n.

特徴づけ、性質決定、評価、描写、キャラクタリゼーション

関: appraisal、appraise、appreciate、appreciation、assess、assessment、characterisation、delineate、delineation、depict、depiction、describe、description、estimate、estimation、evaluate、evaluation、judgement、judgment、value

WordNet

the act of describing distinctive characteristics or essential features; "the medias characterization of Al Gore as a nerd" (同)characterisation
fix or determine the value of; assign a value to; "value the jewelry and art work in the estate"
the amount (of money or goods or services) that is considered to be a fair equivalent for something else; "he tried to estimate the value of the produce at normal prices" (同)economic value
(music) the relative duration of a musical note (同)time value, note value
relative darkness or lightness of a color; "I establish the colors and principal values by organizing the painting into three values--dark, medium...and light"-Joe Hing Lowe
the quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable; "the Shakespearean Shylock is of dubious value in the modern world"
a numerical quantity measured or assigned or computed; "the value assigned was 16 milliseconds"
an ideal accepted by some individual or group; "he has old-fashioned values"
judge tentatively or form an estimate of (quantities or time); "I estimate this chicken to weigh three pounds" (同)gauge, approximate, guess, judge
a judgment of the qualities of something or somebody; "many factors are involved in any estimate of human life"; "in my estimation the boy is innocent" (同)estimation
the respect with which a person is held; "they had a high estimation of his ability" (同)estimation
an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth; "an estimate of what it would cost"; "a rough idea how long it would take" (同)estimation, approximation, idea
a statement indicating the likely cost of some job; "he got an estimate from the car repair shop"
recognize with gratitude; be grateful for
increase the value of; "The Germans want to appreciate the Deutsche Mark" (同)apprize, apprise
gain in value; "The yen appreciated again!" (同)apprize, apprise, revalue
be fully aware of; realize fully; "Do you appreciate the full meaning of this letter?" (同)take account
the act of judging or assessing a person or situation or event; "they criticized my judgment of the contestants" (同)judgement, assessment
(law) the determination by a court of competent jurisdiction on matters submitted to it (同)judgement, judicial decision
the capacity to assess situations or circumstances shrewdly and to draw sound conclusions (同)judgement, sound judgment, sound judgement, perspicacity
the cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions (同)judgement, judging
an opinion formed by judging something; "he was reluctant to make his judgment known"; "she changed her mind" (同)judgement, mind
an increase in price or value; "an appreciation of 30% in the value of real estate"
understanding of the nature or meaning or quality or magnitude of something; "he has a good grasp of accounting practices" (同)grasp, hold
an expression of gratitude; "he expressed his appreciation in a short note"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…の)『価値』,値打ち,有用性,重要性《+of+名》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『価格』,値段《+of+名》 / 〈U〉〈C〉《米》《修飾語句を伴って》(払った金銭に対する)正当な値打ち / 〈C〉(単語の)意味,意義 / 〈C〉値,数値 / 〈C〉音の長短 / 〈C〉色価,(色の)明暗の度 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(道義・倫理などの)価値基準,価値観 / (ある金額に)…‘を'『評価する』,見積もる《+名+at+名〈金額〉》 / …‘を'『高く評価する』,尊重する,重んじる
…‘を'『見積る』,概算する / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人物・状況など〉‘を'『評価する』・判断する / (…を)見積る《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(寸法・数量・価値などの)『見積り』,概算,評価[額];見積書《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉評価,評定《+『of』+『名』》
〈よさ・価値など〉'を'『認める』,認識する,…‘の'よさを認める / 〈作品など〉'を'『味わう』,鑑賞する / 〈好意など〉'を'感謝する,ありがたく思う / 〈相場・価格〉'を'上げる;…‘の'価格(相場)を上げる / 相場(価格,評価)が上がる
〈U〉(…を)『正しく認識すること』,(…の)識別,評価《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《時にan~》(文学・芸術などの)理解,鑑賞;批評,論評《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…に対する)感謝《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(価格の)騰貴
性格描写 / 特性(特質)を表すこと,特徴づけ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/17 03:05:22」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Characterization or characterisation is the concept of creating characters for a narrative.^[1] It is a literary element and may be employed in dramatic works of art or everyday conversation. Characters may be presented by means of description, through their actions, speech, thoughts and interactions with other characters.

