n.

試行、試み、(臨床)治験、試験

関: assessment、attempt、clinical research、clinical study、clinical test、clinical trial、effort、exam、examination、examine、investigation、investigational、tentative、tentatively、test、testing

WordNet

(law) the determination of a persons innocence or guilt by due process of law; "he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty"; "most of these complaints are settled before they go to trial"
trying something to find out about it; "a sample for ten days free trial"; "a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain" (同)trial_run, test, tryout
an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event; "his mother-in-laws visits were a great trial for him"; "life is full of tribulations"; "a visitation of the plague" (同)tribulation, visitation
(sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications; "the trials for the semifinals began yesterday"
the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes) (同)scrutiny
the act of giving students or candidates a test (as by questions) to determine what they know or have learned (同)testing
a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge; "when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions" (同)exam, test
question closely
observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect; "The customs agent examined the baggage"; "I must see your passport before you can enter the country" (同)see
the market value set on assets
an amount determined as payable; "the assessment for repairs outraged the clubs membership"
a tract of land at a distance from city center that is designed for a cluster of businesses and factories

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『裁判』,公判,審理 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『試験』,ためし《+of+名》 / 〈C〉企て,試み;努力 / 〈C〉(忍耐・徳・信仰などをためす)試練,苦難 / 〈C〉困りもの,迷惑な(やっかいな)人(もの)
〈C〉(…の)『試験』《+『in』(『on』)+『名』ofを用いない》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)『調査』,検討《+『into』(『of』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉〈U〉『診察』,診断 / 〈C〉詩験問題[用紙];詩験答案[用紙]
…‘を'『調べる』,検討する / 〈人・身体〉‘を'『診察する』 / 〈人〉‘に'(…の)『試験をする』《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『on, upon』)+『名』》 / 〈証人・被告など〉‘を'尋問する,審問する
〈U〉評価,査定;(環境などの)状況判定 / 〈C〉評価額,課税額

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/14 03:59:54」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Trial (disambiguation).

Trial of Jean II, Duke of Alençon, October 1458.

In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court. The tribunal, which may occur before a judge, jury, or other designated trier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute.

Types of trial divided by the finder of fact[edit]

Where the trial is held before a group of members of the community, it is called a jury trial. Where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called a bench trial.

Bench trials are often resolved faster. Furthermore, a favorable ruling for one party in a bench trial will frequently lead the other party to offer a settlement.

Hearings before administrative bodies may have many of the features of a trial before a court, but are typically not referred to as trials.

An appellate proceeding is also generally not deemed a trial, because such proceedings are usually restricted to review of the evidence presented before the trial court, and do not permit the introduction of new evidence.

Types of trial divided by the type of dispute[edit]

Trials can also be divided by the type of dispute at issue.

Criminal trial[edit]

The Old Bailey in London (in 1808) was the venue for more than 100,000 criminal trials between 1674 and 1834.

A criminal trial is designed to resolve accusations brought (usually by a government) against a person accused of a crime. In common law systems, most criminal defendants are entitled to a trial held before a jury. Because the state is attempting to use its power to deprive the accused of life, liberty, or property, the rights of the accused afforded to criminal defendants are typically broad. The rules of criminal procedure provide rules for criminal trials.

Civil trial[edit]

A civil trial is generally held to settle lawsuits or civil claims - non-criminal disputes. In some countries, the government can both sue and be sued in a civil capacity. The rules of civil procedure provide rules for civil trials.

Administrative hearing and trial[edit]

Although administrative hearings are not ordinarily considered trials, they retain many elements found in more "formal" trial settings. When the dispute goes to judicial setting, it is called an administrative trial, to revise the administrative hearing, depending on the jurisdiction. The types of disputes handled in these hearings is governed by administrative law and auxiliarily by the civil trial law.

Labor trial[edit]

Main article: Labor and employment law

Labor law (also known as employment law) is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. As such, it mediates many aspects of the relationship between trade unions, employers and employees. In Canada, employment laws related to unionized workplaces are differentiated from those relating to particular individuals. In most countries however, no such distinction is made. However, there are two broad categories of labour law. First, collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer and union. Second, individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work and through the contract for work. The labour movement has been instrumental in the enacting of laws protecting labour rights in the 19th and 20th centuries. Labour rights have been integral to the social and economic development since the industrial revolution.

