n.

習性、習慣、嗜癖

関: addiction、custom、habituation、practice

WordNet

put a habit on
the general form or mode of growth (especially of a plant or crystal); "a shrub of spreading habit"
attire that is typically worn by a horseback rider (especially a womans attire) (同)riding_habit
(psychology) an automatic pattern of behavior in reaction to a specific situation; may be inherited or acquired through frequent repetition; "owls have nocturnal habits"; "she had a habit twirling the ends of her hair"; "long use had hardened him to it" (同)use
a distinctive attire worn by a member of a religious order
an established custom; "it was their habit to dine at 7 every evening" (同)wont
carry out or practice; as of jobs and professions; "practice law" (同)practise, exercise, do
a customary way of operation or behavior; "it is their practice to give annual raises"; "they changed their dietary pattern" (同)pattern
translating an idea into action; "a hard theory to put into practice"; "differences between theory and praxis of communism" (同)praxis
the exercise of a profession; "the practice of the law"; "I took over his practice when he retired"
knowledge of how something is usually done; "it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner"
avail oneself to; "apply a principle"; "practice a religion"; "use care when going down the stairs"; "use your common sense"; "practice non-violent resistance" (同)apply, use
(Roman law) a formal award by a magistrate of a thing or person to another person (as the award of a debtor to his creditor); a surrender to a master; "under Roman law addiction was the justification for slavery"
an abnormally strong craving
being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs) (同)dependence, dependance, dependency, habituation
accepted or habitual practice (同)usage, usance
habitual patronage; "I have given this tailor my custom for many years"
a specific practice of long standing (同)tradition
a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions
the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs; "a marine habitat"; "he felt safe on his home grounds" (同)home ground
dressed in a habit; "the habited men of the monastery"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉 / 〈U〉〈C〉(個人の)『習慣』;(動・植物の)習性 / 〈C〉(麻薬などの)常用癖 / 〈C〉(僧衣など,特殊な)衣服
〈U〉(絶えず繰り返す)『練習』,けいこ / 〈C〉〈U〉(1回の)練習の時間 / 〈U〉(練習で得た)熟練,腕前 / 〈U〉(理論に対して)(…の)『実行』,実施,実際《+『of』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈C〉(…の)『習慣』,しきたり《+『of』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈U〉(医師・弁護士などの)開業 / 〈C〉(医師・弁護士の)業務,仕事 / …‘を'『練習する』,けいこする / (習慣的に)…‘を'『実行する』,実践する / 〈弁護士・医師〉‘を'開業する / (…を)練習する,けいこをする《+『at』(『on, with』)+『名』(do『ing』)》 / (弁護士・医者として)開業する,開業している《+『as』+『名』》
(物事に)熱中すること《+『to』+『名』》 / (麻薬などの)常用《+『to』+『名』》
〈U〉〈C〉(社会の)『習慣』,『風習』,慣例 / 〈U〉〈C〉(個人の)『習慣』 / 〈U〉(客の商人に対する)ひいき,愛顧,引き立て《集合的に》得意先 / 《複数形で》関税;《the customs》税関 / 注文で作った,あつらえの
慣らす(慣れる)こと
(動・植物の)産地,生息地
《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(行いが)『癖になった』,いつもの,常習的な / (人が)『常習の』 / (物事が)いつもの,例の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/09 18:32:03」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

A habit (or wont) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur unconsciously.^[1]^[2]^[3]

In the American Journal of Psychology (1903) it is defined in this way: "A habit, from the standpoint of psychology, is a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience."^[4] Habitual behavior often goes unnoticed in persons exhibiting it, because a person does not need to engage in self-analysis when undertaking routine tasks. Habits are sometimes compulsory.^[3]^[5] The process by which new behaviours become automatic is habit formation. Old habits are hard to break and new habits are hard to form because the behavioural patterns we repeat are imprinted in our neural pathways,^[6] but it is possible to form new habits through repetition.^[7]

As behaviors are repeated in a consistent context, there is an incremental increase in the link between the context and the action. This increases the automaticity of the behavior in that context.^[8] Features of an automatic behavior are all or some of: efficiency, lack of awareness, unintentionality, uncontrollability.^[9]

