WordNet

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream (同)malignant neoplastic disease
an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose (同)tumour, neoplasm
of or related to or having the properties of a neoplasm; "neoplastic cells"
the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor

PrepTutorEJDIC

(体内にできる)新生物;腫瘍(しゅよう)
〈U〉〈C〉『がん』 / 〈U〉〈C〉害悪 / 《Cancer》(星座の)カニ座

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/01 15:39:31」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Neoplastic" redirects here. For Dutch artistic movement, see De Stijl.

-plasia view talk edit
Anaplasia – dedifferentiation
Aplasia – when an entire organ or a part of an organ is missing
Hypoplasia – inadequate or below-normal number of cells
Hyperplasia – physiological proliferative Increase in number of cells
Neoplasia – abnormal proliferation
Dysplasia – change of phenotype (size,shape and organization of tissue)
Metaplasia – cell type conversion
Prosoplasia – cell type develops new function
Desmoplasia – connective tissue growth

Colectomy specimen containing a malignant neoplasm, namely an invasive colorectal carcinoma (the crater-like, reddish, irregularly-shaped tumor)

Diagram illustrating benign neoplasms, namely fibroids of the uterus

Neoplasm (from ancient Greek νεο- neo-, "new" + πλάσμα plasma, "formation", "creation") is an abnormal mass of tissue as a result of neoplasia. Neoplasia is the abnormal proliferation of cells. Prior to neoplasia, cells often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as metaplasia or dysplasia.^[1] However, metaplasia or dysplasia do not always progress to neoplasia. The growth of neoplastic cells exceeds, and is not coordinated with, that of the normal tissues around it. The growth persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli. It usually causes a lump or tumor. Neoplasms may be benign, pre-malignant (carcinoma in situ) or malignant (cancer).

In modern medicine, the term tumor means a neoplasm that has formed a lump. In the past, the term tumor was used differently. Some neoplasms do not cause a lump.

Types

A neoplasm can be benign, potentially malignant (pre-cancer), or malignant (cancer).^[2]

Benign neoplasms include uterine fibroids and melanocytic nevi (skin moles). They are circumscribed and localized and do not transform into cancer.^[1]
Potentially malignant neoplasms include carcinoma in situ. They do not invade and destroy but, given enough time, will transform into a cancer.
Malignant neoplasms are commonly called cancer. They invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, may form metastases and eventually kill the host.
Secondary neoplasm refers to any of a class of cancerous tumor that is either a metastatic offshoot of a primary tumor, or an apparently unrelated tumor that increases in frequency following certain cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Difficulty of definition

Because neoplasia includes very different diseases, it is difficult to find an all-encompassing definition.^[3] The definition of the British oncologist R.A. Willis is widely cited: "A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues, and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus which evoked the change."^[4] This definition is criticized because some neoplasms, such as nevi, are not progressive.

Clonality

Neoplastic tumors often contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth is usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are presumed to be clonal – that is, they are descended from a single progenitor cell.

Sometimes, the neoplastic cells all carry the same genetic or epigenetic anomaly that becomes evidence for clonality. For lymphoid neoplasms, e.g. lymphoma and leukemia, clonality is proven by the amplification of a single rearrangement of their immunoglobulin gene (for B cell lesions) or T-cell receptor gene (for T cell lesions). The demonstration of clonality is now considered to be necessary to identify a lymphoid cell proliferation as neoplastic.^[5]

It is tempting to define neoplasms as clonal cellular proliferations but the demonstration of clonality is not always possible. Therefore, clonality is not required in the definition of neoplasia.

Neoplasia vs. tumor

Tumor (Latin for swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammation) originally meant any form of swelling, neoplastic or not. Current English, however, both medical and non-medical, uses tumor as a synonym of neoplasm.^[6]

Some neoplasms do not form a tumor. These include leukemia and most forms of carcinoma in situ.

References

^ ^a ^b Abrams, Gerald. "Neoplasia I". http://open.umich.edu/education/med/m1/patientspop-genetics/fall2008/materials. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
^ "Cancer - Activity 1 - Glossary, page 4 of 5". http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/cancer/other/glossary/act1-gloss4.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ "What is neoplasm? Find the definition for neoplasm at WebMD". http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/neoplasm.xml. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ Willis RA. The Spread of Tumors in the Human Body. London, Butterworth & Co, 1952
^ Lee ES, Locker J, Nalesnik M, et al. (1995). "The association of Epstein-Barr virus with smooth-muscle tumors occurring after organ transplantation". N. Engl. J. Med. 332 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1056/NEJM199501053320104. PMID 7990861. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=7990861&promo=ONFLNS19.
^ "Pancreas Cancer: Glossary of Terms". http://pathology.jhu.edu/pancreas/slides/glossary.html. Retrieved 2008-01-08.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 原発不明の腫瘍の分類および管理の概要 overview of the classification and management of neoplasms of unknown primary site
2. 小腸腫瘍の診断および病期分類 diagnosis and staging of small bowel neoplasms
3. 小腸腫瘍の疫学、臨床的特徴、および種類 epidemiology clinical features and types of small bowel neoplasms
4. 膵外分泌腫瘍の病理 pathology of exocrine pancreatic neoplasms
5. 化学療法による好中球減少症を有する患者における顆粒球コロニー刺激因子の利用 use of granulocyte colony stimulating factors in patients with chemotherapy induced neutropenia

English Journal

A case of sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma treated with surgery and post-operative intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

Tokunaga T, Sunaga H, Kimura Y, Tsuda G, Fujieda S.SourceOtorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2012 Dec;39(6):641-5. Epub 2012 Feb 22.
Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (SNTCS) is a rare and aggressive malignant neoplasm, which has poor prognosis. SNTCS is histologically characterized by the combination of one or more epithelial elements and mesenchymal components. We report a 59-year-old man with SNTCS involving right maxillary and e
PMID 22361412

Marked infiltration of eosinophils in necrotizing granulomas in the resected hepatic bed after cholecystectomy resulting from gallbladder cancer and metastatic liver cancer is associated with peculiar peripheral eosinophilia.

Ohtsuki Y, Kimura M, Watanabe R, Okada Y, Teratani Y, Kurabayashi A, Takeuchi T, Lee GH, Furihata M.SourceDivision of Pathology, Matsuyama-Shimin Hospital, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-0067, Japan. y.ohtsuki@matsuyama-shimin-hsp.or.jp
Medical molecular morphology.Med Mol Morphol.2012 Dec;45(1):53-7. Epub 2012 Mar 20.
It is known that after transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) or a bladder tumor (TUR-BT), necrotizing granuloma formation associated with massive eosinophil accumulation can be detected at the site of the scar, revealing marked eosinophilia. This condition is called post-TUR prostatitis or
PMID 22431184

Japanese Journal

症例腫瘍出血を契機に発見された膵頭部浸潤性膵管内乳頭粘液性腫瘍(IPMN)の1例 (特集消化器最新画像情報2012)

橋本彩,高濱潤子,中込将弘 [他]
臨床放射線 57(5), 721-725, 2012-05
NAID 40019321199

臨床経験悪性腫瘍を有する開心術の問題点

矢鋪憲功,斉藤裕,大島正寛 [他]
胸部外科 65(5), 397-400, 2012-05
NAID 40019302769

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「腫瘍」「neoplasia」「oncologic」「tumour」「新生物」
拡張検索	「mediastinal neoplasm」「urethral neoplasm」「nerve tissue neoplasm」「neoplasm circulating cell」「experimental neoplasm」