Trial[edit]

The form of the trial[edit]

There are two primary systems for conducting a trial:

Adversarial: In common law systems, an adversarial or accusatory approach is used to adjudicate guilt or innocence. The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from the open contest between the prosecution and the defense in presenting the evidence and opposing legal arguments with a judge acting as a neutral referee and as the arbiter of the law. In several jurisdictions in more serious cases, there is a jury to determine the facts, although some common law jurisdictions have abolished the jury trial. This polarizes the issues, with each competitor acting in its own self-interest, and so presenting the facts and interpretations of the law in a deliberately biased way. The intention is that through a process of argument and counter-argument, examination-in-chief and cross-examination, each side will test the truthfulness, relevancy, and sufficiency of the opponent's evidence and arguments. To maintain fairness, there is a presumption of innocence, and the burden of proof lies on the prosecution. Critics of the system argue that the desire to win is more important than the search for truth. Further, the results are likely to be affected by structural inequalities. Those defendants with resources can afford to hire the best lawyers. Some trials are—or were—of a more summary nature, as certain questions of evidence were taken as resolved (see handhabend and backberend).
Inquisitorial: In civil law legal systems, the responsibility for supervising the investigation by the police into whether a crime has been committed falls on an examining magistrate or judge who then conducts the trial. The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from an impartial and exhaustive investigation both before and during the trial itself. The examining magistrate or judge acts as an inquisitor who directs the fact-gathering process by questioning witnesses, interrogating the suspect, and collecting other evidence. The lawyers who represent the interests of the State and the accused have a limited role to offer legal arguments and alternative interpretations to the facts that emerge during the process. All the interested parties are expected to co-operate in the investigation by answering the magistrate or judge's questions and, when asked, supplying all relevant evidence. The trial only takes place after all the evidence has been collected and the investigation is completed. Thus, most of the factual uncertainties will already be resolved, and the examining magistrate or judge will already have resolved that there is prima facie of guilt. Critics argue that the examining magistrate or judge has too much power in that he or she will both investigate and adjudicate on the merits of the case. Although lay assessors do sit as a form of jury to offer advice to the magistrate or judge at the conclusion of the trial, their role is subordinate. Further, because a professional has been in charge of all aspects of the case to the conclusion of the trial, there are fewer opportunities to appeal the conviction alleging some procedural error.

Also see Hung jury.

Mistrials[edit]

"Mistrial" redirects here. For other uses, see Mistrial (disambiguation).

A judge may cancel a trial prior to the return of a verdict; legal parlance designates this as a mistrial.

A judge may declare a mistrial due to:

The court determining that it lacks jurisdiction over a case,
Evidence being admitted improperly,
Misconduct by a party, juror,^[1] or an outside actor, if it prevents due process,
A hung jury which cannot reach a verdict with the required degree of unanimity
Disqualification of a juror after the jury is impanelled, if no alternate juror is available and the litigants do not agree to proceed with the remaining jurors.

A declaration of a mistrial generally means that a court must hold a retrial on the same subject.

Other kinds of trials[edit]

Some other kinds of processes for resolving conflicts are also expressed as trials. For example, the United States Constitution requires that, following the impeachment of the President, a judge, or another federal officer by the House of Representatives, the subject of the impeachment may only be removed from office by a trial in the Senate.

In earlier times disputes were often settled through a trial by ordeal, where parties would have to endure physical suffering in order to prove their righteousness; or through a trial by combat, in which the winner of a physical fight was deemed righteous in their cause.

References[edit]

^ St. Eve, Amy; Michael Zuckerman (2012). "Ensuring an Impartial Jury in the Age of Social Media". Duke Law & Technology Review.

External links[edit]

Look up trial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Famous trials by the UMKC

UpToDate Contents

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1. 生物統計学および疫学に関する一般用語集 glossary of common biostatistical and epidemiological terms
2. 無症候性腹部大動脈瘤のマネージメント management of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm
3. 収縮能障害による心不全におけるβブロッカー使用の理論的根拠および臨床試験 rationale for and clinical trials of beta blockers in heart failure due to systolic dysfunction
4. 現在開発中の冠動脈ステントの種類 coronary artery stent types in development
5. 中等度リスクの子宮体癌に対する補助化学療法 adjuvant treatment of intermediate risk endometrial cancer

English Journal

A comparative study of low-fluence 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with or without chemical peeling using Jessner's solution in melasma patients.

Lee DB1, Suh HS, Choi YS.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):523-8. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.848261. Epub 2013 Dec 2.
BACKGROUND: Although low-fluence 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (QSNYL) is widely used for the treatment of melasma, multiple treatments are necessary for clinical improvement. Superficial chemical peeling using Jessner's solution has been used for treatment of melasma conventionally.OBJECTIVES: To
PMID 24289244

Tonsillectomy as a treatment for psoriasis: a review.

