WordNet

in accordance with convention or custom; "sealed the deal with the customary handshake"
an unvarying or habitual method or procedure (同)modus_operandi
a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program (同)subroutine, subprogram, procedure, function
according to habit or custom; "her habitually severe expression"; "he habitually keeps his office door closed"

PrepTutorEJDIC

習慣的の,通例の,しきたりの
『いつもの手順』,『決まりきった仕事』 / (喜劇・踊りの)型どおりの演技 / (することや,やり方に)変化がないこと,単調 / 『いつもの』,型どおりの / 独創性のない
《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(行いが)『癖になった』,いつもの,常習的な / (人が)『常習の』 / (物事が)いつもの,例の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/06 23:24:18」(JST)

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Herringbone stonework which usually indicates 11th century construction

A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, norms, social norms, or criteria, often taking the form of a custom.

Certain types of rules or customs may become law and regulatory legislation may be introduced to formalize or enforce the convention (for example, laws that define on which side of the road vehicles must be driven). In a social context, a convention may retain the character of an "unwritten law" of custom (for example, the manner in which people greet each other, such as by shaking each other's hands).

In physical sciences, numerical values (such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values.

General

A convention is a selection from among two or more alternatives, where the rule or alternative is agreed upon among participants. Often the word refers to unwritten customs shared throughout a community. For instance, it is conventional in many societies that strangers being introduced shake hands. Some conventions are explicitly legislated; for example, it is conventional in the United States and in Germany that motorists drive on the right side of the road, whereas in New Zealand, England, Australia, Mauritius, and Barbados motorists drive on the left. The standardization of time is a human convention based on the solar cycle or calendar. The extent to which justice is conventional (as opposed to natural or objective) is historically an important debate among philosophers.

The nature of conventions has raised long-lasting philosophical discussion. Quine, Davidson, and David Lewis published influential writings on the subject. Lewis's account of convention received an extended critique in Margaret Gilbert's On Social Facts (1989), where an alternative account is offered. Another view of convention comes from Ruth Millikan's Language: A Biological Model (2005), once more against Lewis.^{[example needed]}

According to David Kalupahana, The Buddha described conventions — whether linguistic, social, political, moral, ethical, or even religious — as arising dependent on specific conditions. According to his paradigm, when conventions are considered absolute realities, they contribute to dogmatism, which in turn leads to conflict. This does not mean that conventions should be absolutely ignored as unreal and therefore useless. Instead, according to Buddhist thought, a wise person adopts a middle way without holding conventions to be ultimate or ignoring them when they are fruitful.^[1]

Customary or social conventions

Social

In sociology a social rule refers to any social convention commonly adhered to in a society. These rules are not written in law or otherwise formalized. In social constructionism there is a great focus on social rules. It is argued that these rules are socially constructed, that these rules act upon every member of a society, but at the same time, are re-produced by the individuals.

Sociologists representing symbolic interactionism argue that social rules are created through the interaction between the members of a society. The focus on active interaction highlights the fluid, shifting character of social rules. These are specific to the social context, a context that varies through time and place. That means a social rule changes over time within the same society. What was acceptable in the past may no longer be the case. Similarly, rules differ across space: what is acceptable in one society may not be so in another.

Social rules reflect what is acceptable or normal behaviour in any situation. Michel Foucault's concept of discourse is closely related to social rules as it offers a possible explanation how these rules are shaped and change. It is the social rules that tell people what is normal behaviour for any specific category. Thus, social rules tell a woman how to behave in a womanly manner, and a man, how to be manly. Other such rules are as follows:

Strangers being introduced shake hands, as in Western societies, but
- Bow toward each other, in Korea, Japan and China
- Do not bow at each other, in the Jewish tradition
- In the United States, eye contact, a nod of the head toward each other, and a smile, with no bowing; the palm of the hand faces sideways, neither upward nor downward, in a business handshake.
- Present business cards to each other, in business meetings
Click heels together, in past eras of Western history^{[citation needed]}
A woman's curtsey, in some societies
In the Middle East, never displaying the sole of the foot toward another, as this would be seen as a grave insult.
In many schools, though seats for students are not assigned they are still "claimed" by certain students, and sitting in someone else's seat is considered an insult

Government

In government, convention is a set of unwritten rules that participants in the government must follow. These rules can be ignored only if justification is clear, or can be provided. Otherwise, consequences follow. Consequences may include ignoring some other convention that has until now been followed. According to the traditional doctrine (Dicey)^{[citation needed]}, conventions cannot be enforced in courts, because they are non-legal sets of rules. Convention is particularly important in the Westminster System of government, where many of the rules are unwritten.

