n.

決定、判定、定量

関: assay、assessment、decide、decision、decisional、definition、determine、quantitative determination

WordNet

the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation; "the determination of molecular structures" (同)finding
the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose; "his determination showed in his every movement"; "he is a man of purpose" (同)purpose
deciding or controlling somethings outcome or nature; "the determination of grammatical inflections"
fix in scope; fix the boundaries of; "the tree determines the border of the property"
find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort; "I want to see whether she speaks French"; "See whether it works"; "find out if he speaks Russian"; "Check whether the train leaves on time" (同)check, find_out, see, ascertain, watch, learn
establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study; "find the product of two numbers"; "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" (同)find, find_out, ascertain
fix conclusively or authoritatively; "set the rules" (同)set
shape or influence; give direction to; "experience often determines ability"; "mold public opinion" (同)shape, mold, influence, regulate
a quantitative or qualitative test of a substance (especially an ore or a drug) to determine its components; frequently used to test for the presence or concentration of infectious agents or antibodies etc.
analyze (chemical substances)
a substance that is undergoing an analysis of its components
an appraisal of the state of affairs; "they made an assay of the contents"; "a check on its dependability under stress" (同)check
a written report of the results of an analysis of the composition of some substance
influence or determine; "The vote in New Hampshire often decides the outcome of the Presidential election"
reach, make, or come to a decision about something; "We finally decided after lengthy deliberations" (同)make up one''s mind, determine
bring to an end; settle conclusively; "The case was decided"; "The judge decided the case in favor of the plaintiff"; "The father adjudicated when the sons were quarreling over their inheritance" (同)settle, resolve, adjudicate
cause to decide; "This new development finally decided me!"
the act of making up your mind about something; "the burden of decision was his"; "he drew his conclusions quickly" (同)determination, conclusion
a position or opinion or judgment reached after consideration; "a decision unfavorable to the opposition"; "his conclusion took the evidence into account"; "satisfied with the panels determination" (同)determination, conclusion
(boxing) a victory won on points when no knockout has occurred; "had little trouble in taking a unanimous decision over his opponent"
the outcome of a game or contest; "the team dropped three decisions in a row"
the market value set on assets
an amount determined as payable; "the assessment for repairs outraged the clubs membership"
the act of determining or ordaining in advance what is to take place
a mental determination or resolve in advance; an antecedent intention to do something; "he entered the argument with a predetermination to prove me wrong"
determination of ones own fate or course of action without compulsion
determining again

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『決心』,決意,決断力 / 〈U〉(…の)『決定』,決着《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(法律上の)(…の)判決,裁決,終結《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…の)測定[法]《+『of』+『名』》
(前もって)…‘を'『決定する』,はっきりさせる / …‘を'『決心する』,決意する / 《『determine』+『名』+『to』 do》〈物事が〉(…することを)〈人〉‘に'決心させる』,決意させる / …‘を'『左右する』,決定づける / 〈数量・位置・速度など〉‘を'測定する,確認する / (…を)決心する,決定する《+『on』+『名』(do『ing』)》
(金属の品質・鉱石の金属含有量・薬品の)分析,試金 / 試金物,分析物 / …'を'試金する,分析する
〈人が〉〈論争・問題など〉'を'『解決する』 / 〈人が〉『決心する』 / 〈物事が〉…'を'決定する / 〈物事が〉〈人〉‘に'決意させる,決定させる / 『決定する』 / (…に不利な,有利な)判決を下す《+『against』(『for』,『in favor of』)+『名』》
〈C〉(問題・疑義などの)『決定』,解決;結論《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉『決心』,決断 / 〈C〉(法廷での)『判決』;判定 / 〈U〉決断力
〈U〉評価,査定;(環境などの)状況判定 / 〈C〉評価額,課税額
宿命,運命づけられていること
不確定 / 不決断

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/25 14:02:52」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the state of mind. For the concept in cellular differentiation, see Cell fate determination. For the concept in canon law and legal philosophy, see Determinatio.

