- 関
- deduce、estimate、estimation、extrapolate、extrapolation、presume
WordNet
- audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to; "he despised them for their presumptuousness" (同)presumptuousness, effrontery, assumption
- a kind of discourtesy in the form of an act of presuming; "his presumption was intolerable"
- (law) an inference of the truth of a fact from other facts proved or admitted or judicially noticed
- (mathematics) calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values
- an inference about the future (or about some hypothetical situation) based on known facts and observations
- judge tentatively or form an estimate of (quantities or time); "I estimate this chicken to weigh three pounds" (同)gauge, approximate, guess, judge
- a judgment of the qualities of something or somebody; "many factors are involved in any estimate of human life"; "in my estimation the boy is innocent" (同)estimation
- the respect with which a person is held; "they had a high estimation of his ability" (同)estimation
- an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth; "an estimate of what it would cost"; "a rough idea how long it would take" (同)estimation, approximation, idea
- a statement indicating the likely cost of some job; "he got an estimate from the car repair shop"
- constitute reasonable evidence for; "A restaurant bill presumes the consumption of food"
- take liberties or act with too much confidence
- reason by deduction; establish by deduction (同)infer, deduct, derive
- conclude by reasoning; in logic (同)infer
- gain knowledge of (an area not known or experienced) by extrapolating
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈C〉推定(仮定)すること;(…であるという)推定《+『that節』》 / 〈U〉でしゃばり,(…する)ずうずうしさ《+『to』do》
- …‘を'『見積る』,概算する / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人物・状況など〉‘を'『評価する』・判断する / (…を)見積る《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(寸法・数量・価値などの)『見積り』,概算,評価[額];見積書《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉評価,評定《+『of』+『名』》
- …‘を'推定する,仮定する / 《『presume to』 do》『思い切って』『する』,大胆(生意気)にも…する(dare) / 思いあがった(生意気な,大胆な)ことをする / (…に)つけ入る,つけ込む,甘える《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》
- …'を'導き出す,推論する
- 〈U〉判断;評価;尊重 / 〈C〉〈U〉(特に商業上の)(…の)見積り,概算《+『of』+『名』》
- (数学で,与えられた値から)〈未確認の変数値〉‘を'推定する,外挿する / (既知のものから)…‘を'推定する,推測する
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/01/18 10:41:15」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
In the law of evidence, a presumption of a particular fact can be made without the aid of proof in some situations. The types of presumption includes a rebuttable discretionary presumption, a rebuttable mandatory presumption, and an irrebuttable or conclusive presumption. The invocation of a presumption shifts the burden of proof from one party to the opposing party in a court trial. Presumptions are sometimes categorized into two types: presumptions without basic facts, and presumptions with basic facts. In the United States, mandatory presumptions are impermissible in criminal cases, but permissible presumptions are allowed.
The ancient Jewish law code, the Talmud, included reasoning from presumptions (hazakah), propositions taken to be true unless there was reason to believe otherwise, such as "One does not ordinarily pay a debt before term."[1] The same concept was found in ancient Roman law, where, for example, if there was doubt as to whether a child was really the issue of someone who had left money in a will, the presumption was in favour of the child.[2] Medieval Roman and canon law graded presumptions according to strength: light, medium or probable, and violent.[3] These gradings and many individual presumptions were taken over into English law in the seventeenth century by Edward Coke.[4]
- types: Rebuttable presumption, Conclusive presumption
- examples of presumption without basic facts: Presumption of innocence[5]
- example of presumption with basic facts: Death in absentia, e.g. law says if a person has been missing for 7 years or more (basic fact), that person shall be presumed to be dead.[citation needed]
Specific presumptions
A number of presumptions are found in most common law jurisdictions. Examples of these presumptions include:
- The presumption of death. A person who has been absent for seven years without explanation and "gone to parts unknown" is presumed dead at common law.[6] The time period it takes for the presumption to arise has often been modified by statute.[7]
- The presumption of innocence, which holds that the prosecution bears the burden of proof in a criminal case, and that the accused has no obligation to introduce evidence until the prosecution has made a prima facie case.
- The presumption of legitimacy or presumption of paternity, which presumes that a husband is the biological father of a child born to his wife during the marriage, or within nine months after the marriage is ended by death, legal separation, or divorce.[8] Some jurisdictions also hold that a presumption of paternity arises when a father accepts a child into his home, or publicly represents that he is the child's father.[9]
- A presumption of survivorship has referred to a number of different presumptions. The term is sometimes used to refer to presumptions that one or another of two persons lived the longer when they died together in the same accident.[10] The presumption that two or more people who establish a joint account intend for the survivors to have the assets put into the fund upon the death of one of the joint account holders has also been called the "presumption of survivorship".[11]
- The presumption of mailing presumes that a properly addressed letter delivered to the post office or a common carrier was in fact delivered and received by the addressee.[12]
- The presumption of fraud or undue influence arises where a person in a position of trust over another, such as a guardian or the holder of a power of attorney applies the other person's assets to his or her own benefit.[13]
- The presumption of validity is another way of expressing a burden of proof: the official acts of courts are presumed to be valid, and those who would challenge them must overcome this presumption.[14] This is also termed the presumption of regularity.[15]
- In the law of the United States, the presumption of constitutionality presumes that all statutes are drafted in accordance with Federal and state constitutional requirements. The party challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of proof, and any doubts are resolved against that party. If there are two reasonable interpretations of a statute, one of which is constitutional and the other not, the courts will choose the path which permits upholding the statute.[16]
References
- ^ J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 6.
