出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/04/24 02:09:15」(JST)
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) is a category of otherwise unrelated drugs defined by their use in rheumatoid arthritis to slow down disease progression.[1][2] The term is often used in contrast to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (which refers to agents that treat the inflammation but not the underlying cause) and steroids (which blunt the immune response but are insufficient to slow down the progression of the disease).
The term "antirheumatic" can be used in similar contexts, but without making a claim about an effect on the course.[3]
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Although their use was first propagated in rheumatoid arthritis (hence their name) the term has come to pertain to many other diseases, such as Crohn's disease, lupus erythematosus (SLE), immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), myasthenia gravis and various others. Many of these are autoimmune disorders, but others, such as ulcerative colitis, are probably not (there is no consensus on this).
The term was originally introduced to indicate a drug that reduced evidence of processes thought to underlie the disease, such as a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, reduced haemoglobin level, raised rheumatoid factor level and more recently, a raised C-reactive protein level. More recently, the term has been used to indicate a drug that reduces the rate of damage to bone and cartilage. DMARDs can be further subdivided into traditional small molecular mass drugs synthesised chemically and newer 'biological' agents produced through genetic engineering.
Some DMARDs (e.g. the Purine synthesis inhibitors) are mild chemotherapeutics but use a side-effect of chemotherapy - immunosuppression - as its main therapeutical benefit.
Drug | Mechanism |
---|---|
abatacept | T-cell costimulatory signal inhibitor |
adalimumab | TNF inhibitor |
azathioprine | Purine synthesis inhibitor |
chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (antimalarials) | Suppression of IL-1 & TNF-alpha, induce apoptosis of inflammatory cells and decrease chemotaxis |
ciclosporin (Cyclosporin A) | calcineurin inhibitor |
D-penicillamine | Reducing numbers of T-lymphocytes etc. |
etanercept | TNF inhibitor |
golimumab | TNF inhibitor |
gold salts (sodium aurothiomalate, auranofin) | unknown - proposed mechanism: inhibits macrophage activation |
infliximab | TNF inhibitor |
leflunomide | Pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor |
methotrexate (MTX) | Purine metabolism inhibitor |
minocycline | 5-LO inhibitor |
rituximab | chimeric monoclonal antibody against CD20 on B-cell surface |
sulfasalazine (SSZ) | Suppression of IL-1 & TNF-alpha, induce apoptosis of inflammatory cells and increase chemotactic factors |
Although these agents operate by different mechanisms, many of them can have similar impact upon the course of a condition.[4]
Some of the drugs can be used in combination.[5]
When treatment with DMARDs fails, cyclophosphamide or steroid pulse therapy is often used to stabilise uncontrolled autoimmune disease. Some severe autoimmune diseases are being treated with bone marrow transplants in clinical trials, usually after cyclophosphamide therapy has failed.
Combinations of DMARDs are often used together, because each drug in the combination can be used in smaller dosages than if it were given alone, thus reducing the risk of side effects.
Many patients receive an NSAID and at least one DMARD, sometimes with low-dose oral glucocorticoids. If disease remission is observed, regular NSAIDs or glucocorticoid treatment may no longer be needed. DMARDs help control arthritis but do not cure the disease. For that reason, if remission or optimal control is achieved with a DMARD, it is often continued at a maintenance dosage. Discontinuing a DMARD may reactivate disease or cause a “rebound flare”, with no assurance that disease control will be reestablished upon resumption of the medication, according to Arthritis & Rheumatism.[6]
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リンク元 | 「関節リウマチ」「抗リウマチ薬」「antirheumatic agent」 |
病態 | レイノー現象 | 抗核抗体 | リウマトイド因子 | 抗好中球細胞質抗体 | 皮疹 | 皮下結節 | 関節炎 | 筋炎 | 漿膜炎 | 自己抗体 |
RF | ||||||||||
病理 | 壊死性血管炎 | 糸球体腎炎 | 間質性肺炎 | 心炎 | 唾液腺炎 | オニオンスキン病変 | ワイヤーループ病変 | ヘマトキシリン体 | LE細胞 | |
7項目中、4項目以上を満たすとき、関節リウマチと診断される | 備考 | |
1 | 1時間以上持続する朝のこわばりが、6週間以上あること | |
2 | 3領域以上の関節の腫れが、6週間以上あること | 領域は、PIP関節・MP関節・手・肘・膝・足・MTP関節の14領域に分けられる |
3 | 手関節またはMP関節またはPIP関節の腫れが、6週間以上あること | 少なくとも1ヵ所での軟部組織腫脹 |
4 | 対称性関節腫脹 | PIP、MCP、MTP関節は完全に対象である必要はない |
5 | リウマトイド結節 | 骨突起部、伸側表面/関節近傍の皮下結節 |
6 | リウマトイド因子が陽性 | 正常人コントロールで5%以下の陽性率を示す測定法を用いること |
7 | X線、関節リウマチに特有の骨びらんが見られる | 手・指を中心に見る、びらん以上の破壊も含む |
薬剤 | 抗リウマチ作用 | 注意すべき副作用 | ||
免疫調節薬 | 金製剤 | 金チオリンゴ酸ナトリウム | 中 | 皮疹, 蛋白尿 |
オーラノフィン | 弱 | 下痢・軟便 | ||
D-ペニシラミン | 中 | 皮疹, 蛋白尿, 肝障害, 血小板減少, 自己免疫疾患の誘発 | ||
サラゾスルファピリジン SSZ | 中 | 皮疹 | ||
ブシラミン | 中 | 皮疹, 蛋白尿 | ||
ロベンザリット | 弱 | 腎機能障害 | ||
アクタリット | 弱 | 皮疹 | ||
免疫抑制薬 | メトトレキサート MTX | 強 | 間質性肺炎, 骨髄障害, 肝障害 | |
ミゾリビン | 弱 | 高尿酸血症 | ||
レフルノミド LEF | 強 | 肝障害, 骨髄障害,下痢, 感染症, 間質性肺炎 | ||
アザチオプリン | 弱 | 肝障害, 白血球減少 | ||
シクロホスファミド | 弱 | 骨髄障害, 出血性膀胱炎 | ||
シクロスポリン | 中 | 腎障害, 高血圧, 耐糖能異常 | ||
タクロリムス | 中 | 腎障害, 高血圧, 耐糖能異常 |
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