Determination is a positive emotional feeling that involves persevering towards a difficult goal in spite of obstacles.^[1]^[2] Determination occurs prior to goal attainment and serves to motivate behavior that will help achieve one’s goal. Empirical research suggests that people consider determination to be an emotion; in other words, determination is not just a cognitive state, but rather an affective state.^[3] In the psychology literature, researchers have studied determination under other terms, including challenge and anticipatory enthusiasm; this may explain one reason for the relative lack of research on determination compared to other positive emotions.^[2]^[4]

In the field of psychology, emotion research is heavily focused on negative emotions and the action tendencies that they encourage.^[5] However, recent work in positive psychology incorporates the study of determination as a positive emotion that pushes individuals toward action and results in important outcomes such as perseverance and the development of coping mechanisms.^[6]

1 Major theories
- 1.1 Self-determination theory
- 1.2 Bio-psychosocial model
- 1.3 Appraisal theory
2 Empirical findings
- 2.1 Emotional experience
- 2.2 Emotional expression
3 Applications
- 3.1 Classroom, workplace, and family environment
- 3.2 Health and well-being
- 3.3 Interpersonal relationships
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References

Major theories

Self-determination theory

Self-determination theory (SDT) is a theory of motivation and dedication towards our ambition. SDT focuses on the interplay between individual personalities and experiences in social contexts that results in motivations of the autonomous and controlled kind. Ultimately, social environments seem to have a profound effect on both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and self-regulation. More specifically, self-determination theory proposes that social and cultural factors influence an individual’s sense of personal volition and initiative in regards to goals, performance and well-being. High levels of determination and personal volition are supported by conditions that foster autonomy (e.g., individual has multiple options/choices), competence (e.g., positive feedback) and relatedness (e.g., stable connection to the group an individual is working within).

Bio-psychosocial model

Emotions researchers continue to search for specific physiological patterns associated with discrete positive emotions; however, the frequent blending of emotions makes drawing such distinctions difficult. In relation to challenge and determination, psychologists have concluded it is best to focus on physiological activation in relation to the individual’s intended actions (what he/she is determined to do) rather than how the individual subjectively feels.

Researchers associate effort (action tendency) with challenge and determination; thus, a challenged/determined individual should experience physiological arousal that reflects effort. By focusing on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), systolic blood pressure (SBP) can be used to measure activation that subsequently indicates increased effort. This means that, individuals who are introduced to a challenging task will experience an increase in SBP when they become determined to complete said task. Furthermore, this increased cardiac output is coupled with lowered total peripheral resistance; meaning, while the heart is pumping faster, the vasculature is relaxed. This finding displays an important distinction between the physiological reaction of an individual motivated by challenge and one motivated by threat or fear. Ultimately, there seems to be a specific physiological pattern associated with determination. The identification of said pattern is valuable as it may be used in research aimed at eliciting and studying the antecedents and consequences of this common positive emotion.^[1]

Appraisal theory

Appraisal theory proposes that determination has three cognitive appraisal components. These appraisals are evaluations of how the environment and situational circumstances interact with aspects of the individual to create meaning and influence emotional experience.^[7] In particular, experiences of determination are evoked by appraisals of motivational relevance, which refers to whether a situation is relevant to an individual’s commitments and goals; motivational incongruence, which refers to whether a situation is incongruent with an individual’s commitments and goals; and high problem-focused coping potential, which refers to whether a situation is evaluated to be one that an individual can deal with by using active coping strategies such as planning and problem-solving.^[1]^[2] These appraisal components combine to bring on experiences of determination that then motivate the tendency to persevere and strive towards mastery.^[1] In accordance with this behavioral tendency, appraisal theory proposes that determination is associated with effortful optimism, referring to the belief that a situation can be improved upon with enough effort from the individual.^[2]^[8]

Empirical findings

Emotional experience

Research using direct brain stimulation showed that electrical stimulation to the anterior midcingulate cortex elicits a response that mirrors the emotional experience of determination.^[9] In this case study of two epileptic seizure patients, participants reported feeling determined to overcome an approaching challenge; this emotion was reported to feel pleasant, rather than unpleasant. Following electrical stimulation, participants exhibited elevated cardiovascular activity and reported a warm feeling in their upper chest and neck. This work supports the idea that determination is a positive emotion that prepares an individual to overcome obstacles.

Another study compared determination and pride to see how these two positive emotions differentially influenced perseverance in the context of a mathematical problem-solving task.^[1] Using a directed imagery task in which participants listened to and imagined a particular scenario, emotion was differentially induced in participants. The results suggested that determination enhanced task engagement and perseverance, with participants in this group spending significantly more time on the most difficult problem in the task.