Habit formation

Habit formation is the process by which a behaviour, through regular repetition, becomes automatic or habitual. This is modelled as an increase in automaticity with number of repetitions up to an asymptote.^[10]^[11]^[12] This process of habit formation can be slow. Lally et al. (2010) found the average time for participants to reach the asymptote of automaticity was 66 days with a range of 18–254 days.^[12]

As the habit is forming, it can be analysed in three parts: the cue, the behavior, and the reward. The cue is the thing that causes your habit to come about, the trigger to your habitual behaviour. This could be anything that your mind associates with that habit and you will automatically let a habit come to the surface. The behavior is the actual habit that you are exhibiting and the reward, a positive feeling, therefore continues the “habit loop.”^[13] A habit may initially be triggered by a goal, but over time that goal becomes less necessary and the habit becomes more automatic.

A variety of digital tools, online or mobile apps, have been introduced that are designed to support habit formation. For example, habitrpg is a system that uses gamification, implementing strategies found in video games to real life tasks by adding rewards such as experience and gold.^[14] A review of such tools, however, suggests most are poorly designed with respect to theory and fail to support the development of automaticity.^[15]^[16]

Shopping habits are particularly vulnerable to change at "major life moments" like graduation, marriage, birth of first child, moving to a new home, and divorce. Some stores use purchase data to try to detect these events and take advantage of the marketing opportunity.^[17]

Some habits are known as "keystone habits", and these influence the formation of other habits. For example, identifying as the type of person who takes care of their body and is in the habit of exercising regularly, can also influence eating better and using credit cards less. In business, safety can be a keystone habit that influences other habits that result in greater productivity.^[17]

Habits and goals

The habit–goal interface or interaction is constrained by the particular manner in which habits are learned and represented in memory. Specifically, the associative learning underlying habits is characterized by the slow, incremental accrual of information over time in procedural memory.^[18] Habits can either benefit or hurt the goals a person sets for themselves.

Goals guide habits by providing the initial outcome-oriented motivation for response repetition. In this sense, habits are often a trace of past goal pursuit.^[18] Although, when a habit forces one action, but a conscious goal pushes for another action, an oppositional context occurs.^[19] When the habit prevails over the conscious goal, a capture error has taken place.

Behavior prediction is also derived from goals. Behavior prediction is to acknowledge the likelihood that a habit will form, but in order to form that habit, a goal must have been initially present. The influence of goals on habits is what makes a habit different from other automatic processes in the mind.^[20]

The following is a description of a classic goal devaluation experiment (from a Scientific American MIND guest blog post called Should Habits or Goals Direct Your Life? It Depends) which demonstrates the difference between goal-directed and habitual behavior:

A series of elegant experiments^[21] conducted by Anthony Dickinson and colleagues in the early 1980s at the University of Cambridge in England clearly exposes the behavioral differences between goal-directed and habitual processes. Basically, in the training phase, a rat was trained to press a lever in order to receive some food. Then, in a second phase, the rat was placed in a different cage without a lever and was given the food, but it was made ill whenever it ate the food. This caused the rat to “devalue” the food, because it associated the food with being ill, without directly associating the action of pressing the lever with being ill. Finally, in the test phase, the rat was placed in the original cage with the lever. (To prevent additional learning, no food was delivered in the test phase.) Rats that had undergone an extensive training phase continued to press the lever in the test phase even though the food was devalued; their behavior was called habitual. Rats that had undergone a moderate training phase did not, and their behavior was called goal-directed. … [G]oal-directed behavior is explained by the rat using an explicit prediction of the consequence, or outcome, of an action to select that action. If the rat wants the food, it presses the lever, because it predicts that pressing the lever will deliver the food. If the food has been devalued, the rat will not press the lever. Habitual behavior is explained by a strong association between an action and the situation from which the action was executed. The rat presses the lever when it sees the lever, not because of the predicted outcome.

