WordNet

make or leave a mark on; "the scouts marked the trail"; "ash marked the believers foreheads"
formerly the basic unit of money in Germany (同)German mark, Deutsche Mark, Deutschmark
the impression created by doing something unusual or extraordinary that people notice and remember; "it was in London that he made his mark"; "he left an indelible mark on the American theater"
a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a students performance); "she made good marks in algebra"; "grade A milk"; "what was your score on your homework?" (同)grade, score
a visible indication made on a surface; "some previous reader had covered the pages with dozens of marks"; "paw prints were everywhere" (同)print
a symbol of disgrace or infamy; "And the Lord set a mark upon Cain"--Genesis (同)stigma, brand, stain
a written or printed symbol (as for punctuation); "his answer was just a punctuation mark"
designate as if by a mark; "This sign marks the border"
a writing implement for making a mark
some conspicuous object used to distinguish or mark something; "the buoys were markers for the channel"
a distinguishing symbol; "the owners mark was on all the sheep" (同)marking, mark
an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose (同)tumour, neoplasm

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(…の表面についた)『跡』,汚れ,はん点《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『印』,記号,符号,標章 / 〈C〉《おもに英》(学業などの)『点数』,成績,評価,(…の)得点《+『in』(『for』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(ある性質の)『徴候』,『特徴』,現れ,様相《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(思想・生活などに及ぼす)『影響』,感化《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(境界などの)位置を示すもの,指標,目印 / 〈C〉『的』,標的 / 〈C〉《the mark》水準,標準 / 〈U〉《文》著名,重要性;名声 / 〈C〉(軽べつ・もの笑いなどの)対象,的 / 〈U〉《通例M-》武器記号,…型 / 〈C〉スタートライン / (…で)…‘に'『印をつける』,跡をつける《+『名』++『with』+『名』》 / 〈物が〉…‘を'印となっている,‘を'示している / …‘を'印(記号など)で示す / 〈物・事柄などが〉…‘を'『特徴づける』,目立たせる / 〈答案など〉‘に'点(印)をつける / (…の候補に)…‘を'選び出す《+『名』+『out for』+『名』》 / …‘に'注意を払う,柱目する
マルク(ドイツノ貨幣単位;《略》『MK.』)
印をつける人(道具) / (ゲームなどの)採点者 / 目印,目標

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/03 22:47:28」(JST)

wiki en

A tumor marker is a substance found in the blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated in cancer, among other tissue types. There are many different tumor markers, each indicative of a particular disease process, and they are used in oncology to help detect the presence of cancer. An elevated level of a tumor marker can indicate cancer; however, there can also be other causes of the elevation.

Tumor markers can be produced directly by the tumor or by non-tumor cells as a response to the presence of a tumor. Most tumor markers are tumor antigens, but not all tumor antigens can be used as tumor markers.

Together with Mammography, Ultrasonography, CT Scan and MRI, the Tumor Marker is not a diagnostic test. The diagnostic test should be done by biopsy.^[1]

Uses[edit]

Uses of tumor markers can broadly be classified as follows:^[2]

Screening for common cancers on a population basis. Example: elevated prostate specific antigen suggests prostate cancer.
Monitoring of cancer survivors after treatment. Example: elevated AFP in a child previously treated for teratoma suggests relapse with endodermal sinus tumor.
Diagnosis of specific tumor types, particularly in certain brain tumors and other instances where biopsy is not feasible.

As stated in the BMJ 2009, tumour markers should not generally be used for the purpose of diagnosis of cancers, as opposed to monitoring purposes in certain cancers, or in certain cases, screening purposes.^[3] The use of these tests without understanding their utility has resulted in inappropriate use of tumour marker blood tests, which has also resulted in further inappropriate over-investigation for cancers.^[4]

Techniques[edit]

Tumor markers can be detected by immunohistochemistry.