- ^ Franklin, Science of Conjecture, 9.
- ^ Franklin, Science of Conjecture, 20–23.
- ^ Franklin, Science of Conjecture, 60–61.
- ^ Technically, the presumption of innocence is not a presumption, but rather is a rhetorical expression emphasizing the fact the prosecution bears the burden of proof in a criminal case. The accused has no obligation to adduce evidence in his or her favor and will be automatically acquitted unless the prosecution surmounts its evidentiary threshold (the burden of proof, which in the United States is generally beyond a reasonable doubt in criminal cases). See presumption of innocence.
- ^ Prudential Insurance Comp. v. Moore, 197 Ind. 50, 149 N.E. 718 (Ind. 1925)
- ^ E.g. Ind. Code § 29-2-5-1.
- ^ E.g. Ind. Code § 31-14-7-1.
- ^ E.g. Ind. Code § 31-14-7-2.
- ^ Black's Law Dictionary (5th. ed., 1979; West Publishing Co., ISBN 0-8299-2041-2), p. 1068, "Presumption of survivorship"
- ^ E.g. Matter of Estate of Banko, 622 N.E.2d 476 (Ind. 1993)
- ^ E.g. U-Haul Co. of Indiana, Inc. v. Indiana Dept. of State Revenue, 896 N.E.2d 1253 (Ind.Tax 2008)
- ^ In re Estate of Compton, 919 N.E.2d 1181, (Ind.Ct.App. 2010), trans. denied
- ^ Monon Corp. v. Townsend, Yosha, Cline & Price, 678 N.E.2d 807, 809 (Ind.Ct.App. 1997).
- ^ Cooper, Simon & Murphy, Peter & Beaumont, John. Cases & Materials on Evidence. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press. 1994. p. 86
- ^ Boehm v. Town of St. John, 675 N.E.2d 318 (Ind.1996)
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Measuring the differential stoichiometry and energetics of ligand binding to macromolecules by single-molecule force spectroscopy: an extended theory.
- Jacobson DR1, Saleh OA.
- The journal of physical chemistry. B.J Phys Chem B.2015 Feb 5;119(5):1930-8. doi: 10.1021/jp511555g. Epub 2015 Jan 26.
- Many chemical techniques exist for measuring the stoichiometry of ligand binding to a macromolecule; however, these techniques are often specific to certain ligands or require the presumption of specific binding models. Here, we further develop a previously reported, general, thermodynamic method fo
- PMID 25621932
- The 2014 frank stinchfield award: the 'landing zone' for wear and stability in total hip arthroplasty is smaller than we thought: a computational analysis.
- Elkins JM1, Callaghan JJ, Brown TD.
- Clinical orthopaedics and related research.Clin Orthop Relat Res.2015 Feb;473(2):441-52. doi: 10.1007/s11999-014-3818-0.
- BACKGROUND: Positioning of total hip bearings involves tradeoffs, because cup orientations most favorable in terms of stability are not necessarily ideal in terms of reduction of contact stress and wear potential. Previous studies and models have not addressed these potentially competing considerati
- PMID 25091222
- The kiss/kissr Systems Are Dispensable for Zebrafish Reproduction: Evidence From Gene Knockout Studies.
- Tang H1, Liu Y, Luo D, Ogawa S, Yin Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Hu W, Parhar IS, Lin H, Liu X, Cheng CH.
- Endocrinology.Endocrinology.2015 Feb;156(2):589-99. doi: 10.1210/en.2014-1204. Epub 2014 Nov 18.
- The kiss1/gpr54 signaling system is considered to be a critical regulator of reproduction in most vertebrates. However, this presumption has not been tested vigorously in nonmammalian vertebrates. Distinct from mammals, multiple kiss1/gpr54 paralogous genes (kiss/kissr) have been identified in nonma
- PMID 25406015
- Types of consent in reproductive health care.
- Dickens BM1, Cook RJ2.
- International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics.Int J Gynaecol Obstet.2015 Feb;128(2):181-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.11.001. Epub 2014 Nov 17.