Habits and nervousness

There are a number of habits possessed by individuals that can be classified as nervous habits. These include nail-biting, stammering, sniffling, and banging the head. They are known as symptoms of an emotional state and are generally based upon conditions of anxiety, insecurity, inferiority and tension. These habits are often formed at a young age and may be because of a need for attention. When trying to overcome a nervous habit it is important to resolve the cause of the nervous feeling rather than the symptom which is a habit itself ^[22]

Bad habits

A bad habit is an undesirable behavior pattern. Common examples include: procrastination, fidgeting, overspending, nail-biting.^[23] The sooner one recognizes these bad habits, the easier it is to fix them.^[24]

Will and intention

A key factor in distinguishing a bad habit from an addiction or mental disease is willpower. If a person has control over the behavior, then it is a habit.^[25] Good intentions can override the negative effect of bad habits, but their effect seems to be independent and additive—the bad habits remain, but are subdued rather than cancelled.^[26]

Eliminating bad habits

Many techniques exist for removing established bad habits, e.g., withdrawal of reinforcers—identifying and removing factors that trigger and reinforce the habit.^[27] The basal ganglia appears to remember the context that triggers a habit, so habits can be revived if triggers reappear.^[28] Recognizing and eliminating bad habits as soon as possible is advised. Habit elimination becomes more difficult with age because repetitions reinforce habits cumulatively over the lifespan.^[29] According to Charles Duhigg, there is a loop that includes a cue, routine and reward for every habit. An example of a habit loop is TV program ends(cue), go to the fridge(routine), eat a snack(reward). The key to changing habits is to identify your cue and modify your routine and reward.^[30]

References

^ Butler, Gillian; Hope, Tony. Managing Your Mind: The mental fitness guide. Oxford Paperbacks, 1995
^ Definition of Habit. Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 29, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Definition of Habituation. Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on August 29, 2008
^ Andrews, B. R. (1908). Habit. American Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 121-149. Available online, URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1412711.
^ "Habituation." Animalbehavioronline.com. Retrieved on August 29, 2008.
^ Rosenthal, Norman. "Habit Formation". Sussex Directories. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
^ "Habit Formation". psychologytoday.com.
^ Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). "A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface." Psychological Review, 114(4), 843–863. Available online, URL: http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/rev-1144843.pdf.
^ Bargh, J. A. (1994). "The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition." In Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition: Vol. 1 Basic processes, pp. 1–40. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers
^ Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts
^ Hull, C. L. (1951). Essentials of behavior. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press
^ ^a ^b Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology. October 2010. 40(6), 998–1009. doi:10.1002/ejsp.674
^ Duhigg, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2012/03/05/147192599/habits-how-they-form-and-how-to-break-them
^ Deterding, Sebastian, et al. "Gamification. using game-design elements in non-gaming contexts." CHI'11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2011.
^ Stawarz, K., Cox, A. L., & Blandford, A. (2014). Don’t forget your pill!: Designing effective medication reminder apps that support users’ daily routines. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI-2014), 2269–2278. New York: ACM.
^ Stawarz, K., Cox, A. L., & Blandford, A. (2015). Beyond selftracking and reminders: Designing smartphone apps that support habit formation. Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI-2015), in press. New York: ACM.
^ ^a ^b http://www.kera.org/2012/03/14/habits-life-and-business/
^ ^a ^b American Psychological Association. A New Look at Habits and the Habit–Goal Interface Retrieved on December 22, 2008
^ Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner. "Psychology Second Edition" (2011). New York: Worth Publishers.
^ Neal, D., Wood, W., Labrecque, J., & Lally, P. (2011). How do habits guide behavior? perceived and actual triggers of habits in daily life . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, (48), 492-498. Retrieved from http://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/545/docs/Wendy_Wood_Research_Articles/Habits/neal.wood.labrecque.lally.2012_001_How_do_habits_guide_behavior.pdf
^ Anthony Dickinson (1985). Actions and Habits: The Development of Behavioural Autonomy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, volume 308, pages 67—78. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/308/1135/67
^ Payne, http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/resolve/00966347/v25i0004/324_tponh (subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
^ Suzanne LeVert, Gary R. McClain (2001). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Breaking Bad Habits. Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-863986-3.
^ Murdock, KatharineTHE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NURSING, V. 19 (7), 04/1919, p. 503-506
^ Mariana Valverde (1998). "Disease or Habit? Alcoholism and the Exercise of Freedom". Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom. ISBN 0-521-64469-0.
^ Bas Verplanken, Suzanne Faes (21 Jun 1999). "Good intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming implementation intentions on healthy eating". European Journal of Social Psychology 29 (5–6): 591–604. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199908/09)29:5/6<591::AID-EJSP948>3.0.CO;2-H.
^ Herbert Fensterheim, Jean Baer (1975). Don't Say Yes When You Want to Say No. Dell. ISBN 0-440-15413-8.
^ "MIT explains why bad habits are hard to break". CNET. CBS Interactive.
^ Murdock, Katharine, The Psychology of Habit http://simplelink.library.utoronto.ca/url.cfm/350245 (subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
^ "How Habits Work". charlesduhigg.com.