Wu W1, Debbaneh M, Moslehi H, Koo J, Liao W.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):482-6. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.848258. Epub 2013 Nov 27.
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that affects 1% to 3% of the general population worldwide. Streptococcal infection, especially streptococcal pharyngitis, has been shown to be a significant trigger of psoriasis in some patients, possibly by sensitizing T cells to keratin epitopes in the skin. Du
PMID 24283892

Cardiometabolic biomarkers in chronic plaque psoriasis before and after etanercept treatment.

Puig L1, Strohal R, Fuiman J, Pedersen R, Szumski A, Koenig AS, Robertson D, Drexel H.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):470-81. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.848260. Epub 2013 Nov 13.
OBJECTIVE: To assess cardiometabolic biomarkers in patients with psoriasis before and after etanercept treatment.METHODS: Patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis were randomized to etanercept 50 mg once or twice weekly, double-blinded. Cardiometabolic biomarkers were assessed at baseline
PMID 24219012

Topical photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses with 5-aminolevulinic acid: randomized controlled trial with six months follow-up.

Buinauskaite E1, Maciulaitis R, Buinauskiene J, Valiukeviciene S.
The Journal of dermatological treatment.J Dermatolog Treat.2014 Dec;25(6):519-22. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2013.848257. Epub 2013 Nov 12.
BACKGROUND: Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective treatment for actinic keratosis (AK) with some transient adverse events.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of two different light doses when treating AKs with ALA
PMID 24215475

Japanese Journal

Striatal and Tegmental Neurons Code Critical Signals for Temporal-Difference Learning of State Value in Domestic Chicks

Frontiers in Neuroscience 10, 1-25, 2016-11-08
NAID 120005866852

信頼性の高い審判の実現に向けて : 最近の動向と取組

パテント 69(13), 111-123, 2016-11
NAID 40020991159

大腸癌に対する腹腔鏡手術の動向 : JCOG0404試験のエビデンスを踏まえて (特集大腸癌update : 基礎と臨床の研究動向) -- (特論)

日本臨床 74(11), 1903-1908, 2016-11
NAID 40020984503

帯広刑務所における一般改善指導「社会復帰支援指導プログラム(試行)」の実施について

刑政 127(11), 154-161, 2016-11
NAID 40020981128

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「試験」「治験」「assessment」「examination」「examine」
拡張検索	「phase 1 clinical trial」「industrial accident」
関連記事	「tri」

「試験」

　　[★]

英: examination、test、testing、assessment、trial、exam、examine
関: アセスメント、計測、検査、検定、試み、査定、試行、調べる、診断、治験、調査、テスト、判定、評価、検討、影響評価、実験デザイン、研究デザイン、データ品質、対応群、スコアリング法

循環器

シェロング試験体位変換試験：体位変換による血圧、脈拍の変化を調べる。起立性低血圧の診断ができる。

アセチルコリン負荷試験：(投与)アセチルコリン。(検査)心カテーテル検査による冠動脈の評価。冠攣縮性狭心症などで、冠攣縮の評価に用いられる。

トレンデレンブルグ試験 Trendelenburg試験 → トレンデレンブルグテスト：大伏在静脈弁不全の有無。下肢静脈瘤の原因検索。仰臥位で下肢を挙上させて表在静脈を虚脱させて大腿上部を圧迫し、そのまま起立させたときに下肢の静脈が拡張すれば、陽性であり大伏在静脈弁不全を示唆。
ペルテス試験 Perthes試験　→　ペルテステスト：下腿穿通枝不全の有無。下肢静脈瘤の原因検索。立位で大腿中央部を駆血帯で圧迫し、1分あるいは5分間歩行あるいは屈伸などの下肢の運動をさせて下肢静脈瘤の変化を観察し、当該肢の静脈血流に関与する静脈弁の機能、交通枝の状況などを判定。

ヴァルサルヴァ試験 Valsalva試験：行きこらえをさせる方法。胸腔内圧が上昇して静脈還流量が減少する。また、左心室の大きさが減少する。HOCMでは駆出路が閉塞しやすくなり、胸骨左縁下部の雑音が増強する。

消化吸収試験

脂肪

脂質吸収試験、脂肪吸収試験、脂肪出納試験、脂肪消化吸収試験、経口脂肪負荷試験、トリオレイン吸収試験、131Iオレイン酸吸収試験、131Iトリオレイン吸収試験、131T-トリオレイン試験

蛋白

α1-AT試験、α1-アンチトリプシンクリアランス試験、α1-アンチトリプシン試験、α1-アンチトリプシン消化管クリアランス試験：(検査)糞便中α1-AT。蛋白漏出性胃腸症