In contrast, pride decreased task engagement and perseverance relative to a neutral condition, with participants in this group spending significantly less time on the most difficult problem in the task. This research further supports the notion that determination motivates perseverance, perhaps more so than other positive emotions that have been theorized to be associated with perseverance.^[2]^[10]^[11]

Emotional expression

Experiences of determination are linked to a recognizable facial expression that involves frowning of the eyebrows, an expression that is perceptually similar to anger.^[1]^[12] This eyebrow frown is associated with the perception of goal obstacles, supporting the notion that determination is associated with the action tendency of preparing to overcome difficult obstacles in goal pursuit.^[13]^[14]

Applications

Classroom, workplace, and family environment

Assuming that determination is influenced by the emotion of challenge and the expectations placed on an individual by their social context, determination is fostered in educational, occupational and familial environments that encourage men and women. If an individual is provided resources and surrounded by people who believe they are capable of goal achievement, said individual is more likely to experienced increases in determination and subsequent improvement in performance and well-being. For example, research has shown that students enrolled in positive learning environments where teachers incorporate strategies meant to meet students' motivational needs (i.e., encouragement aimed at intrinsic rewards, using student-directed forms of discipline) are more likely to become responsible learners who display a determination to succeed. In the essay "College Pressures" by William Zinsser, the pressures faced by college students at Yale are studied. The pressures include the need to develop time management and study skills appropriate for college work, the desire for good grades, the desire to meet parents' expectations, and the need to find employment in a competitive job market after graduation.^[15]^[16]

Health and well-being

Various studies have linked challenge and determination to increases in physical health and mental well-being. Some specific positive outcomes include illness resistance, increased survival rates and decreased levels of depression. An individual experiences positive personal growth when they are able to proactively cope with a difficult situation. In such a case, an individual can acknowledge a demanding situation, take action and maintain high coping potential. More broadly, one can acknowledge the benefits of a difficult experience yet display a willingness to put forth an effort and achieve specific personal goals.^[1]

Interpersonal relationships

In the interpersonal domain, challenge appraisals are key to successful dealings with interpersonal conflict. For example, young children exposed to bullying are more likely to seek social support and report said bullying. A bullied child utilizing a challenge appraisal is more likely to frame bullying in a way that posits the unfortunate situation as an opportunity to rely on others and work towards a positive solution. In this case, the child can still remain autonomous because he/she is acting independently to engage others. Ultimately, challenge and determination promote goal mastery and are related to increased confidence and decreased evaluation apprehension; thus, determined individuals using challenge appraisals are confident in their abilities to handle an adverse situation; however, they are not above asking for help when it is needed.^[1]

In popular culture

The game, Undertale, has garnered critical acclaim during its release. The game has determination as a plot-device, with the word being used occasionally in the flavor text of SAVE points. Afterwards, it has become a phrase known to refer to the pleasurable things one can think of imagining. e.g. Seeing that cake at the wedding fills you with determination.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kirby,L.D.,Morrow, J., & Yih, J. (2014). The challenge of challenge: Pursuing determination as an emotion. In M. M. Tugade, M. N. Shiota, & L. D. Kirby (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Emotions. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Smith, C. A. (1991). The self, appraisal, and coping. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology: The Health Perspective. New York: Pergamon Press.
^ Clore, G. L., Ortony, A., & Foss, M. A. (1987). The psychological foundations of the affective lexicon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 751-766.
^ Griskevicius, V., Shiota, M. N., & Neufeld, S. L. (2010a). Influence of different positive emotions on persuasion processing: A functional evolutionary approach. Emotion, 10(2), 190-206.
^ Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 2, 300-319.
^ Smith, C.A. & Kirby, L.D. (2009). Relational antecedents of appraisal: Problem-focused coping potential and its associated emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 23, 481-503.
^ Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotion and adaptation. In L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guilford Press.
^ Parvizi, J., Rangarajan, V., Shirer, W. R., Desai, N., & Greicius, M. D. (2013). The will to persevere induced by electrical stimulation of the human cingulate gyrus. Neuron, 80(6), 1359-1367.
^ Katzir, M., Eyal, T., Meiran, N., & Kessler, Y. (2010). Imagined positive emotions and inhibitory control: The differentiated effect of pride versus happiness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(5), 1314-1320.
^ Williams, L.A. & DeSteno, D. (2008). Pride and perseverance: The motivational role of pride. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 1007-1017.
^ Harmon-Jones, C., Schmeichel, B. J., Mennitt, E., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2011). The expression of determination: Similarities between anger and approach-related positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 172-181.
^ Frijda, N. H., & Tcherkassof, A. (1997). Facial expressions as modes of action readiness. In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernandez-Dols (Eds.), The Psychology of Facial Expression. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
^ Smith, C. A., & Scott, H. S. (1997). A componential approach to the meaning of facial expressions. In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernandez-Dols (Eds.), The Psychology of Facial Expression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
^ Kirszner, Laurie G.; Mandell, Stephen R. (January 2012). Patterns for College Writing. United States of America: Bedford/ St. Martins. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-312-67684-1.
^ Zinsser, William. "College Pressures". College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences. Retrieved 25 April 2016.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 自動血液分析装置 automated hematology instrumentation
2. 米国における障害者の評価および認定 disability assessment and determination in the united states
3. 臓器提供の候補となる小児患者（ポテンシャルドナー）の評価 assessment of the pediatric patient for potential organ donation
4. 肝移植における倫理的問題 ethical issues in liver transplantation
5. 低身長の小児や青年への診断的アプローチ diagnostic approach to children and adolescents with short stature

English Journal

Early Childhood Education to Promote Health Equity: A Community Guide Systematic Review.