If repeated measurements of tumor marker are needed, some clinical testing laboratories provide a special reporting mechanism, a serial monitor, that links test results and other data pertaining to the person being tested. This requires a unique identifier for the person. In the United States commonly a Social Security number & Civil Personal Record (CPR) in Bahrain are used for this. One important function of this mechanism is to ensure that each test is performed using the same assay kit. For example, for AFP many different commercial assay kits, based on different technologies, are available. AFP measurements obtained using different assay kits are not comparable unless special calculations are performed.

Interlaboratory proficiency testing for tumor marker tests, and for clinical tests more generally, is an emerging field.^[2]In the United States, New York state is prominent in advocating such research.^[5]

Examples[edit]

Tumor marker	Associated tumor types
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)	germ cell tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma^[6]
CA15-3	breast cancer^[7]
CA27-29	breast cancer^[8]
CA19-9	Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer.^[9]
CA-125	Mainly ovarian cancer,^[10] but may also be elevated in for example endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer.^[11] May also increase in endometriosis.^[12]
Calcitonin	medullary thyroid carcinoma
Calretinin	mesothelioma, sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour, adrenocortical carcinoma, synovial sarcoma^[6]
Carcinoembryonic antigen	gastrointestinal cancer, cervix cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, urinary tract cancer^[6]
CD34	hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor, pleomorphic lipoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans^[6]
CD99	Ewing sarcoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor, synovial sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour^[6]
CD117	gastrointestinal stromal tumor, mastocytosis, seminoma^[6]
Chromogranin	neuroendocrine tumor^[6]
Chromosomes 3, 7, 17, and 9p21	bladder cancer^[13]
Cytokeratin (various types)	Many types of carcinoma, some types of sarcoma^[6]
Desmin	smooth muscle sarcoma, skeletal muscle sarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma^[6]
Epithelial membrane protein (EMA)	many types of carcinoma, meningioma, some types of sarcoma^[6]
Factor VIII, CD31 FL1	vascular sarcoma^[6]
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)	glioma (astrocytoma, ependymoma)^[6]
Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15)	breast cancer, ovarian cancer, salivary gland cancer^[6]
HMB-45	melanoma, PEComa (for example angiomyolipoma), clear cell carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma^[6]
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)	gestational trophoblastic disease, germ cell tumor, choriocarcinoma^[6]
immunoglobulin	lymphoma, leukemia^[6]
inhibin	sex cord-gonadal stromal tumour, adrenocortical carcinoma, hemangioblastoma^[6]
keratin (various types)	carcinoma, some types of sarcoma^[6]
lymphocyte marker (various types	lymphoma, leukemia^[6]
MART-1 (Melan-A)	melanoma, steroid-producing tumors (adrenocortical carcinoma, gonadal tumor)^[6]
Myo D1	rhabdomyosarcoma, small, round, blue cell tumour^[6]
muscle-specific actin (MSA)	myosarcoma (leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma)^[6]
neurofilament	neuroendocrine tumor, small-cell carcinoma of the lung^[6]
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)	neuroendocrine tumor, small-cell carcinoma of the lung, breast cancer^[6]
placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)	seminoma, dysgerminoma, embryonal carcinoma^[6]
prostate-specific antigen	prostate^[6]
PTPRC (CD45)	lymphoma, leukemia, histiocytic tumor^[6]
S100 protein	melanoma, sarcoma (neurosarcoma, lipoma, chondrosarcoma), astrocytoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, salivary gland cancer, some types of adenocarcinoma, histiocytic tumor (dendritic cell, macrophage)^[6]
smooth muscle actin (SMA)	gastrointestinal stromal tumor, leiomyosarcoma, PEComa^[6]
synaptophysin	neuroendocrine tumor^[6]
thyroglobulin	post-operative marker of thyroid cancer (but not in medullary thyroid cancer)^[6]
thyroid transcription factor-1	all types of thyroid cancer, lung cancer^[6]
Tumor M2-PK	colorectal cancer,^[14] Breast cancer,^[15]^[16] renal cell carcinoma^[17]^[18] Lung cancer,^[19]^[20] Pancreatic cancer,^[21] Esophageal Cancer,^[22] Stomach Cancer,^[22]Cervical Cancer,^[23] Ovarian Cancer,^[24]
vimentin	sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial cancer, lung carcinoma, lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma^[6]