International law

The term "convention" is also used in international law to refer to certain formal statements of principle such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Conventions are adopted by international bodies such as the International Labour Organization and the United Nations. Conventions so adopted usually apply only to countries that ratify them, and do not automatically apply to member states of such bodies. These conventions are generally seen as having the force of international treaties for the ratifying countries. The best known of these are perhaps the several Geneva Conventions.

References

^ David Kalupahana, Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way. SUNY Press, 1986, pages 17-18. The author refers specifically to the thought of the Buddha here.

External links

Rescorla, Michael (2007) Convention, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Law-Ref.org, an index of important international conventions.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Procalcitonin in early rule-in/rule-out of sepsis in SIRS patients admitted to a medical ward.

Fiotti N, Mearelli F, Ruscio M, Altamura N, Vinci P, Fernandes G, De Nardo M, Lombardi J, Mamolo L, Chendi E, Breglia A, Peretti A, Peric D, Orso D, Pivetti G, Biolo G.
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine : CCLM / FESCC.Clin Chem Lab Med.2014 Oct 1;52(10):1473-8. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0196.
Abstract Background: A relevant amount of patients with clinical suspect of sepsis is admitted and treated in medical wards (MW). These patients have a better prognosis but are older and with more comorbidities compared to those admitted to intensive care units (ICU). Procalcitonin (PCT) is extensiv
PMID 24887959

Patient satisfaction following midurethral sling surgeries.

Maldonado PA1, Kogutt BK, Wai CY.
Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology.Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol.2014 Oct;26(5):404-8. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000097.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction are recognized as being equally important as traditional objective measures of success following midurethral sling (MUS) procedures. The objective of this article is to review the success after MUSs in the context of patient satisfaction.
PMID 25101827

Adult neurogenesis: taking stock in Stockholm.

Govindarajan N1, Kempermann G2.
Development (Cambridge, England).Development.2014 Oct;141(19):3615-3618.
In May this year, Stockholm hosted a Keystone Symposium on Adult Neurogenesis, attracting scientists from around the world despite the lack of customary snow. The symposium offered an extraordinary program, covering diverse topics that ranged from the neural stem cell lineage and regulation of neuro
PMID 25249455

Latent inhibition in ADHD adults on and off medication: a preliminary study.

Lubow RE1, Kaplan O2, Manor I3.
Journal of attention disorders.J Atten Disord.2014 Oct;18(7):625-31. doi: 10.1177/1087054712445783. Epub 2012 Jun 1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of stimulant medication on performance of ADHD adults on a selective attention task that assesses the processing of irrelevant stimuli.METHOD: ADHD patients and matched controls were given two sessions of a two-stage visual search-latent inhibition (LI) task. In s
PMID 22660915

Japanese Journal

若い日本人女性を対象とした食事からの摂取に伴うフッ素バランスに関する研究

佐藤保,西牟田守,大澤正樹,丹野高三,板井一好
岩手医学雑誌 64(3), 209-219, 2012-08-01
NAID 110009460989

蘭領東インドにおけるロマンチック・ラブと近代家族 : ジャワ女性の解放を希求したカルティニの視点から (ロマンチック・ラブと近代家族の国際比較 : 日本とインドネシアを事例として)

青木恵理子
龍谷大学国際社会文化研究所紀要 (14), 65-84, 2012-06
… During the customary seclusion, however, her eyes were open to the European world by reading books and journals in Dutch, receiving Dutch guests and being taught by Dutch tutors. …
NAID 40019470187

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin aspart in patients with Type 2 diabetes: Assessment using a meal tolerance test under clinical conditions

Ando Hitoshi,Kurita Seiichiro,Shimizu Akiko,Kato Ken-ichiro,Ishikura Kazuhide,Taji Koumei,Uno Masafumi,Takeshita Yumie,Misu Hirofumi,Fujimura Akio,Kaneko Shuichi,Takamura Toshinari
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 39(6), 528-534, 2012-06
… Meal tolerance tests with and without self-injection of a customary dose of insulin aspart (0.05-0.22 U/kg) were conducted in 20 patients in a randomized cross-over study. …
NAID 120004442389

近世後期瀬戸内農村における村内土地取引構造の研究 : 備後国芦田郡金丸村を事例に

平下義記
社會經濟史學 78(1), 75-97, 2012-05-25
近年,質地関係を村内の融通手段とみる見解が主流である。しかし,その性格を規定する政治的・経済的諸契機や,構造的特質はさほど実証的に追究されているわけではない。そこで本稿は,瀬戸内農村の研究として近世後期の備後国芦田郡金丸村を取り上げて基礎的分析事例を提供したい。まず,村請制や商業的農業の規定性を考慮に入れつつ,村落構造と質地慣行の関係性を考察し,質地関係が,村外地主の土地集積や零細農の離村を防いで …
NAID 110009480266

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