Electrosurgery techniques are used in the treatment of skin cancers via electrodesiccation and curettage.

Electrocauterization is preferable to chemical cauterization because chemicals can leach into neighbouring tissue and cauterize outside of the intended boundaries.^[6]

Ultrasonic coagulation and ablation systems are also available.

Chemical cautery

Many chemical reactions can destroy tissue and some are used routinely in medicine, most commonly for the removal of small skin lesions (i.e. warts or necrotized tissue) or hemostasis. The disadvantages are that chemicals can leach into areas where cauterization was not intended. For this reason, laser and electrical methods are preferable, where practical. Some cauterizing agents are:

Silver nitrate: Active ingredient of the lunar caustic, a stick that traditionally looks like a large match-stick. It is dipped into water and pressed onto the lesion to be cauterized for a few moments.

Trichloroacetic acid

Cantharidin: An extract of the blister beetle that causes epidermal necrosis and blistering; used to treat warts.

Nasal cauterization

If a person has been having frequent nose bleeds, it is most likely caused by an exposed blood vessel in their nose. Even if the nose is not bleeding at the time, it is cauterized to prevent future bleeding. The different methods of cauterization include burning the affected area with acid, hot metal or lasers. Such a procedure is naturally quite painful. Sometimes liquid nitrogen is used as a less painful alternative, though it is less effective. In the few countries that permit the use of cocaine for medicinal purposes, it is occasionally used topically to make this procedure less uncomfortable; cocaine being the only local anesthetic which also produces vasoconstriction, making it ideal for controlling nosebleeds. More modern treatment uses silver nitrate, a local anesthetic is applied and the procedure is generally painless. The nose may run for up to a week after the procedure.

Amputational Cauterization

In some countries that practices hudud(or hudood) as the legal penal code, cauterization may be used to prevent death due to severe loss of blood.

Infant Circumcision

Cauterization has been used for the circumcision of infants in the United States and Canada. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba advise against its use in neonatal circumcision.^[7] This method of circumcision resulted in several infants losing their penises, with at least seven male children being reassigned as female.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

References and notes

^ "Dictionary definition, retrieved: 2009-03-07.". http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cautery?qsrc=2888.
^ Electric Cautery Lowers the Contamination Threshold for Infection of Laparotomies
^ Robinson, Victor, Ph.C., M.D. (editor) (1939). "Actual cautery". The Modern Home Physician, A New Encyclopedia of Medical Knowledge. WM. H. Wise & Company (New York). , page 16.
^ The Presocratic Influence upon Hippocratic Medicine
^ Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome
^ See Mr. R. McElroy for details of various operations and the unintended effects of chemical cauterization
^ College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba. Neonatal Circumcision. Winnipeg: College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba, 1997.
^ "Family Is Awarded $850,000 For Circumcision Accident" The New York Times, New York, USA, Published November 2, 1975
^ "David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case" The New York Times, New York, USA, Published May 12, 2004
^ Charles Seabrook. $22.8 million in botched circumcision. Atlanta Constitution, Tuesday, March 12, 1991.
^ Schmidt, William E A Circumcision Method Draws New Concern The New York Times, Published October 8, 1985
^ Vincent Lupo. Family gets $2.75 million in wrongful surgery suit. Lake Charles American Press, Wednesday, May 28, 1986.
^ Gearhart JP, Rock JA. Total ablation of the penis after circumcision with electrocautery: a method of management and long-term followup. J Urol 1989;142(3):799-801.

External links

Valleylab division of Covidien (no longer part of Tyco Healthcare) , explaining the basics of electrosurgery
Examples of Cauterizing the Wound in Cinema - Daily Film Dose
[1]

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 小児における鼻出血のマネージメント management of epistaxis in children
2. 出血性消化性潰瘍に対する熱凝固機器 contact thermal devices for the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers
3. 痔核の外来手術 outpatient and surgical procedures for hemorrhoids
4. 化膿性肉芽腫（小葉状毛細血管腫） pyogenic granuloma lobular capillary hemangioma
5. 小児および思春期における化膿性甲状腺炎 suppurative thyroiditis in children and adolescents

English Journal

Robot-Assisted Sistrunk's Operation, Total Thyroidectomy, and Neck Dissection via a Transaxillary and Retroauricular (TARA) Approach in Papillary Carcinoma Arising in Thyroglossal Duct Cyst and Thyroid Gland.

Byeon HK, Ban MJ, Lee JM, Ha JG, Kim ES, Koh YW, Choi EC.SourceDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea, ewell@yuhs.ac.
Annals of surgical oncology.Ann Surg Oncol.2012 Dec;19(13):4259-61. doi: 10.1245/s10434-012-2674-y. Epub 2012 Oct 16.
BACKGROUND: Carcinomas arising in the thyroglossal duct cysts are rare, accounting only for about 0.7-1.5 % of all thyroglossal duct cysts.1 (-) 3 Synchronous occurrence of thyroglossal duct carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma is reported to be even rarer.4 Tradition
PMID 23070784

Axillary lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. A randomized controlled trial comparing a bipolar vessel sealing system to the conventional technique.

Nespoli L, Antolini L, Stucchi C, Nespoli A, Valsecchi MG, Gianotti L.SourceDepartment of Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy. Electronic address: luca.nespoli@unimib.it.
Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland).Breast.2012 Dec;21(6):739-45. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2012.08.003. Epub 2012 Sep 7.
AIM: To compare safety and efficacy of a bipolar vessel sealing system (BVSS) to the conventional technique in axillary node dissection.METHODS: 116 women with breast cancer were randomized to conventional node dissection surgical technique (control; n = 58) by scalpel and monopolar cautery or usi
PMID 22959311

Japanese Journal

SL2 Introduction of the Japanese acupuncture and possible role of the polymodal receptor in its action mechanisms

日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌 77(5), 402-403, 2014
… <BR> Recent literature survey of the Ma Wang Dui（馬王堆）tomb clearly demonstrated the moxibustion (cauterization) was the primitive therapeutic procedure and the meridian concept was established by moxibustion not by acupuncture therapy. …
NAID 130004719487

救命救急センターにおける非静脈瘤性上部消化管出血患者の治療成績

小野寺誠,藤野靖久,井上義博,菊池哲,遠藤重厚
日本救急医学会雑誌 25(1), 1-8, 2014
【目的】非静脈瘤性上部消化管出血患者において搬入時間帯別と施行内視鏡専従医人数別に再出血，入院期間の差を検討すること。【対象と方法】対象は2007年から2011年までの間に救急搬送された非静脈瘤性上部消化管出血症例のうちヒータープローブ法で止血術を施行した150例。内訳は胃潰瘍94例，十二指腸潰瘍30例，マロリーワイス症候群11例，吻合部潰瘍6例，胃癌4例，その他5例。止血治療は，Forrestの …
NAID 130004542387

Novel Submicronized Rebamipide Liquid with Moderate Viscosity: Significant Effects on Oral Mucositis in Animal Models

, , [他], , ,
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37(4), 671-678, 2014
… The healing effects of a variety of liquids comprising submicronized rebamipide crystals were investigated using a rat cauterization-induced oral ulcer model. …
NAID 130003390974