Sources of inaccuracy[edit]

The high dose hook effect is an artefact of tumor marker immunoassay kits, that causes the reported quantity of tumor marker to be incorrectly low when the quantity is high. An undetected hook effect may cause delayed recognition of a tumor.^[25] The hook effect can be detected by analyzing serial dilutions. The hook effect is absent if the reported quantities of tumor marker in a serial dilution are proportional to the dilution.

Multiple Tumor marker test[edit]

There are 4 things that should be considered about a Tumor marker test:

Sensitivity, no Tumor marker test has 100 percent sensitivity, so some tumors are still not detected by a single Tumor marker test
Specificity, only the M2-PK Tumor marker test for colorectal has up to 95 percent specificity
False Negative, the result is negative, but in fact is positive, so it is very dangerous; until now only the M2-PK Tumor marker test which analyzes the DNA has no false negative
False Positive, the result is positive, but in fact is negative, because the test result is positive, so another test(s) or biopsy should be done

Multiple Tumor marker tests will give a more exact result; these are:^[1]

Colorectal: M2-PK, if M2-PK is not available, so can test CEA, CA 19-9, CA 125
Breast: CEA, CA 15-3, Cyfra 21-1
Ovary: CEA, CA 19-9, CA 125, AFP, BHCG
Uterine: CEA, CA 19-9, CA 125, Cyfra 21-1, SCC
Prostate: PSA, FPSA and ratio
Testicle: AFP, BHCG
Pancreas/Stomach: CEA, CA 19-9, CA 72-4
Liver: CEA, AFP
Oesophagus: CEA, Cyfra 21-1
Thyroid: CEA, NSE
Lung: CEA, CA 19-9, CA 125, NSE, Cyfra 21-1
Bladder: CEA, Cyfra 21-1, TPA