Allen, James Sloan, ed. William James on Habit, Will, Truth, and the Meaning of Life. Frederic C. Beil, Publisher 2014. ISBN 978-1-929490-45-5

Payne, Arthur F. "The Psychology of Nervous Habits." American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery 25, no. 4 (1939): 324. http://journals1.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/tmp/16989994600464255822.pdf

Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology. October 2010. 40(6), 998–1009. http://atlantaholisticmedicine.com/docs/How%20Habits%20are%20Formed.pdf

External links

James Rowland Angell and Addison W. Moore. (1896) "Studies from the Psychological Laboratory of the University of Chicago: 1. Reaction-Time: A Study in Attention and Habit." Psychological Review 3, 245–258.
"Should Habits or Goals Direct Your Life? It Depends." (Scientific American MIND blog post)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 小児における口腔習癖と口腔顔面の発達 oral habits and orofacial development in children
2. トゥレット症候群 tourette syndrome
3. 成人における間欠性爆発性障害：疫学、臨床的特徴、評価、および診断 intermittent explosive disorder in adults epidemiology clinical features assessment and diagnosis
4. 回腸嚢肛門吻合術を伴う肛門機能温存直腸結腸切除術：腹腔鏡によるアプローチ restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis laparoscopic approach
5. 反社会性人格障害：疫学、臨床症状、経過および診断 antisocial personality disorder epidemiology clinical manifestations course and diagnosis

English Journal

Oral habits--part 2: beyond nutritive and non-nutritive sucking.

Silva M1, Manton D2.
Journal of dentistry for children (Chicago, Ill.).J Dent Child (Chic).2015 Sep-Dec;81(3):140-6.
In addition to sucking habits, a range of other habits have been associated with short- and long-term dental and orthodontic problems. These habits include tongue thrusting and atypical swallowing, lip sucking, oral self-mutilation, mouth breathing, and bruxism. Although the association between form
PMID 25514258

Oral habits--part 1: the dental effects and management of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking.

Silva M1, Manton D2.
Journal of dentistry for children (Chicago, Ill.).J Dent Child (Chic).2015 Sep-Dec;81(3):133-9.
Nutritive sucking and non-nutritive sucking are among the most commonly reported oral habits in children. These habits generally cease around four years of age as interaction with other children increases. However, prolonged habits may alter dento-skeletal development, leading to orthodontic problem
PMID 25514257

Elemental characterization of wild edible plants from countryside and urban areas.

Renna M1, Cocozza C2, Gonnella M3, Abdelrahman H4, Santamaria P5.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Jun 15;177:29-36. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.069. Epub 2014 Dec 26.
Thirteen elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni and Pb) in 11 different wild edible plants (WEP) (Amaranthus retroflexus, Foeniculum vulgare, Cichorium intybus, Glebionis coronaria, Sonchus spp., Borago officinalis, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Sinapis arvensis, Papaver rhoeas, Plantago l
PMID 25660854

DUI Offenders' Experience With an Ignition Interlock Program: Comparing Those Who Have and Have Not Adapted From Their Primary Drinking Location.