糖

D-キシロース吸収試験：(投与)経口、(検査)尿中D-キシロース：小腸粘膜吸収障害
乳糖負荷試験、ラクトース負荷試験　→　ラクターゼ加乳糖負荷試験：(投与)乳糖の後グルコース＋ガラクトース、(検査)血糖。乳糖不耐症

ビタミンB12

シリング試験 Schilling試験：(投与)経口でCo標識VB12、(検査)尿中Co標識VB12

肝臓異物排泄能

ICG試験、ICG負荷試験、インドシアニングリーン試験、インドシアニングリーン排泄試験、インドシアニングリーン負荷試験：(投与)ICG、(検査)ICGの血中濃度：ICGの排泄速度をみることで肝臓の機能を評価できる。

カルシウム

カルシウム負荷試験：(1)副甲状腺ホルモン分泌の抑制をみる経静脈負荷法, (2)小腸からのCa吸収の程度をみるための経口負荷法
カルシウム吸収試験：カルシウム負荷試験の(2)？
選択的動脈内カルシウム注入試験選択的動脈内Ca注入試験

ビタミン

ビタミンB12欠乏

バリン負荷試験：(投与)バリン、(検査)尿中メチルマロン酸上昇：ビタミンB12が欠乏すると、これを補酵素とするメチルマロニルCoAムターゼの機能が低下し、プロピオン酸代謝の中間産物であるメチルマロン酸が増加する。

血液

ショ糖溶血試験：(方法)等張ショ糖液に血液を加える。(検査)溶血の存在。低イオン強度では補体の赤血球に対する結合性が増し、発作性夜間血色素尿症 PNHにおいては溶血をきたす。スクリーニング検査として用いられ、確定診断のためにはハム試験を行う。
ハム試験 Ham試験：(方法)洗浄赤血球に塩酸を加え、弱酸性(pH6.5-7.0)条件にする。(検査)溶血の存在。発作性夜間血色素尿症 PNHにおいては弱酸性条件で補体に対する感受性が亢進するため

ルンペル・レーデ試験 Rumpel-Leede試験：(方法)上腕を圧迫阻血。(検査)出血斑の出現数を計数。増加していれば毛細血管や血小板の異常を示唆。血小板減少症、ヘノッホ・シェーンライン紫斑病

産婦人科

クッパーマン試験：Kuppermann試験：無月経、無排卵症の障害部位の診断のための内分泌学的負荷試験。

LHRH試験 LH-RH負荷試験黄体形成ホルモン放出ホルモン負荷試験=GnRH負荷試験：(投与)GnRH、(検査)FSH, LH
TRH試験 TRH負荷試験甲状腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン試験甲状腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン負荷試験：(投与)TRH、(検査)プロラクチン

オキシトシン感受性試験：陣痛発来時期を予測するために、子宮筋のオキシトシンに対する感受性を評価する試験。

オキシトシン負荷試験、オキシトシン刺激試験：胎児のwell-beingを評価ために実施されるコントラクションストレステスト(CST)において、子宮収縮誘発のためにオキシトシンを用いて行うCST。

Apt試験：アプト試験：新生児の血便を鑑別するための検査。新生児メレナ(ビタミンK欠乏)と仮性メレナ(母親の血液に由来)の鑑別が可能。

内分泌

グルコース負荷試験：(投与)グルコース、(検査)成長ホルモン：先端巨大症では成長ホルモン分布が抑制されない

L-ドーパ負荷試験：(投与)レボドパ、(検査)成長ホルモン：先端巨大症、下垂体前葉の成長ホルモン分泌予備能の検査

LHRH試験黄体形成ホルモン放出ホルモン負荷試験：(投与)GnRH、(検査)成長ホルモン：先端巨大症では成長ホルモンが分泌される。

TRH試験 TRH負荷試験甲状腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン試験甲状腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン負荷試験：(投与)TRH、(検査)成長ホルモン：先端巨大症では成長ホルモンが分泌される。

インスリン負荷試験、インスリン低血糖試験：(投与)インスリン、(検査)成長ホルモン：下垂体機能低下症では成長ホルモンの分泌が低下する。

高張食塩水負荷試験：(投与)高張食塩水、(検査)ADH：抗利尿ホルモンの分泌を見る

生理食塩水試験：

絶食試験絶食負荷試験：(処置)48時間絶食、(観察)低血糖、高インスリン血症：インスリノーマでは48時間の絶食で低血糖、高インスリン血症を生じる

Ellsworth-Howard試験エルスワース・ハワード試験エルスワース-ハワード試験：(投与)パラトルモン PTH、(検査)尿中P、尿中cAMP：副甲状腺機能低下症において特発性か偽性かを鑑別する