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b "Tumor markers Cancer screening". Retrieved December 28, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Koepke, John A. (1992). "Molecular marker test standardization". Cancer 69 (6 Suppl): 1578–81. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19920315)69:6+<1578::AID-CNCR2820691312>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 1540898.
^ Kilpatrick, E. S; Lind, M. J (2009). "Appropriate requesting of serum tumour markers". BMJ 339: b3111. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3111. PMID 19773324.
^ Krishnan, S T M; Philipose, Z; Rayman, G (2002). "Lesson of the week: Hypothyroidism mimicking intra-abdominal malignancy". BMJ 325 (7370): 946–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7370.946. PMC 1124444. PMID 12399347.
^ Promoting Safe and Effective Genetic Testing in the United States genome.gov
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag Page 746 in: Title Manual of clinical oncology Spiral manual Manual of Clinical Oncology Lippincott Manual Series Authors Dennis Albert Casciato, Mary C. Territo Editors Dennis Albert Casciato, Mary C. Territo Contributor Mary C. Territo Edition 6, illustrated Publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008 ISBN 0-7817-6884-5, ISBN 978-0-7817-6884-9
^ Keshaviah, A; Dellapasqua, S; Rotmensz, N; Lindtner, J; Crivellari, D; Collins, J; Colleoni, M; Thurlimann, B et al. (2006). "CA15-3 and alkaline phosphatase as predictors for breast cancer recurrence: A combined analysis of seven International Breast Cancer Study Group trials". Annals of Oncology 18 (4): 701–8. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl492. PMID 17237474.
^ "Definition of CA 27-29. From MedicineNet. Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012".
^ gpnotebook.co.uk > ca-19-9 Retrieved November 2011
^ Osman N, O'Leary N, Mulcahy E, Barrett N, Wallis F, Hickey K, Gupta R (September 2008). "Correlation of serum CA125 with stage, grade and survival of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer at a single centre". Ir Med J 101 (8): 245–7. PMID 18990955.
^ Bast RC, Xu FJ, Yu YH, Barnhill S, Zhang Z, Mills GB (1998). "CA 125: the past and the future". Int. J. Biol. Markers 13 (4): 179–87. PMID 10228898.
^ Bagan P, Berna P, Assouad J, Hupertan V, Le Pimpec Barthes F, Riquet M (January 2008). "Value of cancer antigen 125 for diagnosis of pleural endometriosis in females with recurrent pneumothorax". Eur. Respir. J. 31 (1): 140–2. doi:10.1183/09031936.00094206. PMID 17804443.
^ "Tumor Markers". Retrieved June 6, 2013.
^ Haug, U; Rothenbacher, D; Wente, M N; Seiler, C M; Stegmaier, C; Brenner, H (2007). "Tumour M2-PK as a stool marker for colorectal cancer: Comparative analysis in a large sample of unselected older adults vs colorectal cancer patients". British Journal of Cancer. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603712.
^ Lüftner, D; Mesterharm, J; Akrivakis, C; Geppert, R; Petrides, PE; Wernecke, KD; Possinger, K (2000). "Tumor type M2 pyruvate kinase expression in advanced breast cancer". Anticancer research 20 (6D): 5077–82. PMID 11326672.
^ Benesch, C; Schneider, C; Voelker, HU; Kapp, M; Caffier, H; Krockenberger, M; Dietl, J; Kammerer, U; Schmidt, M (2010). "The clinicopathological and prognostic relevance of pyruvate kinase M2 and pAkt expression in breast cancer". Anticancer research 30 (5): 1689–94. PMID 20592362.
^ Oremek, GM; Sapoutzis, N; Kramer, W; Bickeböller, R; Jonas, D (2000). "Value of tumor M2 (Tu M2-PK) in patients with renal carcinoma". Anticancer research 20 (6D): 5095–8. PMID 11326675.
^ Wechsel, HW; Petri, E; Bichler, KH; Feil, G (1999). "Marker for renal cell carcinoma (RCC): The dimeric form of pyruvate kinase type M2 (Tu M2-PK)". Anticancer research 19 (4A): 2583–90. PMID 10470199.
^ Schneider, J; Peltri, G; Bitterlich, N; Philipp, M; Velcovsky, HG; Morr, H; Katz, N; Eigenbrodt, E (2003). "Fuzzy logic-based tumor marker profiles improved sensitivity of the detection of progression in small-cell lung cancer patients". Clinical and experimental medicine 2 (4): 185–91. doi:10.1007/s102380300005. PMID 12624710.
^ Oremek, G; Kukshaĭte, R; Sapoutzis, N; Ziolkovski, P (2007). "The significance of TU M2-PK tumor marker for lung cancer diagnostics". Klinicheskaia meditsina 85 (7): 56–8. PMID 17882813.
^ Hardt, PD; Ngoumou, BK; Rupp, J; Schnell-Kretschmer, H; Kloer, HU (2000). "Tumor M2-pyruvate kinase: A promising tumor marker in the diagnosis of gastro-intestinal cancer". Anticancer research 20 (6D): 4965–8. PMID 11326648.
^ ^a ^b Kumar, Yogesh; Tapuria, Niteen; Kirmani, Naveed; Davidson, Brian R. (2007). "Tumour M2-pyruvate kinase: A gastrointestinal cancer marker". European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 19 (3): 265. doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e3280102f78.
^ Kaura, B; Bagga, R; Patel, FD (2004). "Evaluation of the Pyruvate Kinase isoenzyme tumor (Tu M2-PK) as a tumor marker for cervical carcinoma". The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research 30 (3): 193–6. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2004.00187.x. PMID 15210041.
^ Ahmed, AS; Dew, T; Lawton, FG; Papadopoulos, AJ; Devaja, O; Raju, KS; Sherwood, RA (2007). "M2-PK as a novel marker in ovarian cancer. A prospective cohort study". European journal of gynaecological oncology 28 (2): 83–8. PMID 17479666.
^ Leboeuf, R.; Langlois, Marie-France; Martin, Marc; Ahnadi, Charaf E.; Fink, Guy D. (2005). ""Hook Effect" in Calcitonin Immunoradiometric Assay in Patients with Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 91 (2): 361. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1429.