History

The term characterization was introduced in mid 15th century.^[1] Aristotle promoted the primacy of plot over characters, that is a plot-driven narrative, arguing in his Poetics that tragedy "is a representation, not of men, but of action and life."^[2] This view was reversed in the 19th century, when the primacy of the character, that is a character-driven narrative, was affirmed first with the realist novel, and increasingly later with the influential development of psychology.^[2]

Direct vs. indirect

There are two ways an author can convey information about a character:

Direct or explicit characterization: The author literally tells the audience what a character is like. This may be done via the narrator, another character or by the character him- or herself.
Indirect or implicit characterization: The audience must infer for themselves what the character is like through the character’s thoughts, actions, speech (choice of words, way of talking), physical appearance, mannerisms and interaction with other characters, including other characters’ reactions to that particular person.

In drama

Characters in theatre, TV and film differ from those in novels in that an actor may interpret the writer's description and dialogue in their own unique way to add new layers and depth to a character. This can be seen when critics compare the ‘Lady Macbeths’ or ‘Heathcliffs’ of different actors. The other major difference in drama is that it is not possible to ‘go inside the character’s head’ in the way that it is possible in a novel or short story, meaning this method of character exposition is unavailable.

Character Archetypes

The psychologist Carl Jung identified twelve primary ‘original patterns’ of the human psyche. He believed that these reside in the collective subconscious of people across cultural and political boundaries. These twelve archetypes are often cited in fictional characters. ‘Flat’ characters may be considered so because they stick to a single archetype without deviating, whereas ‘Complex’ or ‘Realistic’ characters will combine several archetypes, with some being more dominant than others – as people are in real life. Jung’s twelve archetypes are: the Innocent, the Orphan, the Hero, the Caregiver, the Explorer, the Rebel, the Lover, the Creator, the Jester, the Sage, the Magician and the Ruler.^[3]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Harrison (1998, 51-2)
^ ^a ^b Aston and Savona (1991, p.34)
^ http://www.soulcraft.co/essays/the_12_common_archetypes.html

References

Aston, Elaine, and George Savona. 1991. Theatre as Sign-System: A Semiotics of Text and Performance. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04932-6.
Harrison, Martin. 1998. The Language of Theatre. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-87830-087-2.

External links

Outline on Literary Elements at the Wayback Machine (archived November 11, 2007) by Dr. Marilyn H. Stauffer of the University of South Florida
Lecture about Fiction by Professor Waters of the Western Kentucky University, especially the accompanying PowerPoint presentation
Character and characterisation in The UVic Writer's Guide (from the University of Victoria)
Drama Theory
15 Days to Stronger Characters

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における外傷の分類 classification of trauma in children
2. 肝臓病変の評価のための造影超音波検査 contrast enhanced ultrasound for the evaluation of liver lesions
3. 前立腺癌におけるMRIの役割 the role of magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer
4. 肺癌の初期評価、治療、および予後の概要 overview of the initial evaluation treatment and prognosis of lung cancer
5. 背部痛が認められる小児の評価 evaluation of the child with back pain

English Journal

Characterization of rice starch and protein obtained by a fast alkaline extraction method.

Souza Dd1, Sbardelotto AF2, Ziegler DR2, Marczak LD3, Tessaro IC3.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jan 15;191:36-44. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.032. Epub 2015 Mar 17.
This study evaluated the characteristics of rice starch and protein obtained by a fast alkaline extraction method on rice flour (RF) derived from broken rice. The extraction was conducted using 0.18% NaOH at 30°C for 30min followed by centrifugation to separate the starch rich and the protein rich
PMID 26258699

Isolation and characterization of fish scale collagen from tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) by a novel extrusion-hydro-extraction process.

Huang CY1, Kuo JM2, Wu SJ3, Tsai HT2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jan 1;190:997-1006. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.066. Epub 2015 Jun 22.
Collagen is highly valued both as a food additive and a functional food ingredient. It is generally extracted by treatments with acid or alkali, enzyme, and microorganisms. However these methods are generally batch type, time-, energy-, reactant-, and cost-consuming. Extrusion is widely used in the
PMID 26213067

Physicochemical characterization of pomegranate wines fermented with three different Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains.

Berenguer M1, Vegara S1, Barrajón E1, Saura D1, Valero M1, Martí N2.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jan 1;190:848-55. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.027. Epub 2015 Jun 10.
Three commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains: Viniferm Revelación, Viniferm SV and Viniferm PDM were evaluated for the production of pomegranate wine from a juice coupage of the two well-known varieties Mollar and Wonderfull. Further malolactic fermentation was carried out spontaneously.
PMID 26213048

Characterization of main primary and secondary metabolites and in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic properties in the mesocarp of three biotypes of Pouteria lucuma.

