WordNet

audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to; "he despised them for their presumptuousness" (同)presumptuousness, effrontery, assumption
a kind of discourtesy in the form of an act of presuming; "his presumption was intolerable"
(law) an inference of the truth of a fact from other facts proved or admitted or judicially noticed
(mathematics) calculation of the value of a function outside the range of known values
an inference about the future (or about some hypothetical situation) based on known facts and observations
judge tentatively or form an estimate of (quantities or time); "I estimate this chicken to weigh three pounds" (同)gauge, approximate, guess, judge
a judgment of the qualities of something or somebody; "many factors are involved in any estimate of human life"; "in my estimation the boy is innocent" (同)estimation
the respect with which a person is held; "they had a high estimation of his ability" (同)estimation
an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth; "an estimate of what it would cost"; "a rough idea how long it would take" (同)estimation, approximation, idea
a statement indicating the likely cost of some job; "he got an estimate from the car repair shop"
constitute reasonable evidence for; "A restaurant bill presumes the consumption of food"
take liberties or act with too much confidence
reason by deduction; establish by deduction (同)infer, deduct, derive
conclude by reasoning; in logic (同)infer
gain knowledge of (an area not known or experienced) by extrapolating

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉推定(仮定)すること;(…であるという)推定《+『that節』》 / 〈U〉でしゃばり,(…する)ずうずうしさ《+『to』do》
…‘を'『見積る』,概算する / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈人物・状況など〉‘を'『評価する』・判断する / (…を)見積る《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(寸法・数量・価値などの)『見積り』,概算,評価[額];見積書《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉評価,評定《+『of』+『名』》
…‘を'推定する,仮定する / 《『presume to』 do》『思い切って』『する』,大胆(生意気)にも…する(dare) / 思いあがった(生意気な,大胆な)ことをする / (…に)つけ入る,つけ込む,甘える《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》
…'を'導き出す,推論する
〈U〉判断;評価;尊重 / 〈C〉〈U〉(特に商業上の)(…の)見積り,概算《+『of』+『名』》
(数学で,与えられた値から)〈未確認の変数値〉‘を'推定する,外挿する / (既知のものから)…‘を'推定する,推測する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/18 10:41:15」(JST)

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In the law of evidence, a presumption of a particular fact can be made without the aid of proof in some situations. The types of presumption includes a rebuttable discretionary presumption, a rebuttable mandatory presumption, and an irrebuttable or conclusive presumption. The invocation of a presumption shifts the burden of proof from one party to the opposing party in a court trial. Presumptions are sometimes categorized into two types: presumptions without basic facts, and presumptions with basic facts. In the United States, mandatory presumptions are impermissible in criminal cases, but permissible presumptions are allowed.

The ancient Jewish law code, the Talmud, included reasoning from presumptions (hazakah), propositions taken to be true unless there was reason to believe otherwise, such as "One does not ordinarily pay a debt before term."^[1] The same concept was found in ancient Roman law, where, for example, if there was doubt as to whether a child was really the issue of someone who had left money in a will, the presumption was in favour of the child.^[2] Medieval Roman and canon law graded presumptions according to strength: light, medium or probable, and violent.^[3] These gradings and many individual presumptions were taken over into English law in the seventeenth century by Edward Coke.^[4]

types: Rebuttable presumption, Conclusive presumption
examples of presumption without basic facts: Presumption of innocence^[5]
example of presumption with basic facts: Death in absentia, e.g. law says if a person has been missing for 7 years or more (basic fact), that person shall be presumed to be dead.^{[citation needed]}

Specific presumptions

A number of presumptions are found in most common law jurisdictions. Examples of these presumptions include:

The presumption of death. A person who has been absent for seven years without explanation and "gone to parts unknown" is presumed dead at common law.^[6] The time period it takes for the presumption to arise has often been modified by statute.^[7]
The presumption of innocence, which holds that the prosecution bears the burden of proof in a criminal case, and that the accused has no obligation to introduce evidence until the prosecution has made a prima facie case.
The presumption of legitimacy or presumption of paternity, which presumes that a husband is the biological father of a child born to his wife during the marriage, or within nine months after the marriage is ended by death, legal separation, or divorce.^[8] Some jurisdictions also hold that a presumption of paternity arises when a father accepts a child into his home, or publicly represents that he is the child's father.^[9]
A presumption of survivorship has referred to a number of different presumptions. The term is sometimes used to refer to presumptions that one or another of two persons lived the longer when they died together in the same accident.^[10] The presumption that two or more people who establish a joint account intend for the survivors to have the assets put into the fund upon the death of one of the joint account holders has also been called the "presumption of survivorship".^[11]
The presumption of mailing presumes that a properly addressed letter delivered to the post office or a common carrier was in fact delivered and received by the addressee.^[12]
The presumption of fraud or undue influence arises where a person in a position of trust over another, such as a guardian or the holder of a power of attorney applies the other person's assets to his or her own benefit.^[13]
The presumption of validity is another way of expressing a burden of proof: the official acts of courts are presumed to be valid, and those who would challenge them must overcome this presumption.^[14] This is also termed the presumption of regularity.^[15]
In the law of the United States, the presumption of constitutionality presumes that all statutes are drafted in accordance with Federal and state constitutional requirements. The party challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of proof, and any doubts are resolved against that party. If there are two reasonable interpretations of a statute, one of which is constitutional and the other not, the courts will choose the path which permits upholding the statute.^[16]

References

^ J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 6.
^ Franklin, Science of Conjecture, 9.
^ Franklin, Science of Conjecture, 20–23.
^ Franklin, Science of Conjecture, 60–61.
^ Technically, the presumption of innocence is not a presumption, but rather is a rhetorical expression emphasizing the fact the prosecution bears the burden of proof in a criminal case. The accused has no obligation to adduce evidence in his or her favor and will be automatically acquitted unless the prosecution surmounts its evidentiary threshold (the burden of proof, which in the United States is generally beyond a reasonable doubt in criminal cases). See presumption of innocence.
^ Prudential Insurance Comp. v. Moore, 197 Ind. 50, 149 N.E. 718 (Ind. 1925)
^ E.g. Ind. Code § 29-2-5-1.
^ E.g. Ind. Code § 31-14-7-1.
^ E.g. Ind. Code § 31-14-7-2.
^ Black's Law Dictionary (5th. ed., 1979; West Publishing Co., ISBN 0-8299-2041-2), p. 1068, "Presumption of survivorship"
^ E.g. Matter of Estate of Banko, 622 N.E.2d 476 (Ind. 1993)
^ E.g. U-Haul Co. of Indiana, Inc. v. Indiana Dept. of State Revenue, 896 N.E.2d 1253 (Ind.Tax 2008)
^ In re Estate of Compton, 919 N.E.2d 1181, (Ind.Ct.App. 2010), trans. denied
^ Monon Corp. v. Townsend, Yosha, Cline & Price, 678 N.E.2d 807, 809 (Ind.Ct.App. 1997).
^ Cooper, Simon & Murphy, Peter & Beaumont, John. Cases & Materials on Evidence. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press. 1994. p. 86
^ Boehm v. Town of St. John, 675 N.E.2d 318 (Ind.1996)

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