External links[edit]

Tumor Markers, Biological at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 卵巣癌のスクリーニング screening for ovarian cancer
2. 大腸癌の臨床症状、診断、および病期分類 clinical presentation diagnosis and staging of colorectal cancer
3. 原発不明の低分化癌 poorly differentiated cancer from an unknown primary site
4. 精巣胚細胞腫瘍における血清腫瘍マーカー serum tumor markers in testicular germ cell tumors
5. 原発性大腸癌のマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of primary colon cancer

English Journal

Targeted scVEGF/(177)Lu radiopharmaceutical inhibits growth of metastases and can be effectively combined with chemotherapy.

Rusckowski M1, Wang Y, Blankenberg FG2, Levashova Z2,3, Backer MV4, Backer JM5.
EJNMMI research.EJNMMI Res.2016 Dec;6(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s13550-016-0163-1. Epub 2016 Jan 16.
BACKGROUND: scVEGF/(177)Lu is a novel radiopharmaceutical targeted by recombinant single-chain (sc) derivative of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that binds to and is internalized by vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR). scVEGF/(177)Lu potential as adjuvant and neoadjuvant
PMID 26780081

Modulatory effects of vagal stimulation on neurophysiological parameters and the cellular immune response in the rat brain during systemic inflammation.

Schweighöfer H1,2, Rummel C2, Roth J2, Rosengarten B3.
Intensive care medicine experimental.Intensive Care Med Exp.2016 Dec;4(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s40635-016-0091-4. Epub 2016 Jun 29.
BACKGROUND: Stimulation of the vagus nerve has modulating, anti-inflammatory effects on the cellular immune response in the blood and the spleen, stabilizing brain function. Here, we aimed to investigate its potential effects on immune-to-brain communication focusing on neurophysiological readouts a
PMID 27357828

Pulmonary hepatoid adenocarcinoma: report of a case.

Motooka Y1, Yoshimoto K2, Semba T3, Ikeda K4, Mori T5, Honda Y6, Iyama K7, Suzuki M8.
Surgical case reports.Surg Case Rep.2016 Dec;2(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s40792-016-0129-6. Epub 2016 Jan 8.
Hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) is a rare neoplasm with aberrant hepatocellular differentiation. HAC occurs in extrahepatic organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, testes, ovaries, and lungs and frequently produces alpha-fetoprotein. A 69-year-old patient was diagnosed clinically with T2aN0M0, stag
PMID 26943677

Japanese Journal

Histopathological and immunohistochemical study in keratocystic odontogenic tumors: Predictive factors of recurrence

Oncology Letters 13(5), 3487-3493, 2017-05
NAID 120006305646

Podoplanin promotes progression of malignant pleural mesothelioma by regulating motility and focus formation

Cancer Science 108(4), 696-703, 2017-04
NAID 120006306235

Serum Endocan as a Predictive Marker for Decreased Urine Volume in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Medical Science Monitor 23, 1464-1470, 2017-03-26
NAID 120006305635

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「腫瘍マーカー」
拡張検索	「biological tumor marker」
関連記事	「mark」「marker」「tumor」

「腫瘍マーカー」

　　[★]

英: tumor marker
同: 生物学的腫瘍マーカー biological tumor marker、癌マーカー cancer marker、悪性腫瘍特異物質 tumor-specific antigen