- Healthcare providers require prior consent to treat patients. Consent can be different for legal purposes, and be expressed in different ways. Simple consent affords providers protection from liability for assault, but negligence can arise if the consent is inadequately informed. Providers cannot co
- PMID 25468059
Japanese Journal
- 空調システムにおける劣化回復のための最適保全計画の立案手法 : ガス吸収式冷温水器と冷却塔を対象とした劣化進行速度の推定と最適保全計画の効果検討
- 李 霽憲,赤司 泰義,住吉 大輔
- 空気調和・衛生工学会論文集 (192), 11-21, 2013-03-05
- 空調システムを長期間使用すると,経年劣化によってその性能が低下し,エネルギーの浪費やピーク負荷時の能力不足を引き起こす.このような問題を未然に防ぐには,劣化進行の状況を日々把握し,保全対象機器や保全時期を推定するなど,劣化回復のための長期的な保全計画を立てることが重要である.しかし,通常の空調システムは定期保全を行うことがほとんどであり,より効率的な維持管理のための保全計画の立案手法が求められてい …
- NAID 110009580249
- 牛丸 真司
- 沼津工業高等専門学校研究報告 47, 33-38, 2013-01-31
- … On the other hand, code review, presumption of miss use-case and knowledge of project management are not incorporated in the education at present. …
- NAID 110009558034
- スマートフォン内蔵センサを用いた歩行位置推定に関する基本実験と評価
- 鈴木 惇也,秋山 征己,田中 博,五百蔵 重典
- 情報処理学会研究報告. ITS, [高度交通システム] 2012-ITS-51(10), 1-7, 2012-11-08
- 広域なエリアの測位ではセンサを一様に多数設置する必要があり,経済的な測位システムを実現しづらい.そこで,我々は屋内での高精度で広域な位置検出として,超音波センサおよび慣性センサを使用した測位法を検討している.慣性センサによる測位は,誤差があるものの,有効な手段の一つと考えられる.そこで,スマートフォンに内蔵されているセンサのみを用いて,どこまで屋内位置推定ができるかを考察する.具体的には,加速度セ …
- NAID 110009486422
- スマートフォン内蔵センサを用いた歩行位置推定に関する基本実験と評価
- 鈴木 惇也,秋山 征己,田中 博,五百蔵 重典
- 情報処理学会研究報告. MBL, [モバイルコンピューティングとユビキタス通信研究会研究報告] 2012-MBL-64(10), 1-7, 2012-11-08
- 広域なエリアの測位ではセンサを一様に多数設置する必要があり,経済的な測位システムを実現しづらい.そこで,我々は屋内での高精度で広域な位置検出として,超音波センサおよび慣性センサを使用した測位法を検討している.慣性センサによる測位は,誤差があるものの,有効な手段の一つと考えられる.そこで,スマートフォンに内蔵されているセンサのみを用いて,どこまで屋内位置推定ができるかを考察する.具体的には,加速度セ …
- NAID 110009486384
Related Links
- presumptionとは。意味や和訳。[名][U][C]1 (…であろうという)推定,仮定,推測((that節));推定[仮定]されたもの,推定事項on the presumption that…と仮定して.2 (妥当な根拠や証拠による)確信,容認.3 推定[仮定]の ...
- Presumption definition, the act of presuming. See more. Thesaurus Translate Puzzles & Games Word of the Day Blog Slideshows Apps by Dictionary My Account Log Out Log In follow Dictionary.com Dictionary Thesaurus More...
- presumption 【名】 推定(の根拠)、推測、臆測、仮定、確信、見込み ずうずう... - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。
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★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 関
- appraisal、appraise、appreciate、appreciation、assess、assessment、budget、chance、characterization、deduce、determine、estimation、evaluate、evaluation、expectation、extrapolate、extrapolation、fathom、judgement、judgment、likelihood、measure、measurement、odds、perspective、presume、presumption、promise、prospect、value
[★]
- 推定する、思いこむ
- 想像する、~と思う、考える
- 想定/仮定する、前庭とする、含意する
- あえて/大胆にも~する/と言う
- 仮定/推測する
- でしゃばる、つけあがる、つけこむ(on)
- 関
- assume, assumption, deduce, estimate, estimation, extrapolate, extrapolation, hypotheses, hypothesis, hypothesize, postulate, premise, presumption, supposition
- presumed
[★]
- 関
- appraisal、appraise、appreciate、appreciation、assess、assessment、characterization、deduce、estimate、evaluate、evaluation、extrapolate、extrapolation、judgement、judgment、presume、presumption、value
[★]
- 英
- estimation、estimate、extrapolation、presumption、estimate、extrapolate、presume、deduce
- 関
- 仮定、外挿、推論、測定、評価、補外、見込み、見積、見積もる、予算、演繹、推計
[★]
- 関
- corollary、deduction、estimate、estimation、extrapolate、extrapolation、infer、inference、postulate、postulation、presume、presumption