detect

• v.

• 検出する、検知する、認める

関

accept、acknowledge、admit、allow、appreciate、approve、detection、notice、observe、realize、recognize

　 　

WordNet

1. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of; "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water"; "We found traces of lead in the paint" (同)observe, find, discover, notice
2. serve as a means of entrance; "This ticket will admit one adult to the show"
3. declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of; "He admitted his errors"; "She acknowledged that she might have forgotten" (同)acknowledge
4. afford possibility; "This problem admits of no solution"; "This short story allows of several different interpretations" (同)allow
5. allow to enter; grant entry to; "We cannot admit non-members into our club building"; "This pipe admits air" (同)allow in, let in, intromit
6. allow participation in or the right to be part of; permit to exercise the rights, functions, and responsibilities of; "admit someone to the profession"; "She was admitted to the New Jersey Bar" (同)let in, include
7. give access or entrance to; "The French doors admit onto the yard"
8. receive (a report) officially, as from a committee
9. admit into a group or community; "accept students for graduate study"; "Well have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member" (同)admit, take, take_on
10. give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to; "I cannot accept your invitation"; "I go for this resolution" (同)consent, go for
11. tolerate or accommodate oneself to; "I shall have to accept these unpleasant working conditions"; "I swallowed the insult"; "She has learned to live with her husbands little idiosyncrasies" (同)live with, swallow
12. be designed to hold or take; "This surface will not take the dye" (同)take
13. receive willingly something given or offered; "The only girl who would have him was the millers daughter"; "I wont have this dog in my house!"; "Please accept my present" (同)take, have
14. be sexually responsive to, used of a female domesticated mammal; "The cow accepted the bull"
15. consider or hold as true; "I cannot accept the dogma of this church"; "accept an argument"
16. react favorably to; consider right and proper; "People did not accept atonal music at that time"; "We accept the idea of universal health care"
17. notice or perceive; "She noted that someone was following her"; "mark my words" (同)mark, note
18. the act of noticing or paying attention; "he escaped the notice of the police" (同)observation, observance
19. a short critical review; "the play received good notices"
20. advance notification (usually written) of the intention to withdraw from an arrangement of contract; "we received a notice to vacate the premises"; "he gave notice two months before he moved"
21. an announcement containing information about an event; "you didnt give me enough notice"; "an obituary notice"; "a notice of sale
22. polite or favorable attention; "his hard work soon attracted the teachers notice"
23. express recognition of the presence or existence of, or acquaintance with; "He never acknowledges his colleagues when they run into him in the hallway"; "She acknowledged his complement with a smile"; "it is important to acknowledge the work of others in ones own writing" (同)acknowledge
24. grant as a discount or in exchange; "The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera"
25. give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause; "I will earmark this money for your research"; "She sets aside time for meditation every day" (同)appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve
26. let have; "grant permission"; "Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison" (同)grant
27. allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting; "We dont allow dogs here"; "Children are not permitted beyond this point"; "We cannot tolerate smoking in the hospital" (同)permit, tolerate
28. allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something; "I allow for this possibility"; "The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash" (同)take_into_account
29. recognize with gratitude; be grateful for
30. increase the value of; "The Germans want to appreciate the Deutsche Mark" (同)apprize, apprise
31. gain in value; "The yen appreciated again!" (同)apprize, apprise, revalue
32. be fully aware of; realize fully; "Do you appreciate the full meaning of this letter?" (同)take account
33. easily seen or detected; "a detectable note of sarcasm"; "he continued after a perceptible pause" (同)perceptible
34. capable of being detected; "after a noticeable pause the lecturer continued" (同)noticeable
35. a rapid automatic system to detect plastic explosives in passengers luggage using X-ray technology and computers; designed for use in airports (同)EDS
36. perceived with the mind; "he winced at the detected flicker of irony in her voice"
37. perceived or discerned; "the detected micrometeoritic material"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈物事の存在〉‘を'『感知する』,気付く,認める / 〈人〉‘の'『正体を見破る』 / 〈電波〉‘を'検波する,復調する
2. (場所・会・学校などへ)…'を'『入れる』,‘に'入ることを許す《+『名』+『to』(『into』)+『名』》 / 〈事実・要求・誤りなど〉'を'『認める』,受け入れる / 〈場所・建物などが〉〈人・物〉'を'収容できる
3. (喜んで)〈物〉'を'『受け取る』,〈事〉'を'受け入れる / 〈提案・決定など〉'を'受諾する,〈事態・運命など〉に従う;(特に)…‘に'しかたなく同意する / 〈弁解・説明・理論など〉'を'『認める』,容認する / 〈責任・任務など〉'を'『引き受ける』 / 〈人〉'を'受け入れる,仲間(身内)に入れる / 〈手形〉'を'引き受ける
4. 〈U〉『人目を引くこと』,注意,注目,関心 / 〈U〉『通告,通知』,警告;(契約解除の正式な)通知,予告 / 〈C〉(…の)『掲示』,はり紙,びら《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》(新聞・雑誌などにのる)批評,紹介 / (赤ちゃんが)知恵がつく / (視覚・聴覚など五感で)…‘に'『気がつく』,‘を'認める;(心で)‥‘に'気がつく(進行形にできない) / …‘に'注意を払う,関心を持つ
5. 〈事〉'を'『許す』,〈人〉‘に'許可を与える / 〈金〉'を'与える,やる / (…のために)…'を'用意しておく,見越しておく《+『名』+『for』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 《まれ》…'を'認める
6. 〈よさ・価値など〉'を'『認める』,認識する,…‘の'よさを認める / 〈作品など〉'を'『味わう』,鑑賞する / 〈好意など〉'を'感謝する,ありがたく思う / 〈相場・価格〉'を'上げる;…‘の'価格(相場)を上げる / 相場(価格,評価)が上がる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/06/23 12:26:30」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Sensor (disambiguation).