フィッシュバーグ濃縮試験フィッシュバーク濃縮試験、Fishberg濃縮試験 Fishberg尿濃縮試験 Fishberg試験：(処置)飲水制限、(検査)尿浸透圧：ADHによる集合管の尿濃縮能

水制限試験

水負荷試験 = 水試験：(処置)水投与、(検査)尿浸透圧、尿量、血中ADH、

ピトレシン試験：(投与)バソプレシン、(検査)：中枢性尿崩症と腎性尿崩症との鑑別。

TRH試験 TRH負荷試験甲状腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン試験甲状腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン負荷試験：(投与)TRH、(検査)TSH：下垂体機能の検査。下垂体前葉機能不全、原発性恒常性機能亢進症では無反応、甲状腺機能低下症では過大反応を示す。

過塩素酸塩放出試験：(投与)123I、過塩素酸塩、(検査)甲状腺シンチによる甲状腺の123I摂取率：橋本病、先天性甲状腺機能低下症。甲状腺のヨードの有機化障害の有無を検査する甲状腺核医学検査法。過塩素酸塩は甲状腺から有機化されていないヨードを追い出すので(サイログロブリンに取り込まれていないヨード)、本試験は有機化障害をきたす疾患の検査となる。

視床下部-下垂体-糖質コルチコイド

デキサメタゾン抑制試験：(投与)大量のデキサメタゾン、(検査)コルチゾール。クッシング病では大量のデキサメタゾンによりコルチゾール分泌が抑制されるが、クッシング病以外のクッシング症候群では抑制されない。

CRH試験、CRH負荷試験副腎皮質刺激ホルモン放出ホルモン試験：(投与)CRH、(検査)ACTH, コルチゾール。クッシング病では過剰反応するが、クッシング症候群では反応無し。
ACTH試験副腎皮質刺激ホルモン試験：(投与)ACTH、(検査)コルチゾール。ACTH dependentな広義のクッシング症候群(クッシング病と異所性ACTH症候群)では(多分副腎皮質の過形成していることで)過剰反応する
メトピロン試験メトピロン負荷試験メトロピン試験、メチラポン試験、メチラポン負荷試験：(投与)メチラポン、(検査)ACTH：クッシング病の鑑別

高血圧

立位フロセミド負荷試験：(投与)フロセミド、(検査)血漿レニン濃度：フロセミドでhypovolemicとし歩行負荷で交感神経を興奮させレニンの分泌を促す。原発性アルドステロン症の場合、レニン高値のまま無反応。

膵臓

膵外分泌機能

BT-PABA試験, PABA排泄試験, PFD試験：
セクレチン試験：(投与)セクレチン、(検査)十二指腸液：分泌量、総アミラーゼ量、最高重炭酸塩濃度を測定。最高重炭酸塩濃度を含む2項目以上の低下で慢性膵炎が確定診断される。
消化吸収試験
便中エラスターゼ1定量、便中キモトリプシン定量

腎臓

塩化アンモニウム負荷試験：(投与)塩化アンモニウム、(検査)尿pH。腎臓の酸分泌能。遠位尿細管性アシドーシスと近位尿細管性アシドーシスを鑑別する。

ガストリノーマ

セクレチン試験、セクレチン負荷試験、セクレチン誘発試験：(投与)セクレチン、(検査)ガストリン。健常者ではガストリンが低下するのに、ガストリノーマの患者では上昇する。

感染症

ナイアシン試験ニコチン試験：結核菌と非結核性抗酸菌を区別するために利用する試験。

「治験」

　　[★]

英: clinical trial、clinical study、clinical research、clinical test、trial、investigation、investigational
関: 研究、試み、試験、試行、調査、臨床試験、検討、臨床研究、臨床治験、臨床的研究

定義

参考1

治験(clinical research）とは医薬品もしくは医療機器の製造販売の承認申請をするために行われる臨床試験のことである。

治験に参加する健常者・患者に対するインフォームドコンセント

参考1

治験を行う者は、治験への参加者に対して、治験に先立ち、実施される試験の目的や内容について説明する義務がある。
また、参加者が患者であるならば、その治療法などについてのメリットとデメリット、他の存在する治療法などを詳しく説明し、予想される最悪の帰結に関してまでの合意がなければならない。
そして、十分な理解の出来た参加者本人の自由意思によってのみ治験への参加は決断されねばならない。
また、いつでも参加者は自由に治験からは離脱でき、治験からの離脱に対して、今後の治療や経済的制裁などの不利益を被ることが一切ないことを保証しなければならない（間接的な強制も許されない）。