Beck KH1, Kelley-Baker T, Voas RB.
Traffic injury prevention.Traffic Inj Prev.2015 May 19;16(4):329-35. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2014.948617. Epub 2014 Dec 23.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare driving under the influence (DUI) offenders on an alcohol ignition interlock program who had or had not changed their primary drinking context from a bar/restaurant where they might be required to drive after drinking before the interlock was insta
PMID 25133305

Japanese Journal

イギリス郵便史余話「レターシート」から「封筒」利用へ

星名定雄
郵便史研究 : 郵便史研究会紀要 (38), 50-57, 2014-09
NAID 40020170299

教職における実践的力量形成のための授業実践

森光義昭,関聡
久留米信愛女学院短期大学研究紀要 (37), 59-68, 2014-07-01
… Therefore, the basic living habit and the prototypical experience are lacking. …
NAID 110009821610

Leaf-trait responses to environmental gradients in moorland communities : contribution of intraspecific variation, species replacement and functional group replacement

Kamiyama Chiho,Katabuchi Masatoshi,Sasaki Takehiro [他]
Ecological research 29(4), 607-617, 2014-07
NAID 40020134861

生活様式や運動習慣が児童の蹲踞姿勢に与える影響

滝澤恵美,山口麻紀,岩井浩一 [他]
Anthropological science. Japanese series : the official journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon 122(1), 1-8, 2014-06
NAID 40020142209

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「100Cases 28」「practice」「addiction」「習慣」「habituation」
拡張検索	「habitual」「habitus」

「100Cases 28」

　　[★]

☆case28　慢性に経過する胸痛

■症例

25歳　女性

主訴：胸痛

現病歴：2年前より胸痛の出現と消退が持続していた。胸痛は6ヶ月間は収まっていたが、最近10ヶ月間は出現してきていた。胸痛は胸部左方

にあり、左腋窩に放散していた。胸痛は胸を締め付けられる、あるいは握りつぶされるような痛みであり、5-30分持続した。胸痛はどんなときでも出現することがあった。労作時によく出現したが、ある場合には安静時にも出現し、特に夕方に出現した。胸痛には息切れが伴うことが良くあった。胸痛が出現したときには、どんなときでも身動きができなくなり、痛みと共にが遠くなったり、めまいをかんじた。時々、胸痛と共に動悸があった。動悸は強く感じられたが、心拍動はしっかりしていた(steady heart beat)。

既往歴：

　・15歳　虫垂摘出

　・30歳　腹症(irregular bowel habit)と腹痛：精査(be investigated for)をうけたが、診断がつかず(no specific diagnosis was arrived at)。症状は現在も持続。

　・季節性鼻炎(seasonal rhinitis)

　・2年前コレステロールを測定したが4.1 mmol/Lであった

基準値(HIM A-10)

単位：mg/dL (mmol/L)

desirable: ＜200 (＜5.17)

borderline high: 200-239 (5.17-6.18)

high: ≧240 (≧6.21)

生活歴：medical secretaryとして働いている。既婚で子供はいない

家族歴：祖父が1年前MIで死亡(77歳)。家族の数人に花粉症、あるいは喘息がある。

身体所見 examination

　血圧：102/65 mmHg。脈拍：78/分、整。心音に異常所見はみとめない。左胸部、胸骨左部、乳腺下部に圧痛。呼吸数22/分。肺に異常所見を認めない。左腸骨窩に圧痛。

検査所見 investigations

　ECG

問診(S)	診察(O)	検査結果(O)
胸痛	左胸部、胸骨左部、乳腺下部に圧痛	ECG(異常なし)
息切れ	呼吸数多い(22/分)
気が遠くなる感じ	左腸骨窩に圧痛
めまい
動悸
排便習慣不順
腹痛
祖父が心筋梗塞で死亡
コレステロール値正常
家族歴に花粉症、喘息あり
アレルギー性鼻炎
虫垂摘出

1. 心臓神経症疑い
2. 過敏性腸症候群	2 + 3 = 1を支持
3. 心疾患を心配する環境要因
4. 喘息による胸痛を疑う要因