"detector" redirects here. For detector circuits in signal electronics, see detector_(radio).

"Sensors" redirects here. For other uses, see Sensors (disambiguation).

Sensor
Thermocouple sensor for high temperature measurement

A sensor (also called detector) is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument. For example, a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter. For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known standards.

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base. There are also innumerable applications for sensors of which most people are never aware. Applications include cars, machines, aerospace, medicine, manufacturing and robotics.

A sensor is a device which receives and responds to a signal when touched. A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm when the temperature changes by 1 °C, the sensitivity is 1 cm/°C (it is basically the slope Dy/Dx assuming a linear characteristic). Sensors that measure very small changes must have very high sensitivities. Sensors also have an impact on what they measure; for instance, a room temperature thermometer inserted into a hot cup of liquid cools the liquid while the liquid heats the thermometer. Sensors need to be designed to have a small effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantages. Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on a microscopic scale as microsensors using MEMS technology. In most cases, a microsensor reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared with macroscopic approaches.

Classification of measurement errors

Infrared Sensor

A good sensor obeys the following rules:

• Is sensitive to the measured property only
• Is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application
• Does not influence the measured property

Ideal sensors are designed to be linear or linear to some simple mathematical function of the measurement, typically logarithmic. The output signal of such a sensor is linearly proportional to the value or simple function of the measured property. The sensitivity is then defined as the ratio between output signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is a constant with the unit [V/K]; this sensor is linear because the ratio is constant at all points of measurement.

Sensor deviations

If the sensor is not ideal, several types of deviations can be observed:

• The sensitivity may in practice differ from the value specified. This is called a sensitivity error, but the sensor is still linear.
• Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the output signal will eventually reach a minimum or maximum when the measured property exceeds the limits. The full scale range defines the maximum and minimum values of the measured property.
• If the output signal is not zero when the measured property is zero, the sensor has an offset or bias. This is defined as the output of the sensor at zero input.
• If the sensitivity is not constant over the range of the sensor, this is called non linearity. Usually this is defined by the amount the output differs from ideal behavior over the full range of the sensor, often noted as a percentage of the full range.
• If the deviation is caused by a rapid change of the measured property over time, there is a dynamic error. Often, this behavior is described with a bode plot showing sensitivity error and phase shift as function of the frequency of a periodic input signal.
• If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured property, this is defined as drift (telecommunication).
• Long term drift usually indicates a slow degradation of sensor properties over a long period of time.
• Noise is a random deviation of the signal that varies in time.
• Hysteresis is an error caused by when the measured property reverses direction, but there is some finite lag in time for the sensor to respond, creating a different offset error in one direction than in the other.
• If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an approximation of the measured property. The approximation error is also called digitization error.
• If the signal is monitored digitally, limitation of the sampling frequency also can cause a dynamic error, or if the variable or added noise changes periodically at a frequency near a multiple of the sampling rate may induce aliasing errors.
• The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other than the property being measured. For example, most sensors are influenced by the temperature of their environment.