肺癌の腫瘍マーカー

	陽性率(疾患があるときに陽性となる確率, 感度)
	肺癌					備考
	肺癌	扁平上皮癌	腺癌	小細胞癌	その他の疾患
CYFRA21-1	57.5%*	70-80%/73.1%*	30-40%	30-40%	良性疾患:10-15%
SCC		○			子宮頸癌、食道癌、皮膚癌
CEA	40-50%		50-60%
SLX	70%*		0.4		肝硬変
NSE	10-30%			70-90%
proGRP				70-90%/65.1%*		NSEより上昇率が高く、特異性に優れる
KL-6		○			肺腺癌、膵癌、乳癌で40-50%。間質性肺炎の補助診断

無印：標準呼吸器病学第1版 p.327。* 臨床検査学第32版 p.634

臨床応用されている腫瘍マーカー (LAB.630)

肝癌関連　AFP, AFP-L3%, PIVKA-II
膵癌ならびにその他の消化器癌　CEA, CA19-9, Dupan-2, CA50, Span-1
肺癌　CEA, sialyl Lex-i (SLX), SCC, SYFRA21-1, NSE, ProGRP
婦人科悪性腫痩
　子宮癌：SCC, CA125
　卵巣癌：CA125, AFP, CEA, CA19-9, GAT
　乳癌　：CA15-3, BCA225, CEA, NCC-ST-439
尿器科悪性腫壕
　前立腺痛：PSA(γ-Sm), PAP
　膀胱癌　：BTA, NMP22
　神経内分泌腫療　NSE
　広範な腫瘍に反応するマーカー
　　TPA, BFP, IAP

消化管悪性腫瘍マーカー

CEA：胎児癌性蛋白。陽性率：(50-70%)大腸癌、胆道癌、膵癌。(40-60%)肺癌。(30-40%)胃癌。良性疾患でも上昇する(胆嚢炎、胆管炎、膵炎)。
DU-PAN-2：2→3シアリルLec抗原を認識する抗体。陽性率：(70-80%)膵癌、(60-70%)胆道癌。Lea-b-の個体でも陽性になる。良性疾患でも上昇する(慢性肝炎、肝硬変、胆道炎症を伴う胆石症)。
CA19-9：Leaの基本骨格にシアル酸が結合したもの。陽性率：(80-90%)膵癌。(70-80%)胆道癌。良性疾患でも上昇する((10-40%)閉塞性黄疸、慢性肝炎、肝硬変)。日本人の約7-10%に存在するフコース転移酵素が欠如したLea-b-の個体ではCA19-9は産生されない。
SLX：Lexの基本骨格にシアル酸が結合したもの。陽性率：(高い)肺癌、卵巣癌。(50-60%)胆道癌、膵癌。

主な腫瘍マーカー CBT QB vol2 p.297

AFP	肝細胞癌、肝芽腫、卵黄脳腫瘍
CEA	消化器系の癌、肺癌、乳癌(腺癌の頻度が高く、臓器特異性は低い)
CA19-9	胆道系の癌、膵癌
CA125	卵巣癌
CA15-3	乳癌、卵巣癌
PIVKA-II	肝細胞癌
PSA	前立腺癌

組織型別に有用な腫瘍マーカー(NEWエッセンシャル産科学・婦人科学第3版 p.236)

上皮性腫瘍
　漿液性腺癌: CA125 *1
　粘液性腺癌: CA19-9 *2, CA72-4, CEA
胚細胞腫瘍
　卵黄嚢腫瘍: AFP *3
　絨毛癌: hCG
　未分化胚細胞腫: LDH *4
　悪性転化を伴う成熟嚢胞性奇形腫(扁平上皮癌) : SCC
性索間質性腫瘍(ホルモン)
　顆粒膜細胞腫,莢膜細胞腫:工ストロゲン
　Sertoli-間質性腫瘍, Leydig細胞腫(門細胞腫) :テストステロン
*1　上皮性腫瘍中で最も有用.類内膜腺癌,明細胞腺癌でも陽性を示す.子宮内膜症,炎症,妊娠初期も軽度-中等度上昇
*2　成熟嚢胞性奇形腫で陽性を示すことがある
*3　胎芽性癌,混合性腔細胞腫療でも陽性を示す
*4　非特異的