Fuentealba C1, Gálvez L2, Cobos A2, Olaeta JA3, Defilippi BG4, Chirinos R5, Campos D5, Pedreschi R6.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Jan 1;190:403-11. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.111. Epub 2015 May 28.
Pouteria lucuma is an Andean fruit from pre-Incas' times highly appreciated due to its characteristic flavor and taste in its homeland. We characterized the primary (e.g., sugars and organic acids), and secondary (e.g., phenolics and carotenoids) and in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic proper
PMID 26212989

Japanese Journal

ソーシャルメディア上から収集したジオタグに基づく地理的特徴の抽出と評価

大森雅己,廣田雅春,石川博,横山昌平
情報処理学会論文誌. データベース 8(1), 1-16, 2015-03-30
写真共有サイトでは,多くの写真が共有されており,それらの写真には,ジオタグやタグが付与されている.これらのメタデータを用いて,ホットスポットや,タグが表す地理的特徴を抽出する研究がさかんに行われている.これらの研究において,地理的特徴として,ホットスポットの位置や,タグが表している領域が抽出されている.しかし,地理的特徴を抽出したいタグによっては,領域より線の方が適している場合がある(e.g.海岸 …
NAID 110009886568

Characterization of defect levels in undoped n-BaSi

Takeuchi Hiroki,Du Weijie,Baba Masakazu,Takabe Ryota,Toko Kaoru,Suemasu Takashi
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(7S2), 07JE01, 2015-03-03
Electrically active defect levels in 650-nm-thick undoped n-BaSi<inf>2</inf>epitaxial layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy were investigated by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) u …
NAID 150000110361

新規π拡張型縮環ポルフィリノイドの合成および物性

田中隆行,大須賀篤弘
有機合成化学協会誌 73(3), 220-229, 2015-03
NAID 40020386339

フルオレン含有ポリエステルを用いた複屈折発現性評価法の検討

大田善也,渡邉久芳,加藤真理子 [他]
成形加工 = Journal of the Japan Society of Polymer Processing : プラスチック成形加工学会誌 27(3), 94-97, 2015-03
NAID 40020385517

「appreciate」

　　[★]

v.

認識する、認める、理解する、評価する、感謝する

関: accept、acknowledge、admit、allow、appraisal、appraise、appreciation、approve、assess、assessment、aware、awareness、characterization、cognition、cognitive、comprehend、comprehension、detect、envisage、estimate、estimation、evaluate、evaluation、grasp、grateful、judgement、judgment、notice、observe、realization、realize、recognise、recognition、recognize、see、thank、understand、understanding、value

「評価」

　　[★]

英: evaluation、characterization、assessment、estimation、appreciation、appraisal、judgment、(英)judgement、evaluate、appreciate、assess、estimate、appraise、value
関: アセスメント、値、意見、価値、感謝、キャラクタリゼーション、査定、試験、調べる、審査、特徴づけ、診断、推定、測定、認識、判断、判定、評論、描写、見込み、見積、見積もる、認める、予算、理解、性質決定、鑑定、影響評価、推計

「estimate」

　　[★]

n.

見積、推定、予算、見込み

v.

見積もる、推定する、評価する、測定する

関: appraisal、appraise、appreciate、appreciation、assess、assessment、budget、chance、characterization、deduce、determine、estimation、evaluate、evaluation、expectation、extrapolate、extrapolation、fathom、judgement、judgment、likelihood、measure、measurement、odds、perspective、presume、presumption、promise、prospect、value

「assess」

　　[★]

vt.

(税など)の額/率を査定する。(財産・収入などを)課税の目的で評価する。評価する、～の重要性(重大性、規模、価値など)を評定する、値踏みする
(ある金額を)税金/罰金などとして取り立てる。(税金・罰金などを)科する/課する。(人・財産)に税金/罰金を課する/科する/割り当てる。

関: assessment、assessable; appraisal、appraise、appreciate、appreciation、characterization、estimate、estimation、evaluate、evaluation、judgement、judgment、value

「assessment」

　　[★]

n.

アセスメント、影響評価、評価、判定、診断、試験、査定

関: appraisal、appraise、appreciate、appreciation、assess、characterization、decide、decision、determination、determine、diagnose、diagnoses、diagnosis、diagnostic、estimate、estimation、evaluate、evaluation、exam、examination、examine、judgement、judgment、test、testing、trial、value

「structural characterization」

　　[★]

構造的特徴づけ、構造描写、構造評価

「molecular characterization」

　　[★]

分子キャラクタリゼーション

[Harrison1998p51-1] Harrison (1998, 51-2)

[Aston1991p34-2] Aston and Savona (1991, p.34)

[3] ttp://www.soulcraft.co/essays/the_12_common_archetypes.html

リンク元	「appreciate」「評価」「estimate」「assess」「assessment」
拡張検索	「structural characterization」「molecular characterization」

匿名

検索

案内

案内

characterization