出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/01/13 16:05:08」(JST)
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| Torsades de pointes | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
12-lead ECG of Torsades de Pointes (TdP) in a 56-year-old white female with Hypokalemia (2.4 mmol/L) and Hypomagnesemia (1.6 mg/dL.) DiseasesDB = 29252
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| eMedicine | med/2286 emerg/596 |
| MeSH | D016171 |
Torsades de pointes (TdP or simply "torsades") (French: [tɔʁsad də pwɛ̃t], translated as "twisting of the spikes"), describes a condition of the heart. It is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that exhibits distinct characteristics on the electrocardiogram (ECG). It was described by Dessertenne in 1966.[1]
The ECG tracing in torsades demonstrates a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with a characteristic illusion of a twisting of the QRS complex around the isoelectric baseline. It is hemodynamically unstable and causes a sudden drop in arterial blood pressure, leading to dizziness and syncope. Depending on their cause, most individual episodes of torsades de pointes revert to normal sinus rhythm within a few seconds, but may also persist and possibly degenerate into ventricular fibrillation, which will lead to sudden death in the absence of prompt medical intervention. Torsades de pointes is associated with long QT syndrome, a condition whereby prolonged QT intervals are visible on the ECG. Long QT intervals predispose the patient to an R-on-T phenomenon, where the R wave representing ventricular depolarization occurs during the relative refractory period at the end of repolarization (represented by the latter half of the T-wave). An R-on-T can initiate torsades. Sometimes pathologic T-U waves may be seen in the ECG before the initiation of torsades.[2]
A "short-coupled variant of torsade de pointes", which presents without long QT syndrome, was also described in 1994.[3]
Long QT syndrome can either be inherited as congenital mutations of ion channels carrying the cardiac impulse/action potential or acquired as a result of drugs that block these cardiac ion currents.
Most episodes revert spontaneously to sinus rhythm. Possible outcomes include palpitations, dizziness, lightheadedness (short episodes), syncope (longer episodes), sudden death.
Common causes for torsades de pointes include diarrhea, hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia. It is commonly seen in malnourished individuals and chronic alcoholics. Certain combinations of drugs resulting in drug interactions may contribute: decreasing the metabolism of a medication causing QT elongation such as clarithromycin (Biaxin), levofloxacin, or haloperidol (Haldol), taken concomitantly with a specific cytochrome P450 inhibitor like fluoxetine (Prozac), cimetidine (Tagamet); foods like grapefruit will result in higher than normal doses of the medication responsible for the QT elongation. Since these specific drugs worsen the elongation of the QT wave in a dose-dependent manner, inhibition of drug metabolism raises the risks of developing a malignant torsades de pointes arrhythmia.
Various other medications are known to cause QT elongation. Examples include amiodarone, methadone, lithium, chloroquine, erythromycin, and phenothiazines. It can also be the side effect of some antiarrhythmic medications such as sotalol, procainamide and quinidine. The gastrokinetic drug cisapride (Propulsid) was withdrawn from the US market in 2000 after such interactions led to deaths caused by long QT syndrome-induced torsades de pointes.
In September 2011 (and updated in March 2012), the FDA issued a warning concerning increased incidence of QT elongation with doses of the antidepressant Celexa (citalopram) above 40 mg per day, which is considered the maximum allowable dosage, increasing the risk of Torsades.[4][5] However, the study, "Evaluation of the FDA Warning Against Prescribing Citalopram at Doses Exceeding 40 mg" reported no increased risk of abnormal arrhythmias thus questioning the merit of FDA warning.[6]
Factors that are associated with an increased tendency toward torsades de pointes include:
Treatment is directed at withdrawal of the offending agent, infusion of magnesium sulfate,[7][8] antiarrhythmic drugs, and electrical therapy as needed.
Because of the polymorphic nature of torsades de pointes, synchronized cardioversion may not be possible, and the patient may require an unsynchronized shock (or defibrillation).
| Look up torsades de pointes in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
The phenomenon was originally described in a French medical journal by Dessertenne in 1966, when he observed this cardiac rhythm disorder in an 80-year-old female patient with complete intermittent atrioventricular block. In coining the term, he referred his colleagues to the "Dictionnaire Le Robert," a bilingual French English dictionary, of which his wife had just given him a copy. Here "torsade" is defined as (a)a bundle of threads twisted in a helix or spiral, for ornamental purposes, as in an Arun jumper; (b) long hair twisted together, or (c) an ornamental motive as seen on architectural columns.
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| リンク元 | 「トルサード・ド・ポアンツ」「テルフェナジン」「プロブコール」「一過性脱分極」 |
| 関連記事 | 「point」「DE」「Torsades de pointes」 |
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