All these deviations can be classified as systematic errors or random errors. Systematic errors can sometimes be compensated for by means of some kind of calibration strategy. Noise is a random error that can be reduced by signal processing, such as filtering, usually at the expense of the dynamic behavior of the sensor.

Resolution

The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect in the quantity that it is measuring. Often in a digital display, the least significant digit will fluctuate, indicating that changes of that magnitude are only just resolved. The resolution is related to the precision with which the measurement is made. For example, a scanning tunneling probe (a fine tip near a surface collects an electron tunneling current) can resolve atoms and molecules.

Types

Main article: List of sensors

Sensors in nature

Further information: Sense

All living organisms contain biological sensors with functions similar to those of the mechanical devices described. Most of these are specialized cells that are sensitive to:

• Light, motion, temperature, magnetic fields, gravity, humidity, moisture, vibration, pressure, electrical fields, sound, and other physical aspects of the external environment
• Physical aspects of the internal environment, such as stretch, motion of the organism, and position of appendages (proprioception)
• Environmental molecules, including toxins, nutrients, and pheromones
• Estimation of biomolecules interaction and some kinetics parameters
• Internal metabolic milieu, such as glucose level, oxygen level, or osmolality
• Internal signal molecules, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and cytokines
• Differences between proteins of the organism itself and of the environment or alien creatures.

Biosensor

Main article: biosensor

In biomedicine and biotechnology, sensors which detect analytes thanks to a biological component, such as cells, protein, nucleic acid or biomimetic polymers, are called biosensors. Whereas a non-biological sensor, even organic (=carbon chemistry), for biological analytes is referred to as sensor or nanosensor (such a microcantilevers). This terminology applies for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The encapsulation of the biological component in biosensors, presents a slightly different problem that ordinary sensors; this can either be done by means of a semipermeable barrier, such as a dialysis membrane or a hydrogel, or a 3D polymer matrix, which either physically constrains the sensing macromolecule or chemically constrains the macromolecule by bounding it to the scaffold.

See also

• Actuator
• Data acquisition
• Data logger
• Machine olfaction
• Nanoelectronics
• Nanosensor
• Transducer
• Wireless sensor network

References

Further reading

• M. Kretschmar and S. Welsby (2005), Capacitive and Inductive Displacement Sensors, in Sensor Technology Handbook, J. Wilson editor, Newnes: Burlington, MA.
• C. A. Grimes, E. C. Dickey, and M. V. Pishko (2006), Encyclopedia of Sensors (10-Volume Set), American Scientific Publishers. ISBN 1-58883-056-X
• M. Pohanka, O. Pavlis, and P. Skladal. Rapid Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies using the Piezoelectric Immunosensor. Sensors 2007, 7, 341-353

External links

• Wireless hydrogen sensor

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Contact sensitivity in Behçet's disease.

• Demirsoy EO, Kiran R, Oztürk B, Sikar Aktürk A, Etiler N.SourceKocaeli University Medical Faculty, Dermatology , Kocaeli , Turkey.
• Cutaneous and ocular toxicology.Cutan Ocul Toxicol.2013 Jun;32(2):112-4. doi: 10.3109/15569527.2012.716886. Epub 2012 Sep 6.
• Context: Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic inflammatory disorder with unknown etiology. Many immunological changes were reported in BD previously and these changes may affect the frequency of contact sensitivity in these patients. Objective: We aimed to identify whether there is an interac
• PMID 22950639

• Use of Raman spectroscopy in the analysis of nickel allergy.

• Alda J, Castillo-Martinez C, Valdes-Rodriguez R, Hernández-Blanco D, Moncada B, González FJ.SourceUniversity Complutense of Madrid, Applied Optics Complutense Group, Madrid, Spain.
• Journal of biomedical optics.J Biomed Opt.2013 Jun 1;18(6):61206. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.18.6.061206.
• ABSTRACT. Raman spectra of the skin of subjects with nickel allergy are analyzed and compared to the spectra of healthy subjects to detect possible biochemical differences in the structure of the skin that could help diagnose metal allergies in a noninvasive manner. Results show differences between
• PMID 23124058

• Conjunctival microbial florae in patients with seriously sulfur mustard induced eye injuries.