Hahn RA1, Barnett WS, Knopf JA, Truman BI, Johnson RL, Fielding JE, Muntaner C, Jones CP, Fullilove MT, Hunt PC; Community Preventive Services Task Force.
Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP.J Public Health Manag Pract.2016 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
CONTEXT: Children in low-income and racial and ethnic minority families often experience delays in development by 3 years of age and may benefit from center-based early childhood education.DESIGN: A meta-analysis on the effects of early childhood education by Kay and Pennucci best met Community Guid
PMID 26672406

Using Evidence-Based Interventions to Improve Cancer Screening in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program.

DeGroff A1, Carter A, Kenney K, Myles Z, Melillo S, Royalty J, Rice K, Gressard L, Miller JW.
Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP.J Public Health Manag Pract.2016 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
CONTEXT: The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) provides cancer screening to low-income, un-, and underinsured women through more than 11 000 primary care clinics. The program is well-positioned to work with health systems to implement evidence-based interventions
PMID 26672405

The Relationship of Health Literacy With Use of Digital Technology for Health Information: Implications for Public Health Practice.

Manganello J1, Gerstner G, Pergolino K, Graham Y, Falisi A, Strogatz D.
Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP.J Public Health Manag Pract.2016 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: An understanding of the association of health literacy with patterns related to access and usage of digital technologies and preferences for sources of health information is necessary for public health agencies and organizations to appropriately target channels for health information diss
PMID 26672402

Molecular cloning and comparative sequence analysis of fungal β-Xylosidases.

Mustafa G1, Kousar S1,2, Rajoka MI3, Jamil A4.
AMB Express.AMB Express.2016 Dec;6(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s13568-016-0202-3. Epub 2016 Apr 14.
Commercial scale degradation of hemicelluloses into easily accessible sugar residues is practically crucial in industrial as well as biochemical processes. Xylanolytic enzymes have a great number of possible applications in many biotechnological processes and therefore, these enzymes are continuousl
PMID 27080227

Japanese Journal

Pore size evaluation of mesoporous organosilicate films by non-destructive X-ray reflectivity methods

Chien Yun-San,Yeh Yu-Shan,Chen Yen-Song,Leu Jih-Perng,Fu Wei-En
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(6S1), 06FK03, 2015-04-20
… 200-nm-thick organosilicate films deposited by mixture of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) dissolving in different cetrimonium bromide (CTAB)/ethanol ratios were characterized in terms of pore size determination and its distribution. …
NAID 150000110678

Mitochondrial function provides instructive signals for activation-induced B-cell fates.

Jang Kyoung-Jin,Mano Hiroto,Aoki Koji,Hayashi Tatsunari,Muto Akihiko,Nambu Yukiko,Takahashi Katsu,Itoh Katsuhiko,Taketani Shigeru,Nutt Stephen L,Igarashi Kazuhiko,Shimizu Akira,Sugai Manabu
Nature communications 6, 2015-04-10
… Identifying mROS as a haeme synthesis regulator increases the understanding of mechanisms regulating haeme homeostasis and cell fate determination after B-cell activation. …
NAID 120005595832

下痢性貝毒(オカダ酸群)検査法

大城直雅
食品衛生研究 = Food sanitation research 65(4), 29-36, 2015-04
NAID 40020427347

網羅的非一様力学場を用いた細胞特性の決定 (画像を用いた応力・ひずみ・変位解析)

森田康之,巨陽
非破壊検査 64(4), 155-159, 2015-04
NAID 40020420997

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「assessment」「assay」「determine」「definition」「決定」
拡張検索	「determination of blood theophylline」「quantitative determination of serum chloride」

「assessment」

「Defended Desire」
『Determination』
Aldious のスタジオ・アルバム
リリース	2011年10月12日
録音	2011年; 日本
ジャンル	J-POP; ヘヴィメタル
レーベル	Bright Star Records/Spinning
プロデュース	久武頼正
チャート最高順位
	週間13位（オリコン）; 週間2位（インディーズ・オリコン）; デイリー8位（オリコン）;
Aldious 年表
『Determination』収録のシングル
	「Defended Desire」; リリース: 2010年7月7日; 「Mermaid」; リリース: 2011年4月6日;
	テンプレートを表示