• Ghasemi H, Owlia P, Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Saderi H, Soroush MR, Naghizadeh MM.SourceDepartment of Ophthalmology, Shahed University , Tehran , Iran.
• Cutaneous and ocular toxicology.Cutan Ocul Toxicol.2013 Mar;32(1):13-7. doi: 10.3109/15569527.2012.692136. Epub 2012 Jun 6.
• Introduction: Ocular surface disorders and infections in sulfur mustard (SM) exposed patients are of particular clinical importance. The aim of the present study is to detect the conjunctival bacterial florae in patients with seriously SM induced eye injuries. Materials and methods: Conjunctival b
• PMID 22668347

Japanese Journal

• One-pass manufacturing of multimaterial colloidal particles using optical recognition-enhanced laser direct imaging lithography

• Appl. Phys. Express 9(2), 026501, 2016-01-05
• NAID 150000111569

• 車両前方画像における影に着目した先行車両抽出

• 電気学会論文誌Ｄ（産業応用部門誌） 136(1), 9-16, 2016
• NAID 130005116588

• テキスタイルに印刷した伸縮性ドライ電極による生体電気信号測定

• 電気学会論文誌Ｅ（センサ・マイクロマシン部門誌） 136(1), 18-23, 2016
• NAID 130005116272

• Method of Audio Watermarking Based on Adaptive Phase Modulation

• IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E99.D(1), 92-101, 2016
• NAID 130005116182

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• detectの意味 - 英和辞書 - goo辞書

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「admit」「appreciate」「認める」「allow」「notice」

「admit」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 入れる、(人)の入場(入学、入会)を許す

A 27-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency department complaining of pain across her back.(背中に広がる痛みを訴えて、27歳の女性が救急部に運ばれてきた(？))

• (切符などが)～に入場の権利を与える
• (真実であると)認める、白状する。(証拠・主張を)有効であると認める
• (事情・事実が)～の余地を残す、許す。

• vi.

• 入場を可能にする(to)
• 許す、(疑い・改善の)余地がある(of)
• 認める、告白する(to)

He admitted to having at least one seizure in the OR(operating room) that was so brief that no one observed it.(彼は手術室で少なくとも一度はてんかん発作を起こしたことを告白した。そしてそれは非常に短くて誰も気づかなかった。)

関

accept、acknowledge、admission、allow、appreciate、approve、detect、hospitalisation、hospitalization、hospitalize、include、insert、institutionalized、notice、observe、realize、recognize

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「appreciate」

　　[★]

• v.

• 認識する、認める、理解する、評価する、感謝する

関

accept、acknowledge、admit、allow、appraisal、appraise、appreciation、approve、assess、assessment、aware、awareness、characterization、cognition、cognitive、comprehend、comprehension、detect、envisage、estimate、estimation、evaluate、evaluation、grasp、grateful、judgement、judgment、notice、observe、realization、realize、recognise、recognition、recognize、see、thank、understand、understanding、value

　 　 　 　 　

「認める」

　　[★]

英

recognize、allow、observe、detect、accept、realize、acknowledge、approve、notice、admit、appreciate

関

入れる、受け取る、許す、観察、感謝、気づく、許容、検出、現実化、賛成、承認、受諾、受容、注意、注目、通知、同意、入院、認可、認識、認知、認容、評価、理解、わかる、受け入れる、了承、検知

「allow」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 許す、～させておく(permit)。可能にする、可能ならしめる
• (金・時間などを)与える、割り当てる
• (ある金額を)値引きする。見込む、～の余裕を見ておく(for)
• (要求・議論などを)認める、承認する(admit)

• vi.

関

accept、acknowledge、admit、allowance、appreciate、approve、detect、notice、observe、permission、permit、realize、recognize、sanction、tolerate

　 　 　 　 　 　

「notice」

　　[★]

• v.

• 気づく、認める、注目

• n.

• 通知、注意

関

accept、acknowledge、admit、allow、appreciate、approve、attend、attention、attentional、aware、care、caution、cautiously、detect、feature、focus、heed、inform、information、note、notification、observe、perceive、precaution、realize、recognize、watch